Constrained local controllability of dynamic systems on time scales
- Klara Janglajew1Email author and
- Ewa Pawłuszewicz2
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-015-0422-x
© Janglajew and Pawłuszewicz; licensee Springer. 2015
Received: 27 October 2014
Accepted: 20 February 2015
Published: 18 March 2015
Abstract
The problem of controllability to a given convex target set of a linear time-varying control system on time scales is studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions of controllability with constrained controllers for such a system are given. To this aim the separation theorem is used.
Keywords
MSC
1 Introduction
Controllability is one of the fundamental concepts in control theory. Kalman’s classic result on the controllability assumes that controls are functions on time with values on some nonempty subset Ω of \(\mathbb{R}^{m}\). In many practical situations this set should be bounded; see, for example, [1]. A restriction on controls poses some difficulties for controllability conditions. In [2, 3] necessary and sufficient conditions for controllability of linear time-varying continuous-time systems with control defined on some subset of \(\mathbb{R}^{m}\) not containing zero are proved. For the discrete-time case, a similar problem has been studied, for example, in [4].
An analysis on time scale is nowadays recognized as a good tool for unifying and extending the existing results for continuous- and discrete-time dynamical models to nonhomogeneous time domains; see, for example, [5–8]. Time scale is a general model of time. Time, for example, may be continuous or discrete, or partially continuous and partially discrete, or nonhomogeneous. In particular, the time scale theory has been used for a description of hybrid systems or for the cases in which the nonuniform sampling is required; see, for example, [9–12].
One of the main concepts of time scale theory is the delta derivative, which is a generalization of the classical time derivative in the continuous time and the finite forward difference in the discrete time. This allows one to consider delta differential equations on an arbitrary time model. As a consequence, differential equations as well as difference equations are naturally accommodated in this theory [13, 14]. However, the discrete-time systems on time scales are based on the difference operator and not on the classical forward shift operator.
The goal of this paper is to study conditions under which a linear time-varying system with control constrains defined on a time scale is controllable. The considered problem concerns the question of the existence of an admissible control to a given convex target set X from a specified initial state. We assume that a set of values of control Ω is convex and bounded. Using the separation hyperplane theorem, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for constrained controllability. The idea of using this result comes from Schmitendorf and his coauthors; see, for example, [2–4] and [15]. Let us recall this theorem. Let X be a real normed space and \(A,B\subset X\).
Theorem 1
[16]
Suppose that A and B are convex and disjoint sets. Let the interior of A be nonempty. Then sets A and B are separable.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents basic definitions and ideas of time scale calculus. Section 3 extends the classical notation of constrained controllability to the case of time-varying systems defined on any, also nonuniform, model of time. Sufficient and necessary conditions for constrained controllability on time scales are given. The condition for Ω-controllability given in Section 4 shows that in a stationary case the obtained results can be approximated by the classical exponential function.
2 Time scales calculus
In this section the basic ideas from the time scale calculus are presented. More can be found in [13, 14].
A time scale \(\mathbb{T} \) is an arbitrary nonempty closed subset of the real numbers. If \(a< b \), then \([a,b]_{\mathbb{T}} := \{t\in\mathbb{T}: a\leq t\leq b\}\).
For all \(t \in\mathbb{T} \), the forward jump operator is defined as \(\sigma:\mathbb{T} \rightarrow\mathbb{T} \), \(\sigma(t) := \inf\{ s \in\mathbb{T}:s>t \} \), while the backward jump operator \(\rho:\mathbb{T} \rightarrow\mathbb{T} \) by \(\rho(t) := \sup\{s \in\mathbb{T}:s< t \} \). If \(t< \max\mathbb{T} \) and \(\sigma(t)=t \), we say that t is right-dense. If \(t> \min\mathbb{T} \) and \(\rho(t)=t \), we say that t is left-dense. Finally, the graininess function \(\mu:\mathbb{T}\rightarrow[0,\infty)\) is defined by \(\mu(t) := \sigma(t)-t\). If \(\mathbb{T}= \mathbb{R} \), then \(\sigma(t)=t\), hence \(\mu(t)= 0\). If \(\mathbb{T}=h \mathbb{Z}\), where \(h>0 \), then \(\sigma(t)= t+h \), hence \(\mu(t) =h\).
