Some new hybrid power mean formulae of trigonometric sums

We apply the analytic method and the properties of the classical Gauss sums to study the computational problem of a certain hybrid power mean of the trigonometric sums and to prove several new mean value formulae for them. At the same time, we also obtain a new recurrence formula involving the Gauss sums and two-term exponential sums.


Introduction
For any integer m and odd prime p ≥ 3, the cubic Gauss sums A(m, p) = A(m) are defined as follows: where, as usual, e(y) = e 2π iy .
We found that several scholars studied the hybrid mean value problems of various trigonometric sums and obtained many interesting results. For example, Chen and Hu [1] studied the computational problem of the hybrid power mean S k (p) =  (1) and proved an exact computational formula for (1). Zhang and Zhang [3] proved the identity Other related contents can also be found in [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], which will not be repeated here.
In this paper, inspired by [1] and [2], we consider the following mean value: We do not know whether there exists a precise computational formula for (2), where c is any integer with (c, p) = 1, and p ≡ 1 mod 3.
Actually, there also exists a third-order linear recurrence formula of H k (c, p) for all integers k ≥ 1 and c. But for some integers c, the initial value of H k (c, p) is very simple, whereas for other c, the initial value of H k (c, p) is more complex. So a satisfactory recursive formula for H k (c, p) is not available.
The main purpose of this paper is using an analytic method and the properties of classical Gauss sums to give an effective calculation method for H k (c, p) with some special integers c. We will prove the following two theorems.
Some notes: First, in Theorem 1, if (3, p -1) = 1, then the question we are discussing is trivial, because in this case, we have Second, in the first and third formulas of Theorem 1, we take c = 3 (and c = 1 in the second formula). These are all for getting the exact value of the mean value. Otherwise, the results will not be pretty.

Several lemmas
To complete the proofs of our theorems, several lemmas are essential. Hereafter, we will use related properties of the classical Gauss sums and the third-order character mod p, all of which can be found in books concerning elementary number theory or analytic number theory, such as [13] and [14]. First we have the following: Lemma 1 Let p be a prime with p ≡ 1 mod 3. Then for any third-order character ψ mod p, we have the identity Proof First, applying the trigonometric identity and noting that ψ 3 = χ 0 , the principal character mod p, we have Noting that ψ 2 = ψ and τ (ψ)τ (ψ) = p, from the properties of Gauss sums we have p-1 a=0 ψ a 3 -(a + 1) 3 + 1 = p-1 a=0 ψ -3a(a + 1) Since ψ is a third-order character mod p, for any integer c with (c, p) = 1, from the properties of the classical Gauss sums we have Applying (7), we have Combining (4) This proves Lemma 1.

Lemma 2
Let p be a prime with p ≡ 1 mod 3, and let ψ be any third-order character mod p. Then we have where τ (ψ) denotes the classical Gauss sums, and d is uniquely determined by 4p = d 2 + 27b 2 and d ≡ 1 mod 3.

Conclusion
The main work of this paper includes two theorems. In Theorem 1, we obtained some exact values of (2) when k = 1, 2, and 3. In Theorem 2, we showed that H k (1, p) satisfies an interesting third-order linear recurrence formula. These works not only profoundly reveal the regularity of a certain hybrid power mean of the trigonometric sums, but also provide some new ideas and methods for further study of such problems.