Generation of new fractional inequalities via n polynomials s-type convexity with applications

The celebrated Hermite–Hadamard and Ostrowski type inequalities have been studied extensively since they have been established. We find novel versions of the Hermite–Hadamard and Ostrowski type inequalities for the n-polynomial s-type convex functions in the frame of fractional calculus. Taking into account the new concept, we derive some generalizations that capture novel results under investigation. We present two different general techniques, for the functions whose first and second derivatives in absolute value at certain powers are n-polynomial s-type convex functions by employing K\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\mathcal{K}$\end{document}-fractional integral operators have yielded intriguing results. Applications and motivations of presented results are briefly discussed that generate novel variants related to quadrature rules that will be helpful for in-depth investigation in fractal theory, optimization and machine learning.


Introduction and preliminaries
A few decades ago, the classical calculus has been revolutionized by tremendous innovations. The researchers are concurring with the extraordinary excellence and truthfulness in outcomes by the fractional-order equations. If we observed the historical background of fractional calculus, the notion has been instigated from a letter of L'Hospital to Leibniz for the meaning of dr/dr n for n = 1/2. In response, Leibniz saw this is "An obvious conundrum, from which one day valuable outcomes will be shown". Also, presently one witnesses the utilization of fractional calculus in various areas, for example, chaos, simulation, and modeling. Numerous useful definitions and operators show the beauty of the fractional calculus, for instance, the Riemann, Caputo, Hadamard, Katugampola, Erdelyi-Kober, Atangana-Baleanu, Weyl types and many others with potential applications in mathematics and physics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. For a feature depiction of the origin of fractional calculus, improvements, and applications, we refer the reader to the notable monographs [12,13] and the interesting articles [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].
Recently, the Hermite-Hadamard inequality (1.1) and its generalizations, refinements, extensions and variants have attracted the attention of many researchers. It has been proved that the function P : I → R is convex if and only if inequality (1.1) holds for all η 1 , η 2 ∈ I with η 1 = η 2 .
Let I ⊆ R and P : I → R be a differentiable mapping on I • (the interior of I) such that η 1 , η 2 ∈ I • with η 1 < η 2 . Then the well-known Ostrowski inequality [62] states that Ostrowski type inequalities have significant contributions in the numerical analysis as they provide the error estimates of many quadrature rules. In recent years, they have been extended and generalized in many fields.
The uses of variants in applied sciences are generally studied and now it is a profoundly appealing research-oriented area where the researchers also investigate the existence and uniqueness of the solutions of fractional differential equations. Khan et al. [63] derived the Hermite-Hadamard inequality for s-convex functions. In [64], the authors derived several generalizations for the Ostrowski type inequality involving the generalized K-fractional integrals.
In the article, we propose an novel class of functional variants for convex functions and several other new and effectively applicable generalizations for convexity theory and fractional operators. The novel technique is useful to generate the Mandelbrot and Julia sets for quadratic and cubic polynomials with s-convexity [65][66][67]. Now, we discuss some connections between the class of convex functions and s-convex functions.
Definition 1.1 Let s ∈ [0, 1]. Then the real-valued function P : I → R is said to be s-type convex on I if the inequality holds for all x, y ∈ I and ζ ∈ [0, 1].
Remark 1.2 From Definition 1.1 we clearly see that: (1) If we choose s = 1, then we get the classical convex function.
(2) If we choose s = 0, then we get the definition of P-function in [68].
(3) If P is s-type convex on I, then the range of the function P is [0, ∞). Indeed, let x ∈ I. Then by the s-type convexity of P we have for all η 1 ∈ I and ζ ∈ [0, 1]. If ζ = 1, then we clearly see that which leads to the conclusion that P(x) ≥ 0.

Proposition 1.3 Every nonegative convex function is also an s-type convex function.
Proof Proposition 1.3 follows easily from the facts that for all ζ ∈ [0, 1] and s ∈ [0, 1].
Next, we introduce the definition of n-polynomial s-type convex function.

