- Research Article
- Open access
- Published:
Asymptotic Behavior of Impulsive Infinite Delay Difference Equations with Continuous Variables
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2009, Article number: 495972 (2009)
Abstract
A class of impulsive infinite delay difference equations with continuous variables is considered. By establishing an infinite delay difference inequality with impulsive initial conditions and using the properties of "ϱ-cone," we obtain the attracting and invariant sets of the equations.
1. Introduction
Difference equations with continuous variables are difference equations in which the unknown function is a function of a continuous variable [1]. These equations appear as natural descriptions of observed evolution phenomena in many branches of the natural sciences (see, e.g., [2, 3]). The book mentioned in [3] presents an exposition of some unusual properties of difference equations, specially, of difference equations with continuous variables. In the recent years, the asymptotic behavior and other behavior of delay difference equations with continuous variables have received much attention due to its potential application in various fields such as numerical analysis, control theory, finite mathematics, and computer science. Many results have appeared in the literatures; see, for example, [1, 4–7].
However, besides the delay effect, an impulsive effect likewise exists in a wide variety of evolutionary process, in which states are changed abruptly at certain moments of time. Recently, impulsive difference equations with discrete variable have attracted considerable attention. In particular, delay effect on the asymptotic behavior and other behaviors of impulsive difference equations with discrete variable has been extensively studied by many authors and various results are reported [8–12]. However, to the best of our knowledge, very little has been done with the corresponding problems for impulsive delay difference equations with continuous variables. Motivated by the above discussions, the main aim of this paper is to study the asymptotic behavior of impulsive infinite delay difference equations with continuous variables. By establishing an infinite delay difference inequality with impulsive initial conditions and using the properties of "-cone," we obtain the attracting and invariant sets of the equations.
2. Preliminaries
Consider the impulsive infinite delay difference equation with continuous variable
where , , , and are real constants, (here, and will be defined later), and are positive real numbers. is an impulsive sequence such that . , ,, and : are real-valued functions.
By a solution of (2.1), we mean a piecewise continuous real-valued function defined on the interval which satisfies (2.1) for all .
In the sequel, by we will denote the set of all continuous real-valued functions defined on an interval , which satisfies the "compatibility condition"
By the method of steps, one can easily see that, for any given initial function , there exists a unique solution , of (2.1) which satisfies the initial condition
this function will be called the solution of the initial problem (2.1)–(2.3).
For convenience, we rewrite (2.1) and (2.3) into the following vector form
where , , , , , , , , , , and , in which .
In what follows, we introduce some notations and recall some basic definitions. Let be the space of -dimensional (nonnegative) real column vectors, be the set of (nonnegative) real matrices, be the -dimensional unit matrix, and be the Euclidean norm of . For or , means that each pair of corresponding elements of and satisfies the inequality " ()."Especially, is called a nonnegative matrix if , and is called a positive vector if . and .
denotes the space of continuous mappings from the topological space to the topological space . Especially, let
where is an interval, and denote the right-hand and left-hand limits of the function , respectively. Especially, let
For , (), and we define
and denotes the spectral radius of .
For any or , we always assume that is bounded and introduce the following norm:
Definition 2.1.
The set is called a positive invariant set of (2.4), if for any initial value , the solution , .
Definition 2.2.
The set is called a global attracting set of (2.4), if for any initial value , the solution satisfies
where dist, , for .
Definition 2.3.
System (2.4) is said to be globally exponentially stable if for any solution , there exist constants and such that
If and , then .
Lemma 2.5 (La Salle [14]).
Suppose that and , then there exists a positive vector such that .
For and , we denote
which is a nonempty set by Lemma 2.5, satisfying that for any scalars , , and vectors . So is a cone without vertex in , we call it a "-cone" [12].
3. Main Results
In this section, we will first establish an infinite delay difference inequality with impulsive initial conditions and then give the attracting and invariant sets of (2.4).
Theorem 3.1.
Let , , and , where . Denote and let and be a solution of the following infinite delay difference inequality with the initial condition :
-
(a)
Then
(3.2)
provided the initial conditions
where and the positive number is determined by the following inequality:
-
(b)
Then
(3.5)
provided the initial conditions
Proof.
(a): Since and , then, by Lemma 2.5, there exists a positive vector such that . Using continuity and noting , we know that (3.4) has at least one positive solution , that is,
Let , , one can get that , or
To prove (3.2), we first prove, for any given , when ,
If (3.9) is not true, then there must be a and some integer such that
By using (3.1), (3.7)–(3.10), and , we have
which contradicts the first equality of (3.10), and so (3.9) holds for all . Letting , then (3.2) holds, and the proof of part (a) is completed.
-
(b)
For any given initial function: , , where , there is a constant such that . To prove (3.5), we first prove that
(3.12)
where ( small enough), provided that the initial conditions satisfies .
If (3.12) is not true, then there must be a and some integer such that
By using (3.1), (3.8), (3.13) , and , we obtain that
which contradicts the first equality of (3.13), and so (3.12) holds for all . Letting , then (3.5) holds, and the proof of part (b) is completed.
Remark 3.2.
Suppose that in part (a) of Theorem 3.1, then we get [15, Lemma 3].
In the following, we will obtain attracting and invariant sets of (2.4) by employing Theorem 3.1. Here, we firstly introduce the following assumptions.
-
(A1) For any , there exist nonnegative diagonal matrices such that
(3.15) -
(A2) For any , there exist nonnegative matrices such that
(3.16) -
(A3) Let , where
(3.17) -
(A4) There exists a constant such that
(3.18)where the scalar satisfies and is determined by the following inequality
(3.19)where , and
(3.20) -
(A5) Let
(3.21)where satisfy
(3.22)
Theorem 3.3.
If ()–() hold, then is a global attracting set of (2.4).
Proof.
Since and , then, by Lemma 2.5, there exists a positive vector such that . Using continuity and noting , we obtain that inequality (3.19) has at least one positive solution .
From (2.4) and condition (), we have
where
Since and , then, by Lemma 2.4, we can get , and so .
For the initial conditions: , , where , we have
where
By the property of -cone and , we have . Then, all the conditions of part (a) of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied by (3.23), (3.24), and condition , we derive that
Suppose for all , the inequalities
hold, where . Then, from (3.20), (3.22), (3.27), and , the impulsive part of (2.4) satisfies that
This, together with (3.27), leads to
By the property of -cone again, the vector
On the other hand,
It follows from (3.29)–(3.31) and part (a) of Theorem 3.1 that
By the mathematical induction, we can conclude that
From (3.18) and (3.21),
we can use (3.33) to conclude that
This implies that the conclusion of the theorem holds and the proof is complete.
Theorem 3.4.
If ()–() with hold, then is a positive invariant set and also a global attracting set of (2.4).
Proof.
For the initial conditions: , , where , we have
By (3.36) and the part (b) of Theorem 3.1 with , we have
Suppose for all , the inequalities
hold. Then, from and , the impulsive part of (2.4) satisfies that
This, together with (3.36) and (3.38), leads to
It follows from (3.40) and the part (b) of Theorem 3.1 that
By the mathematical induction, we can conclude that
Therefore, is a positive invariant set. Since , a direct calculation shows that and in Theorem 3.3. It follows from Theorem 3.3 that the set is also a global attracting set of (2.4). The proof is complete.
For the case , we easily observe that is a solution of (2.4) from and . In the following, we give the attractivity of the zero solution and the proof is similar to that of Theorem 3.3.
Corollary 3.5.
If hold with , then the zero solution of (2.4) is globally exponentially stable.
Remark 3.6.
If , that is, they have no impulses in (2.4), then by Theorem 3.4, we can obtain the following result.
Corollary 3.7.
If and hold, then is a positive invariant set and also a global attracting set of (2.4).
4. Illustrative Example
The following illustrative example will demonstrate the effectiveness of our results.
Example 4.1.
Consider the following impulsive infinite delay difference equations:
with
where and are nonnegative constants, and the impulsive sequence satisfies: . For System (4.1), we have , . So, it is easy to check that , , provided that . In this example, we may let .
The parameters of ()–() are as follows:
It is easy to prove that and
Let and which satisfies the inequality
Let , then satisfy ,
Case 1.
Let , , and , then
Moreover, , . Clearly, all conditions of Theorem 3.3 are satisfied. So is a global attracting set of (4.1).
Case 2.
Let and , then . Therefore, by Theorem 3.4, is a positive invariant set and also a global attracting set of (4.1).
Case 3.
If and let and , then
Clearly, all conditions of Corollary 3.5 are satisfied. Therefore, by Corollary 3.5, the zero solution of (4.1) is globally exponentially stable.
References
Philos ChG, Purnaras IK: An asymptotic result for some delay difference equations with continuous variable. Advances in Difference Equations 2004,2004(1):1-10. 10.1155/S1687183904310058
Ladas G: Recent developments in the oscillation of delay difference equations. In Differential Equations (Colorado Springs, CO, 1989), Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics. Volume 127. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA; 1991:321-332.
Sharkovsky AN, Maĭstrenko YuL, Romanenko EYu: Difference Equations and Their Applications, Mathematics and Its Applications. Volume 250. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands; 1993:xii+358.
Deng J: Existence for continuous nonoscillatory solutions of second-order nonlinear difference equations with continuous variable. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 2007,46(5-6):670-679. 10.1016/j.mcm.2006.11.028
Deng J, Xu Z: Bounded continuous nonoscillatory solutions of second-order nonlinear difference equations with continuous variable. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2007,333(2):1203-1215. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.12.038
Philos ChG, Purnaras IK: On non-autonomous linear difference equations with continuous variable. Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 2006,12(7):651-668. 10.1080/10236190600652360
Philos ChG, Purnaras IK: On the behavior of the solutions to autonomous linear difference equations with continuous variable. Archivum Mathematicum 2007,43(2):133-155.
Li Q, Zhang Z, Guo F, Liu Z, Liang H: Oscillatory criteria for third-order difference equation with impulses. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 2009,225(1):80-86. 10.1016/j.cam.2008.07.002
Peng M: Oscillation criteria for second-order impulsive delay difference equations. Applied Mathematics and Computation 2003,146(1):227-235. 10.1016/S0096-3003(02)00539-8
Yang XS, Cui XZ, Long Y: Existence and global exponential stability of periodic solution of a cellular neural networks difference equation with delays and impulses. Neural Networks. In press
Zhang Q: On a linear delay difference equation with impulses. Annals of Differential Equations 2002,18(2):197-204.
Zhu W, Xu D, Yang Z: Global exponential stability of impulsive delay difference equation. Applied Mathematics and Computation 2006,181(1):65-72. 10.1016/j.amc.2006.01.015
Horn RA, Johnson CR: Matrix Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK; 1990:xiv+561.
LaSalle JP: The Stability of Dynamical Systems. SIAM, Philadelphia, Pa, USA; 1976:v+76.
Zhu W: Invariant and attracting sets of impulsive delay difference equations with continuous variables. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2008,55(12):2732-2739. 10.1016/j.camwa.2007.10.020
Acknowledgment
The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 10671133.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Ma, Z., Xu, L. Asymptotic Behavior of Impulsive Infinite Delay Difference Equations with Continuous Variables. Adv Differ Equ 2009, 495972 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/495972
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/495972