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Existence and multiplicity of periodic solutions generated by impulses
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2013, Article number: 347 (2013)
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the existence and multiplicity of periodic solutions for a class of p-Laplacian systems with impulses. By using variational methods and critical point theory, we obtain that such a system possesses at least one, two periodic solutions generated by impulses under different conditions, respectively. Recent results in the literature are generalized and significantly improved.
1 Introduction
Consider the following p-Laplacian system with impulsive condition:
where , , , are instants in which the impulses occur and , with , , , , , , , is a parameter.
Impulsive differential equations can be used to describe the dynamics of processes which possess abrupt changes at certain instants. Up to now, impulsive differential systems have been widely applied in many science fields such as control theory, biology, mechanics and so on; see [1–7] and references therein. For general theory of impulsive differential equations, we refer the readers to the monographs as [8–10].
The existence of solutions is one of the most important topics of impulsive differential systems. Many classical methods and tools, such as coincidence degree theory, fixed point theory and the method of upper and lower solutions, have been used to study them; see [11–15] and references therein.
Recently, some authors creatively applied the variational method to deal with impulsive problems, see [16–21]. The variational method is opening a new approach to dealing with discontinuity problems such as impulses. However, when the problems studied in [16–21] degenerate to the cases without impulses, plenty of the corresponding results can also be obtained under the same conditions. Therefore, the effect of impulses was not seen evidently. Due to this point, in [22–24], the existence of solutions generated by impulses is investigated.
Definition 1.1 ([22])
A solution is called a solution generated by impulses if this solution is non-trivial when impulsive terms are not zero, but it is trivial when impulsive term is zero.
For example, if problem () does not possess a non-zero solution when for all , then the non-zero solution for problem () is called a solution generated by impulses. In detail, Zhang and Li [22] obtained the following theorem.
Theorem A ([22])
Assume that V, W satisfy the following conditions:
-
(V1) V is continuously differentiable and there exist positive constants such that for all ;
-
(V2) for all ;
-
(g1) There exists such that for all and .
Then the problem
possesses at least one non-zero solution generated by impulses.
For p-Laplacian systems with impulsive condition, there are many excellent results by using the variational method, see [24–26]. In particular, Han et al. [24] obtained the existence of solutions for p-Laplacian systems generated by impulses.
Motivated by the facts mentioned above, in this paper, we further study the existence of a solution for problem () generated by impulses under more general conditions. In addition, we investigate the multiple solutions generated by impulses. First, we give the following new definition of the solution generated by impulses.
Definition 1.2 A solution for problem () is said to be generated by impulses if this solution emerges when impulsive terms are not zero, but disappears when impulsive terms are zero.
Remark 1.3 Definition 1.2 contains Definition 1.1. In addition, if problem () possesses at most one solution when for all , but it possesses three solutions when impulsive terms are not zero, then problem () has at least two solutions generated by impulses.
Now, we state our results.
Theorem 1.4 Assume that V, G satisfy the following conditions:
-
(V3) V is continuous differentiable and there exist positive constants , such that for all ;
-
(V4) for all ;
-
(G1) There exist , , , such that for all and . Moreover, there exist and , such that for .
Then problem () possesses at least one non-zero solution generated by impulses.
Example 1.5 Assume that , , , , . All the conditions of Theorem 1.4 can be satisfied.
Remark 1.6 In [22, 23], the impulses are all superquadratic. However, when , here we consider the case of subquadratic impulses. Moreover, since the impulses in [24], so our results are also different from those in [24].
Theorem 1.7 Assume that the following conditions hold:
(G2) There exists such that for all and ;
() V is continuous differentiable and there exist positive constants , such that for all ;
() There exists a constant such that for all .
Then problem () () possesses at least one non-zero solution generated by impulses.
Remark 1.8 When , it is easy to see that (), () are weaker than (V1), (V2). Therefore, Theorem 1.7 improves Theorem A.
Indeed, taking
All the conditions in Theorem 1.7 are satisfied, but conditions in Theorem A can not be satisfied.
Theorem 1.9 Assume that (V3), (V4) hold and the following conditions are satisfied:
-
(V5) ;
-
(G3) for any , , where , is a constant which will be defined in Section 2;
-
(G4) There exists a constant vector such that ;
-
(F1) for all .
Then there exist , such that, for each , problem (), , possesses at least two solutions generated by impulses; moreover, their norms are less than B.
Remark 1.10 Compared with Theorem A, Theorem 1.9 deals with the multiple solutions generated by impulses. Moreover, we do not need as that in Theorem A.
Example 1.11 Let and . It is easy to see that conditions (V3), (V4) and (V5) hold. Let , , and
Then we have
and
Hence, conditions (G3) and (G4) in Theorem 1.9 can be satisfied for sufficiently small . Let , then it satisfies (F1).
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present some preliminaries. In Section 3, we give the proof of our main results.
2 Preliminaries
In order to prove our main results, we give some definitions and lemmas that will be used in the proof of our main results. Let
Then H is a separable and reflexive Banach space with the norm defined by
Let denote the norm of Banach space of . Since is compactly embedded in (see [27]), we claim that there exists a positive constant such that
where .
To study problem (), we consider the functional I defined by
Similar to the proof of Lemma 1 of [24] (see also [20–22]), we can easily prove the following lemma.
Lemma 2.1 Suppose , , . Then I is Frechét differentiable with
for any u and v in H. Furthermore, u is a solution of () if and only if u is a critical point of I in H.