Definition 1.4
Let s ∈ [0, 1] and n ∈ N. Then the real-valued function P : I → R is said to be a n-polynomial s-type convex function if the inequality holds for x, y ∈ I and ζ ∈ [0, 1].
Remark 1.5 From Definition 1.4 we clearly see that the following statements are true: (1) If we choose s = 0, then we get the P-functions in [68].
(4) If P is a n-polynomial s-type convex function, then the range of the function P is [0, ∞).
We now demonstrate some essential ideas associated with the fractional integral which is mainly due to Mubeen et al. [70].
Let α, K > 0, η 1 < η 2 and P ∈ L 1 ([η 1 , η 2 ]). Then the K-fractional integrals of order α are defined by Note that and the K-fractional integrals reduce to the RL-fractional integrals if K = 1. Next, we recall the definitions of the Beta function B and the Gaussian hypergeometric function 2 F 1 : where Γ (x) = ∞ 0 t x-1 e -t dt is the Euler gamma function [72,73]. The principal purpose of this article is to derive several novel integral inequalities including the Hermite-Hadamard and Ostrowski type inequalities by using n-polynomial s-type convexity and K-fractional integral operator. By use of the fractional operators, we obtained new estimates for the functions whose first and second derivatives in absolute value at certain powers are n-polynomial s-type convex functions. Interestingly, the special cases of the presented results are RL-fractional integral inequalities and quadrature rules. Our work's consequences are useful in the generation of fractals using iterative procedures, which is an interesting field of research and has utilities in the improvement of machine learning algorithms.

Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for n-polynomial s-type convex function
The aim of this section is to find some inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for npolynomial s-type convex functions. In what follows, we denote by L 1 ([η 1 , η 2 ]) the space of (Lebesgue) integrable functions on the interval [η 1 , η 2 ].
Next, we prove the second inequality of (2.1). Let ζ ∈ [0, 1]. Then from the fact that P is a n-polynomial s-type convex function, we get and Adding the above inequalities gives Multiplying on both sides of (2.4) by ζ α K -1 , integrating the obtained inequality with respect to ζ from 0 to 1 and then making the change of the variable, we have which leads to the conclusion that The proof is completed.

Ostrowski type inequalities for first-order differentiable functions
The aim of this section is to find new estimates that refine the Ostrowski type inequality for the function whose first derivative in absolute value at a certain power is a n-polynomial sconvex function. It is remarkable that Farid and Usman [74] adopted some ideas to derive the Ostrowski type inequalities involving K-fractional integrals.
Using Lemma 3.1, we can prove Theorem 3.2.
and |P (z)| is a n-polynomial s-type convex Proof From Lemma 3.1 and the fact that |P | is a n-polynomial s-type convex function on I we clearly see that where we have used the facts that This completes the proof.

Corollary 3.4
Let s ∈ [0, 1], n ∈ N, η 2 > η 1 and P : I = [η 1 , η 2 ] → R be a differentiable function on I • such that P ∈ L 1 [η 1 , η 2 ] and |P (z)| is a n-polynomial s-type convex func- Then Proof It follows from Lemma 3.1 and |P | q is a n-polynomial s-type convex function together with the power mean inequality that Remark 3.7 If we choose q = 1, then Theorem 3.6 reduces to Theorem 3.2.

New Ostrowski type inequalities for twice differentiable functions
We first establish a fractional integral identity which is the extension of the result established by Park [75].
Proof Using Lemma 4.1 and the Hölder inequality together with the n-polynomial s-type convexity, we have (4.11)

Applications
In this section, we provide some applications to the estimations of K-fractional integrals, and the midpoint, trapezoidal and Simpson type inequalities for twice differentiable npolynomial s-type convex functions by use of our results.

Conclusion
In this paper, we have introduced a new class of n-polynomial s-type convex functions, derived several new versions of the Hermite-Hadamard and Ostrowski type inequalities using the class of n-polynomial s-type convex functions, provided two integral identities for the first and second order differentiable functions, and obtained some refinements of the Ostrowski type inequality. We have also discussed some special cases for the obtained results which showed that the results obtained are quite unifying one. The outcomes acquired by the future plan are all the more invigorating as contrasted with results accessible in the literature. Finally, our work's consequences have a potential connection with fractal theory and machine learning [65][66][67].