Existence of solutions for an ordinary second-order hybrid functional differential equation

*Correspondence: shorouk.alissa@liu.edu.lb 3Department of Mathematics, Lebanese International University, Saida, Lebanon Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Abstract In this paper, we study the existence of solutions for an initial value problem of an ordinary second-order hybrid functional differential equation (SHDE) using a fixed point theorem of Dhage. Example is given to illustrate the obtained result.

Here we study the existence of solutions for the initial value problem of second-order hybrid differential equation (1.1). Some remarks and an example to illustrate our results are given. This paper is organized as follows: In Sect. 2, we recall some useful preliminaries. In Sect. 3, we prove an auxiliary theorem related to the linear variant of problem (1.1) and state sufficient conditions which guarantee the existence of solutions to problem (1.1). Also, conditions are added to our problem in order to obtain a new existence theorem, and an illustrative example is presented.

Preliminaries
In this section, we introduce some basic definitions and preliminary facts which we need in the sequel. Definition 2.1 ([11]) An algebra X is a vector space endowed with an internal composition law noted by which is associative and bilinear. A normed algebra is an algebra endowed with a norm satisfying the following property: For all x, y ∈ X, we have x.y ≤ x . y .
A complete normed algebra is called a Banach algebra.

Definition 2.2 ([11]
) Let X be a normed vector space. A mapping T : X → X is called D-Lipschitzian if there exists a continuous and nondecreasing function φ : R + → R + such that Sometimes, we call the function φ to be a D-function of the mapping T on X. Obviously, every Lipschitzian mapping is D-Lipschitzian. Further, if φ(r) < r, for r > 0, then T is called a nonlinear contraction on X. An important fixed point theorem that has been commonly used in the theory of nonlinear integral equations is a generalization of the Banach contraction mapping principle proved in [11].
Recently Dhage in [12] has proven a fixed point theorem involving three operators in a Banach algebra by blending the Banach fixed point theorem with Shauder's fixed point principle.

Main results
In this section, we formulate our main result for SHDE (1.1) depending on the fixed point theorems due to Dhage [13].
Let X = C(J, R) of the vector of all real-valued continuous functions on J = [0, T]. We equip the space X with the norm x = sup t∈J |x(t)|. Clearly, C(J, R) is a complete normed algebra with respect to this supremum norm. Consider the following assumptions: (A 1 ) The functions f : J × R → R\{0} and h : J × R → R are continuous, and there exist two functions k, L ∈ C(J, R + ), with norms k and L respectively, such that There exist a function p ∈ C(J, R + ) and a continuous nondecreasing There exists a number r > 0 such that Now, we shall prove the following lemma.
Proof First, assume that x is a solution of SHDE (1.1), applying integration to both sides of (1.1) from 0 to t, we obtain d dt On the other hand (due to the fact that f (0, x(0)) = 0 and ϕ i (0) = 0, i = 1, 2, 3), we have d dt Again integrating both sides of (3.4) from 0 to t, we obtain and we have Hence, Eq. (3.5) becomes i.e., Thus, Eq. (3.3) holds. Conversely, assume that x satisfies Eq. (3.3). Then dividing by f (t, x(t)) and making direct differentiation for both sides of Eq. (3.3), we obtain d dt Then, again by direct differentiation, Eq. (1.1) is satisfied.

Existence of solution
Now, our target is to prove the following existence theorems.
where r satisfies inequality (3.1). Clearly S is a closed, convex, and bounded subset of the Banach space X.
Corresponding to the functions f , g, and h, we introduce the three operators A : X → X, B : S → X, and C : X → X defined by Then the integral equation (3.3) can be rewritten as follows: We shall show that A, B, and C satisfy all the conditions of Lemma 2.3. This will be achieved in the following series of steps.
Step 1. To show that A and C are Lipschitzian on X, let x, y ∈ X. So which implies Ax -Ay ≤ L xy for all x, y ∈ X. Therefore, A is a Lipschitzian on X with Lipschitz constant L . Similarly, for any x, y ∈ X, we have Consequently, This shows that C is a Lipschitz mapping on X with the Lipschitz constant k .
Step 2. To prove that B is a compact and continuous operator on S into X. First we show that B is continuous on X. Let {x n } be a sequence in S converging to a point x ∈ S. Then, by the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, let us assume that t ∈ J, and since ϕ 3 (t) is a continuous function and g(t, x(t)) is continuous in x, then g(t, x n (ϕ 3 (t))) converges to g(t, x(ϕ 3 (t))), (see assumption (A 2 )). Applying the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, we get Thus, Bx n → Bx as n → ∞ uniformly on R + , and hence B is a continuous operator on S into S. Now, we show that B is a compact operator on S. It is enough to show that B(S) is a uniformly bounded and equicontinuous set in X. To see this, let x ∈ S be arbitrary. Then, by hypothesis (A 2 ), for all t ∈ J. Taking supremum over t, for all x ∈ S. This shows that B is uniformly bounded on S. Now, we proceed to showing that B(S) is also an equicontinuous set in X. Let t 1 , t 2 ∈ J, and x ∈ S (without loss of generality assume that t 1 < t 2 ), then we have (Bx)(t 2 ) -(Bx)(t 1 ) i.e., which is independent of x ∈ S. Hence, for > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that for all t 2 , t 1 ∈ J and for all x ∈ S. This shows that B(S) is an equicontinuous set in X. Now, the set B(S) is a uniformly bounded and equicontinuous set in X, so it is compact by the Arzela-Ascoli theorem. As a result, B is a complete continuous operator on S.
Step 3. Hypothesis (c) of Lemma 2.3 is satisfied. Let x ∈ X and y ∈ S be arbitrary elements such that x = AxBy + Cx. Then we have Consequently, Taking supremum over t, x ≤ L r + G p Ψ (r) T 2 2 + k r + H.

Remarks and examples
• If we replace conditions (A 2 ) and (A 4 ) with the following conditions: (A 2 ) g : J × R → R satisfies the Caratheodory condition, i.e., g is measurable in t for any x ∈ R and continuous in x for almost all t ∈ [0, T]. There exist two positive real functions t → a(t), t → b(t) such that (A 4 ) There exists a number r > 0 such that where G = sup t∈J |f (t, 0)| and ( L a + G b )T 2 + k < 1, and Step 3 in the proof can be replaced with the following. Let x ∈ X and y ∈ S be arbitrary elements such that x = AxBy + Cx. Then we have Consequently, Taking supremum over t, x ≤ L r + G a + b r T 2 + k r + H.
From this estimate we show that the operator A maps the set S into itself with • Our results can be obtained using the technique of measures of noncompactness in the Banach algebras (under assumptions (A 1 ) -(A 4 )) and a fixed point theorem for the product of two operators verifying a Dhage type condition as follows in [2].