Let E be a real Banach space, and let satisfy the () condition. Suppose and
-
(I1) there are constants such that , where ,
-
(I2) there is such that .
Then I possesses a critical value .
If E is a real Banach space, denote by (see [29]) the class of all functionals possessing the following property: if is a sequence in E converging weakly to u and , then has a subsequence converging strongly to u. For example, if E is uniformly convex and is a continuous, strictly increasing function, then, by classical results, the functional belongs to the class .
Lemma 2.3 ([29])
Let E be a separable and reflexive real Banach space; let be a coercive, sequentially weakly lower semicontinuous functional, belonging to , bounded on each bounded subset of E and whose derivative admits a continuous inverse on ; a functional with compact derivative. Assume that Φ has a strict local minimum with . Finally, setting
assume that . Then, for each compact interval (with the conventions , ), there exists with the following property: for every and every , the functional with compact derivative, there exists such that, for each , the equation
has at least three solutions in E whose norms are less than B.
3 Proof of the main results
In this section, we give the proof of our main results in turn. , , denotes different constants.
Proof of Theorem 1.4 Since we consider problem (), then . In view of (V3), (G1) and (2.3), we have
Since , this implies that , i.e., I is coercive.
If , , then we have that converges uniformly to u in . By the continuity of V, , we can easily know that I is weakly lower semi-continuous. By Theorem 1.1 of [27], I has a minimum point on H, which is a critical point of I.
In the following, we show that the critical point obtained above . Choose such that . By (V3), (G1) and (2.3), we have
for small enough such that . Since , we can choose small enough such that . This implies that the critical point obtained above is non-trivial.
Finally, we verify that the solution is generated by impulses. Suppose and u is a solution for problem (). By (2.5), (V3), (V4), we have
This means . Therefore, problem () possesses at least one non-zero solution generated by impulses. □
Proof of Theorem 1.7 We firstly show that I satisfies the condition. Assume that is a sequence such that is bounded and as . Then there exists a constant such that
By (3.1), (2.3), (2.4), (2.5), (), () and (G2), we have
It follows from (3.2) that is bounded in H. In a similar way to Lemma 3.1 in [30], we can prove that has a convergent subsequence in H. Hence, I satisfies the condition.
Second, we verify (I1) of Lemma 2.2. By (G2) and (2.3), there exists such that for any ,
By (2.3), there exists such that for any , the inequality holds. Then, for with and , small enough () such that
Similar to [20] and [22], by (), there exist such that
By (G2), there exist such that
To verify (I2) of Lemma 2.2, choose such that for some . Hence, we obtain
Since , , (3.7) implies as . So, for sufficiently large η, satisfies condition (I2). By the mountain pass lemma (Lemma 2.2), I possesses at least one non-zero critical point. Then, by Lemma 2.1, problem () has at least one non-zero solution.
Finally, we verify that the solution is generated by impulses. Suppose and u is a solution for problem (). Then, by (2.5), () and (),
This implies that , i.e., problem () does not possess any non-zero solutions when impulses are zero. Hence, by Definition 1.1 or Definition 1.2, the non-zero solution obtained above is generated by impulses. □
Proof of Theorem 1.9 In order to apply Lemma 2.3, we let
By Lemma 2.1, the critical points of the functional are exactly the solutions for problem (). Hence, to prove our result, it is enough to apply Lemma 2.3 and show that we can choose . We divide our proof into four steps as follows.
Step 1. We show that some fundamental assumptions are satisfied. Obviously, is a separable and uniformly convex Banach space. By (V3), we have
where , , Hence, by (3.10) and Lemma 2.1, we can obtain that is a coercive functional bounded on each bounded subset of E. For a sequence , if and , then . This means is weakly continuous. Hence, we have is sequentially weakly lower semicontinuous and . Therefore, has a subsequence converging strongly to u, i.e., belongs to . For any , we have
So, , that is, is coercive. Recall the following well-known inequality (see [30]): for any , there exists a constant such that
Hence, in view of (V3)-(V5), for any , one has
So, is uniformly monotone. By [[31], Theorem 26.A(d)], we have that exists and is continuous. For any ,
Let , then . Hence, , as . Therefore, we have , are compact operators by [[31], Proposition 26.2]. In addition, Φ has a strict local minimum 0 with .
Step 2. We show that , . In view of (G3), there exist such that
for any and . By the continuity of , is bounded for any . We can choose and such that
for any . Hence, by (2.3), we have
for all . By (3.10) and (3.15), we obtain
On the other hand, if , we have ; if , we have . Then it follows that for all . Hence, we obtain
Therefore, we have
Combining (3.17) with (3.18), one has
By (G4), we obtain
Step 3. We show that problem () has at least three solutions.
We can choose a compact interval such that . By Lemma 2.3, there exists with the following property: for every F, there exists such that, for each , the equation
i.e., problem (), , has at least three solutions in E whose norms are less than B.
Step 3. We show that problem () has at least two solutions generated by impulses. First, we verify that problem (), , has at most one solution when . On the contrary, assuming that problem (), , has at least two distinct solutions , and , we have
Hence, we get , i.e., problem (), , has at most one solution when impulses are zero. By Remark 1.3, we can obtain that problem (), , has at least two solutions generated by impulses. □
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (12JJ9001), Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department of Science and Technology Project (2012SK3117) and Construct Program of the key discipline in Hunan Province.
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Yang, L. Existence and multiplicity of periodic solutions generated by impulses. Adv Differ Equ 2013, 347 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2013-347
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2013-347