A function \(f:\mathbb{T} \rightarrow\mathbb{R} \) is called rd-continuous provided it is continuous at right-dense points in \(\mathbb{T} \) and its left-sided limits exist (finite) at left-dense points in \(\mathbb{T} \). The function f is regulated provided its right-sided limits exist (finite) at all right-dense points in \(\mathbb{T}\) and its left-sided limits exist (finite) at all left-dense points in \(\mathbb{T}\). The function f is piecewise rd-continuous if it is regulated and if it is rd-continuous at all, except possibly at finitely many, right-dense points \(t\in \mathbb{T}\).
Let \(\mathbb{T}^{\kappa}:=\mathbb{T}\setminus(\rho(\sup\mathbb{T}),\sup \mathbb{T}]\) if \(\sup\mathbb{T}<\infty\) and \(\mathbb{T}^{\kappa}:=\mathbb{T}\) if \(\sup\mathbb{T}=\infty\). If \(x:\mathbb{T}\rightarrow\mathbb{R} \) and \(t \in\mathbb{T}^{\kappa} \), then the delta derivative of x at t, denoted by \(x^{\Delta} (t) \), is the real number (provided it exists) with the property that given any \(\varepsilon>0 \), there is a neighborhood V of t such that \(\arrowvert[x(\sigma(t))-x(s)]-x^{\Delta} (t)(\sigma(t)-s) \arrowvert\leq\varepsilon\arrowvert\sigma(t)-s \arrowvert\) for all \(s \in V \).
A continuous function \(f:\mathbb{T} \rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is called pre-differentiable with (the region of differentiation) D, provided \(D \subset\mathbb{T}^{k}\), \(\mathbb{T}^{k} \setminus D\) is countable and contains no right-scattered elements of \(\mathbb{T}\). For any regulated function f, there exists a function F that is pre-differentiable with region of differentiation D such that \(F^{\Delta}(t)=f(t)\) for all \(t \in D\). Such F is called pre-antiderivative of f. The Cauchy integral for all \(r,s \in \mathbb{T}^{k}\) is defined by \(\int_{r}^{s}f(t)\Delta t : =F(s)-F(r)\). If \(\mathbb {T}=\mathbb{R} \), then \(\int_{a}^{b}x(t)\Delta t=\int_{a}^{b}x(t)\,dt \). If \([a,b]_{\mathbb{T}}\) consists of only isolated points, then \(\int _{a}^{b}x(t)\Delta t= \sum_{t\in \left .[a,b) \right ._{\mathbb{T}}}\mu(t)x(t) \), for \(a< b \).
3 Controllability with control constrains
Proposition 2
If \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{m} \) is compact and convex, then \(\mathcal{R}_{x_{0}} (t_{1} )\) is a compact and convex subset of \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) for any \(x_{0}\in\mathbb{R}\).
Proof
The result follows from the linearity of the map \(\psi (t,t_{0},x_{0},u)\) and convexity of Ω. □
Let \(X \subset\mathbb{R}^{n}\) be a target set and \(t_{0}\in\mathbb{T}\) be arbitrary but fixed.
Definition 3
Let A be a constant matrix.
Theorem 4
If system (3) is Ω-controllable to an open and convex target set X in time \(t_{1}\in\mathbb{T}\) from the initial state \(x(t_{0})=x_{0}\), then there exists a vector \(\lambda\in\mathbb {R}^{n}\) such that \(I(x_{0},t_{0},t_{1},\lambda)>0\).
Proof
Theorem 5
If there exists a vector \(\lambda\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\) such that \(I(x_{0},t_{0},t_{1},\lambda)>0\), then system (3) is Ω-controllable to an open and convex target set X in time \(t_{1}\in\mathbb{T}\) from the initial state \(x(t_{0} )=x_{0}\).
Proof
Example 6
- If \(\mathbb{T}=\mathbb {Z}\), then \(e_{-1}(t,0)=(1-1)^{t}=0\), so for any \(t_{1}\) as well \(I(x_{0},0,t_{1},\lambda)=0\) as \(\psi(t_{1},0,x_{0},u)=0\). Hence we cannot conclude anything about Ω-controllability. Such a case follows from the fact that on the time scale \(\mathbb{T}=\mathbb {Z}\) system (6) is not regressive,1 i.e., \(1+\mu(t)(-1)=1-1=0\).
4 Approximation of the time scale cost function by real functions
Since the matrix exponential function \(e_{A(t)}(t_{1},t_{0})\) on time scale can be difficult to compute, it can be estimated by a real exponential one.
