Laplace decomposition for solving nonlinear system of fractional order partial differential equations

*Correspondence: poom.kum@kmutt.ac.th 2Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS) Center Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru, 10140 Bangkok, Thailand 3Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Abstract


Introduction
In the last decade, scientists and engineers have paid much attention towards nonlinear equations, as the nonlinearity exists everywhere in most of the physical problems. The nonlinear partial differential equations of fractional order (FPDEs) are the special case of nonlinear equations that have many applications in science and technology, including chemistry, biology, physics, vibration, acoustic, signals processing, electromagnetic, polymeric materials, and fluid dynamics, super conductivity, optics, and quantum mechanics [1][2][3][4]. Due to frequent appearance of FPDEs in different disciplines of engineering and science, the researchers have added a lot of research contribution to both theory of mathematical science and technology [5][6][7][8][9].
In mathematical analysis, the most frequent developing area is fractional-order calculus. In fact, many physical phenomena are dependent on time instant as well as at the earlier history of time are modeled by using fractional-order ordinary differential equations (FODEs), and thus FDEs have attained their importance in many fields of applied sciences. Due to the importance of FDEs, many researchers have made their focus on the analytical solution as well as the numerical solutions of FDEs [10][11][12]. In this regard numerous techniques have been discussed for the solutions of FPDEs such as homotopy analysis method (HAM), homotopy perturbation technique (HPM), Laplace transformation, variational technique with Pade approximation, corrected Fourier series, natural decomposition method [13][14][15][16], and fractional complex transformation [17]. The optimal q-HAM is discussed in [18] to solve FPDEs.
Numerical solution of FPDEs has been discussed in [19] efficiently by using Bernoulli wavelets and collocation method. Auxiliary Laplace parameter method has been discussed for the solution of FDEs [20]. Exact solution of Kodomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation is obtained in [21] by using simple equation method. Modified variational iteration technique is developed in [2] for the result of nonlinear PDEs. The solution of linear and nonlinear FPDEs has been studied in [22] by using iterative Laplace transform method.
Biological nonlinear phenomena like shallow water waves and multicellular biological dynamics can be modeled in terms of nonlinear PDEs of integer order [23]. Numerous FPDEs do not have exact or analytical solution, so numerical methods are used as an alternative. In this regard, numerical solutions of FPDEs have been obtained in [24] by using tau approximation. Discrete HAM is suggested to solve linear and nonlinear FPDEs [25][26][27].
Laplace-Adomian decomposition method (LADM) is one of the effective and straightforward techniques to solve nonlinear FPDEs. LADM possesses the combined behavior of Laplace transformation and Adomian decomposition method (ADM). It is observed that the suggested method requires no predefined declaration size like RK4. LADM requires fewer number of parameters, no discretization and linearization as compared to other analytical techniques [28]. LADM is also compared with ADM to analyze the solution of FPDEs given in [29]. The solution of Kundu-Eckhaus equation is discussed in [30] via LADM. Multistep LADM is implemented to solve FPDEs in [31,32]. LADM is also used for the solution of fractional Navier-Stokes, Smoke models, and third-order dispersive PDEs [33][34][35].
In the current study, we implement LADM for the solution of some nonlinear system of FPDEs. The desired degree of accuracy is achieved. The procedure of the suggested technique is very simple and straightforward. The accuracy is calculated in terms of absolute error. The results have shown that the present method has the desired accuracy as compared to other analytical techniques.

Definitions and preliminaries
where Γ is denoted as

Definition 2.2
The Caputo definition of fractional derivative of order β is described as [36,37]

LADM idea for FPDEs
Consider the following FPDE [30]: The fractional derivative in equation (1) is expressed in the Caputo sense. The linear and nonlinear terms are denoted by L and N respectively, and q(ξ , τ ) is the sources term with the initial condition Applying the Laplace transform on both sides of equation (1), we get [30] The ADM solution is The nonlinear term in the problem is expressed as where are called Adomian polynomials. Substituting equations (4) and (5) in equation (3), we get Applying the decomposition method, we get and Using the inverse transform to equations (7) and (8), we have [30] u 0 (ξ , τ ) = f (ξ ),

Conclusion
In this research paper, a powerful analytical technique, called LADM, is applied to find the solution of some important system of fractional-order partial differential equations. The obtained results are interesting and also in good agreement towards the exact solutions. The behavior and validity of the present method is checked by taking some numerical examples. The procedure and results of LADM have shown higher accuracy of the current method as compared to other methods in literature. The convergence of fractionalorder solutions towards integer-order solution can be observed from the graphs in the paper.