Proposition 7
Proof
It is the same as the proof given in [18] for \(e_{p(t)} (t,t_{0} )\) such that \(p(t_{0})=p_{0}=A\). □
Proposition 8
If system (3) is stationary one (i.e., matrices A and B do not depend on time) and Ω-controllable to an open and convex target set X in time \(t_{1}\in\mathbb{T}\) from \(x(t_{0})=x_{0}\), then there exists a vector \(\lambda\in \mathbb {R}^{n}\) such that \(\hat{I} (x_{0},t_{0},t_{1},\lambda)>0\).
Proof
Proposition 9
Proof
The result follows directly from Theorem 5 and the definition of function \(\hat{I}\). □
5 Conclusions
In the paper we have considered the problem of steering the state of linear time-varying control systems defined on a nonuniform model on time (i.e., on time scale) to a given target set when the control is subject to specified magnitude constraints. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the constrained controllability for this class of systems to a convex target set. The obtained results extend classical results, specially results stated in [4], to systems defined on any nonuniform time domains. Since the matrix exponential function on time scale can be difficult to compute, also alternative conditions for the constrained controllability to a convex target set are presented. To this end the approximation of the exponential function on time scale by a real exponential is used. This result makes it possible to use computer software for the control constraint problem on time scales in an easier way.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
The work of Ewa Pawłuszewicz was supported by Bialystok University of Technology grant No. S/WM/1/12.
Open Access This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.
Authors’ Affiliations
References
- Abel, DL: Constrains vs controls. Open Cybern. Syst. J. 4, 14-27 (2010) View ArticleMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- Barmish, BR, Schmitendorf, WE: A necessary and sufficient conditions for local constrained controllability of a linear system. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 25(1), 97-763 (1983) View ArticleMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- Schmitendorf, WE, Hwang, WG: Global reachability results for systems with constrained controllers. J. Optim. Theory Appl. 46(4), 581-590 (1985) View ArticleMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- Van Til, R, Schmitendorf, WE: Constrained controllability of discrete-time systems. Int. J. Control 43, 943-956 (1986) View ArticleMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- Bartosiewicz, Z: Linear positive control systems on time scales; controllability. Math. Control Signals Syst. 25, 327-343 (2013) View ArticleMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- Bartosiewicz, Z, Pawłuszewicz, E: Realizations of nonlinear control systems on time scales. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 53(2), 571-575 (2008) View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Davis, JM, Gravagne, IA, Jackson, BJ, Marks, RJ II: Controllability, observability, realizability, and stability of dynamic linear systems. Electron. J. Differ. Equ. 2009, 37 (2009) MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- Pawłuszewicz, E, Torres, DFM: Avoidance control on time scales. J. Optim. Theory Appl. 145(3), 527-542 (2010) View ArticleMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- Atici, FM, Uysal, F: A production-inventory model of HMMS on time scales. Appl. Math. Lett. 21(30), 236-243 (2009) MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- Davis, JM, Gravagne, IA, Marks, RJ II, Jackson, BJ: Regions of exponential stability for LTI systems on nonuniform discrete domains. In: Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 43rd Southeastern Symposium on Systems Theory (SSST), pp. 37-42 (2011) View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Gravagne, IA, Davis, JM, DaCunha, JJ: A unified approach to high-gain adaptive controllers. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2009, Article ID 198353 (2009) View ArticleMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- Bohner, M, Wintz, N: Linear quadratic tracker on time scales. Int. J. Dyn. Syst. Differ. Equ. 3(4), 423-447 (2011) MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- Bohner, M, Peterson, A: Dynamic Equations on Time Scales. Birkhäuser Boston, Boston (2001) View ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
- Bohner, M, Peterson, A: Advances in Dynamic Equations on Time Scales. Birkhäuser, Boston (2003) View ArticleMATHGoogle Scholar
- Dullerud, GE, Paganini, FG: A Course in Robust Control Theory: A Convex Approach. Springer, Berlin (2005) Google Scholar
- Rolewicz, S: Functional Theory and Control Theory. WNT, Warsaw (1997) (in Polish) Google Scholar
- Bartosiewicz, Z, Pawłuszewicz, E: Realization of linear control systems on time scales. Control Cybern. 35(4), 769-786 (2006) MATHGoogle Scholar
- Mozyrska, D, Pawłuszewicz, E: Functional series on time scales. Int. J. Math. Stat. 2, 94-105 (2008) MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- Bohner, M, Lutz, AD: Asymptotic expansions and analytic dynamic equations. Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 86(1), 37-45 (2006) View ArticleMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar