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Two hybrid and non-hybrid k-dimensional inclusion systems via sequential fractional derivatives
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2021, Article number: 449 (2021)
Abstract
Some complicated events can be modeled by systems of differential equations. On the other hand, inclusion systems can describe complex phenomena having some shocks better than the system of differential equations. Also, one of the interests of researchers in this field is an investigation of hybrid systems. In this paper, we study the existence of solutions for hybrid and non-hybrid k-dimensional sequential inclusion systems by considering some integral boundary conditions. In this way, we use different methods such as α-ψ contractions and the endpoint technique. Finally, we present two examples to illustrate our main results.
1 Introduction
Nowadays, the need for fractional calculations and differential inclusions to describe the relationships between different phenomena has doubled because the main tool for modern modeling of different events is inclusion technique. In addition, the use of fractional calculus in various sciences such as computer, physics, electronics, etc. is not hidden from anyone. In recent years, many researchers have become interested in the field of fractional calculus. There are various techniques in this way such as fixed point theory to investigate the existence of solutions for fractional differential equations (see, for example, [1–10]). One can find different techniques or ideas in [11–13] or many applied ideas in this area (see, for example, [14–16]). We ask the reader to focus on the works [17–19] to find appropriate ideas for their research.
In 1993, Miller and Ross defined sequential derivatives as combinations of derivative operators [20]. After that time, some researchers always sought to discover the relationship between sequential derivatives and fractional derivatives [21–23]. The efforts of researchers led to the publication of several articles on the issue of boundary value problems of consecutive fractional derivatives (see, for example, [24–30]).
In 2015, Alsaedi et al. reviewed the sequential differential problem
where \(0<\hslash <\lambda <1\), \(2< \varrho ^{*} \le 3\), \(a, t \in \mathbb{R}^{+}\), and \({}^{c}D^{\varrho ^{*}}\) denotes the standard Caputo derivative of fractional order \(\varrho ^{*}\), and \(h:[0,1] \times \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) is a continuous function [31]. Also, some researchers investigated hybrid differential problems with different boundary conditions (see, for example, [32]). In 2010, Dhage and Lakshmikantham started working on hybrid equations [33, 34]. In 2011, Zhao et al. defined studied hybrid differential equations [35]. In 2016, Ahmed et al. reviewed the existence of solution for the fractional inclusion differential equation
with the boundary conditions \(q(0) = \beta (s)\) and \(q(1) = \varrho \in \mathbb{R}\), where \({}^{c}D^{\alpha }\) is the Caputo derivative of order \(\alpha \in (1,2]\) and \({}^{R}I^{\varpi }\) is the Riemann–Liouville integral of order \(\varpi > 0\) so that \(\varpi \in \{ \varpi _{1} , \varpi _{2} , \dots , \varpi _{k} \}\), \(\varpi _{j} >0\), \(h_{j} \in C(\mathcal{I} \times \mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\), \(j=1,2,\ldots, k\), \(h \in C(\mathcal{I} \times \mathbb{R},\mathbb{R}-\{0\})\), \(\beta :C(\mathcal{I},\mathbb{R}) \to \mathbb{R}\), and \(\mathcal{H}:\mathcal{I} \times \mathbb{R} \to \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R})\) is a multifunction, \(\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R})\) is the set of all subsets of \(\mathbb{R}\) [36]. In 2020, Baleanu et al. examined the hybrid inclusion model of the thermostat problem
with the hybrid boundary conditions
where \(\alpha \in (2,3]\), \(\lambda >0\), \(\eta \in [0,1]\), \(\kappa : [0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) is a continuous function and \(\rho \in \mathcal{C}( [0,1]\times \mathbb{R}, \mathbb{R}\setminus \{ 0 \})\), \(D = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}r}\). They also studied the thermostatic model
with hybrid boundary conditions
where \(\xi > 0\) is a parameter, \(\lambda \in [0,1]\), \(\zeta -1 \in (0,1]\), \(D = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}r}\), \({}^{c}D^{\mu } \) is the Caputo derivative of fractional order \(\mu \in \{ \zeta , \zeta -1 \} \), the function \(\Phi : [0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) is continuous, and \(h \in \mathcal{C}( [0,1]\times \mathbb{R}, \mathbb{R}\setminus \{ 0 \} )\) [37].
By using and mixing the main idea of the works, we first review the k-dimensional hybrid system of fractional differential inclusions
with three-point hybrid boundary conditions
where \(1\leq i\leq k\), \(t\in [0,1]\), \(\alpha \in (2, 3] \), \(p \in (0,1)\), \(d_{1_{1}},\dots ,d_{1_{k}},d_{2_{1}},\dots ,d_{2_{k}}, \rho , \xi >0 \), cD and RI denote the Caputo fractional derivative and the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral, respectively. The nonzero continuous function \(\varrho _{i}\) is defined as \(\varrho _{i}:[0,1] \times \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\), and \(\mathcal{S}_{i}:[0,1] \times \mathbb{R}^{2k} \to \mathcal{P}( \mathbb{R})\) is a multifunction such that \(\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R})\) is the set of all subsets of \(\mathbb{R}\) and any \(q_{i}\) is a real-valued continuous function.
2 Preliminaries
Suppose that \(\alpha >0\), \(\alpha \in (k-1 , k)\) and \(k = [ \alpha ] +1\). The Riemann–Liouville integral for a function \(q:[0, + \infty ) \to \mathbb{R}\) is defined by \({}^{R}I^{ \alpha } q(t) = \int _{0}^{t} \frac{(t - r )^{ \alpha -1 }}{\Gamma ( \alpha )} q(r) \,\mathrm{d}r\), whenever the integral exists [38, 39]. If \(q\in \mathcal{AC}^{(k)}_{\mathbb{R}}([0, + \infty ))\), the fractional Caputo derivative is defined by \({}^{c}D^{\alpha } q(t) =\int _{0}^{t} \frac{(t - r)^{k- \alpha -1}}{\Gamma (n- \alpha )} q^{(k)}(r) \,\mathrm{d} r\) provided that the integral is finite-valued [38, 39]. Moreover, for a sufficiently smooth function \(q: [0, + \infty ) \to \mathbb{R}\), the sequential fractional derivative is defined by
where \(\alpha = (\alpha _{1} , \alpha _{2} , \dots , \alpha _{k} )\) is a multi-index [20]. Note that the sequential derivative operator \(D^{\alpha }\) can be Riemann–Liouville, Caputo, Hadamard, Caputo–Hadamard, or any other version of derivative operators in general. In this research, we employ the sequential derivative of Caputo type which is defined as follows. For \(k-1 < \alpha < k\), the Caputo sequential fractional derivative for a sufficiently smooth function \(q: [0, + \infty ) \to \mathbb{R}\) is given by
where \(D^{- (k-\alpha )} q(t) = {}^{R}I^{(k-\alpha )} q(t)\) is the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral of order \(k-\alpha \) [38]. It has been verified that the general solution for the homogeneous differential equation \({}^{c}D_{0^{+}}^{ \alpha } q(t)=0\) is given by \(q(t) = \tilde{b}_{0} + \tilde{b}_{1} t + \tilde{b}_{2} t^{2} +\cdots + \tilde{b}_{k-1} t^{k-1}\) and
where \(\tilde{b}_{0},\ldots ,\tilde{b}_{k-1}\in \mathbb{R} \) with \(k=[ \alpha ]+1\) [20].
Let \((\mathcal{Q},\Vert \cdot \Vert _{\mathcal{Q} })\) be a normed space. We use the notations \({\mathcal{P}}( \mathcal{Q} )\), \({\mathcal{P}}_{cls}( \mathcal{Q} )\), \({\mathcal{P}}_{bnd}( \mathcal{Q} )\), \({\mathcal{P}}_{cmp}( \mathcal{Q} )\), and \({\mathcal{P}}_{cvx}( \mathcal{Q} )\) for the sets of all subsets of the space \(\mathcal{Q}\), all closed subsets of the space \(\mathcal{Q}\), all bounded subsets of the space \(\mathcal{Q}\), all compact and all convex subsets of \(\mathcal{Q}\), respectively. The element \(q^{*}\in \mathcal{Q}\) is a fixed point for given set-valued map \(\mathcal{S} : \mathcal{Q} \to \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{Q})\) whenever \(q^{*}\in \mathcal{S}(q^{*})\) [40]. We express the family of all fixed points \(\mathcal{S} \) with the symbol \({\mathcal{FIX}} (\mathcal{S})\) [40]. Let \((\mathcal{Q},d_{\mathcal{Q}})\) be a metric space, then the Pompeiu–Hausdorff metric \(\mathrm{PH}_{d_{\mathcal{Q}}} : {\mathcal{P}_{cls}}(\mathcal{Q}) \times {\mathcal{P}_{cls}}(\mathcal{Q}) \to \mathbb{R}^{*} = \mathbb{R} \cup \{\infty \}\) is defined by \(\mathrm{PH}_{d_{\mathcal{Q}}}(B_{1}, B_{2}) = \max \{ \sup_{b_{1} \in B_{1}}d_{\mathcal{Q}}(b_{1},B_{2}), \sup_{b_{2} \in B_{2}}d_{\mathcal{Q}}(B_{1},b_{2})\}\), where \(d_{\mathcal{Q}}(B_{1},b_{2}) = \inf_{b_{1}\in B_{1}}d_{\mathcal{Q}}(b_{1},b_{2})\) and \(d_{\mathcal{Q}}(b_{1},B_{2}) = \inf_{b_{2}\in B_{2}}d_{\mathcal{Q}}(b_{1},b_{2})\) [40]. A set-valued map \(\mathcal{S} : \mathcal{Q} \to {\mathcal{P}}_{cls}(\mathcal{Q})\) is Lipschitzian with positive constant κ̂ if the inequality \(\mathrm{PH}_{d_{\mathcal{Q}}}(\mathcal{S}(q),\mathcal{S} (q')) \leq \hat{\kappa } d_{\mathcal{Q}}(q,q')\) holds for all \(q, q' \in \mathcal{Q} \). A Lipschitz map \(\mathcal{S} \) is called contraction if \(\hat{\kappa } \in (0,1)\) [40]. In the sequel, \(\mathcal{S}\) is said to be completely continuous if \(\mathcal{S} (K)\) is relatively compact for each \(K\in \mathcal{P}_{bnd}(\mathcal{Q})\), whereas \(\mathcal{S} : [0,1] \to {\mathcal{P}}_{cls}(\mathbb{R})\) is called measurable if \(t \longmapsto d_{\mathcal{Q}}( \upsilon ,\mathcal{S}(t ))=\inf \{ \rvert \upsilon -z\rvert :z\in \mathcal{S}(t )\}\) is measurable for any \(\upsilon \in \mathbb{R}\) [40, 41]. Also, \(\mathcal{S}\) is upper semi-continuous whenever for every \(q^{*} \in \mathcal{Q} \), the set \(\mathcal{S}(q^{*})\) belongs to \(\mathcal{P}_{cls}(\mathcal{Q})\) and also, for each open set \(\mathcal{U}\) of \(\mathcal{Q}\) containing \(\mathcal{S}(q^{*})\), there is a neighborhood \(\mathcal{O}_{0}^{*}\) of \(q^{*}\) provided that \(\mathcal{S}(\mathcal{O}_{0}^{*}) \subseteq \mathcal{U}\) [40].
We construct the graph of the set-valued map \(\mathcal{S}: \mathcal{Q} \to \mathcal{P}_{cls}( \mathcal{Z} )\) by \(\operatorname{Graph}(\mathcal{S})=\{ (q,z)\in \mathcal{Q}\times \mathcal{Z}: z\in \mathcal{S}(q)\}\). The \(\operatorname{Graph}(\mathcal{S})\) is closed whenever for two arbitrary convergent sequences \(\{ q_{n}\}_{n \geq 1}\) in \(\mathcal{Q}\) and \(\{y_{n}\}_{n \geq 1} \) in \(\mathcal{Y}\) with \(q_{n} \to q_{0}\), \(y_{n} \to y_{0}\), and \(y_{n} \in \mathcal{S}( q_{n})\), then if \(n\rightarrow \infty \) we have \(y_{0} \in \mathcal{S}( q_{0})\) [40, 41]. In view of [40], it is deduced that if the set-valued map \(\mathcal{S} : \mathcal{Q} \to \mathcal{P}_{cls}(\mathcal{Y})\) has an upper semi-continuity property, then \(\operatorname{Graph}(\mathcal{S})\) is a closed subset of \(\mathcal{Q} \times \mathcal{Y}\). If \(\mathcal{S}\) has the complete continuity and closed graph property, then \(\mathcal{S}\) is upper semi-continuous [40]. In addition, \(\mathcal{S} \) has convex values if \(\mathcal{S}(k) \in \mathcal{P}_{cvx}(\mathcal{Q})\) for all \(q \in \mathcal{Q} \). Furthermore, a collection of selections of \(\mathcal{S} \) at point \(q \in \mathcal{C}_{\mathbb{R}}([0,1])\) is represented by \(( \mathcal{SEL})_{\mathcal{S},q}:=\{ \hat{u} \in \mathcal{L}_{ \mathbb{R}}^{1}([0,1]): \hat{u} (t)\in \mathcal{S}(t , q(t ) )\}\) for almost all \(t \in [0,1] \) [40, 41].
If we assume that \(\mathcal{S}\) is an arbitrary set-valued map, then for each \(q \in \mathcal{C}_{\mathcal{Q}}([0,1])\) we have \(( \mathcal{SEL})_{\mathcal{S},q}\neq \emptyset \) whenever \(\dim (\mathcal{Q}) < \infty \) [40]. We say that \(\mathcal{S}: [0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow {\mathcal{P}}( \mathbb{R})\) is called Caratheodory if \(t \mapsto \mathcal{S}(t ,q)\) is measurable for every \(q \in \mathbb{R}\) and \(q \mapsto \mathcal{S}(t ,q) \) is upper semi-continuous for almost all \(q \in [0,1]\) [40, 41]. A Caratheodory set-valued map \(\mathcal{S}: [0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow {\mathcal{P}}( \mathbb{R})\) is called \(\mathcal{L}^{1}\)-Caratheodory whenever, for each \(\vartheta >0\), there is \(\varphi _{\vartheta }\in \mathcal{L}_{\mathbb{R}^{+}}^{1}([0,1])\) such that \(\Vert \mathcal{S}(t ,q) \Vert =\sup_{t \in [0,1]}\{|w|:w\in \mathcal{S}(t,q)\}\leq \varphi _{\vartheta }(t )\) for all \(| q |\leq \vartheta \) and for almost any \(t \in [0,1]\) [40, 41].
In 2012, Samet et al. considered the set of all nonnegative and nondecreasing functions \(\phi : [0,\infty )\to [0,\infty )\) with \(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty }\phi ^{n}(t)<\infty \) [42]. They denoted it by Φ. One can easily see that \(\phi (t)< t\) for all \(t>0\) [42]. Let \(\phi \in \Phi \) and \(\alpha :\mathcal{Q}\times \mathcal{Q}\to \mathbb{R}\) be a map. A multifunction \(\mathcal{S}: \mathcal{Q} \to \mathcal{P}_{cls,bnd}(\mathcal{Q})\) is said to be α-ψ-contraction if \(\alpha (q,q') \mathrm{PH}_{d_{\mathcal{Q}}} (\mathcal{S} q, \mathcal{S}q')\leq \psi (d_{\mathcal{Q}}(q,q'))\) for all \(q, q'\in \mathcal{Q}\) [43]. We say that \(\mathcal{Q}\) has the property \((E_{\alpha })\) whenever, for any sequence \(\{ q_{n} \} \) in \(\mathcal{Q}\) with \(q_{n} \to q\) and \(\alpha (q_{n} , q_{n+1}) \geq 1\) for all \(n\in \mathbb{N}\), there is a subsequence \(\{ q_{n_{i}} \}\) of \(\{ q_{n} \}\) such that \(\alpha (q_{n_{i}}, q)\geq 1\) for all \(i\in \mathbb{N}\). Also, \(\mathcal{S}\) is called α-admissible whenever, for every \(q\in \mathcal{Q}\) and \(q'\in \mathcal{S}(q)\) with \(\alpha (q,q')\geq 1\), we have \(\alpha (q',q'')\geq 1\) for all \(q''\in \mathcal{S}(q')\) [43]. Finally, \(q\in \mathcal{Q}\) is called the endpoint of \(\mathcal{W}:\mathcal{Q}\to \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{Q})\) whenever \(\mathcal{W}(q)=\{ q\}\) [44]. We say that \(\mathcal{W}\) has an approximate endpoint property if \(\inf_{q\in \mathcal{Q}}\sup_{z\in \mathcal{W}q}d_{\mathcal{Q}}(q,z)=0\) [44]. To continue, we will need the following theorems.
Theorem 2.1
([45])
Let \(\mathcal{Q}\) be a separable Banach space, \(\mathcal{G} : [0, 1] \times \mathcal{Q} \to {\mathcal{P}}_{cmp,cvx}( \mathcal{Q})\) be an \(\mathcal{L}^{1}\)-Caratheodory multifunction, and \(\Omega : \mathcal{L}_{\mathcal{Q}}^{1}([0,1]) \to \mathcal{C}_{ \mathcal{Q}}([0,1])\) be a linear continuous map. Then the map \(\Omega \circ ( \mathcal{SEL})_{\mathcal{G} } : \mathcal{C}_{ \mathcal{Q}}([0,1]) \to {\mathcal{P}}_{cmp,cvx} ( \mathcal{C}_{ \mathcal{W}}([0,1]))\) defined by \(q \mapsto (\Omega \circ ( \mathcal{SEL})_{\mathcal{G} }) (q) = \Omega ( ( \mathcal{SEL})_{\mathcal{G} ,q})\) is an operator in \(\mathcal{C}_{\mathcal{Q}}([0,1]) \times \mathcal{C}_{\mathcal{Q}}([0,1]) \) and has the closed graph property.
Theorem 2.2
([33])
Let \(\mathcal{Q}\) be a Banach algebra, \(\Psi _{1}^{*} : \mathcal{Q} \to \mathcal{Q}\) be a map, and \(\Psi _{2}^{*} : \mathcal{Q} \to \mathcal{P}_{cmp,cvx}(\mathcal{Q})\) be a multifunction. Assume that
-
(i)
\(\Psi _{1}^{*}\) is Lipschitzian with constant \(\lambda ^{*}\);
-
(ii)
\(\Psi _{2}^{*}\) is compact and upper semi-continuous;
-
(iii)
\(2\lambda ^{*} \hat{\Theta } <1\) provided that \(\hat{\Theta } =\Vert \Psi _{2}^{*}(\mathcal{Q})\Vert \).
Then either the set \(\mathcal{S}^{*} =\{ v^{*}\in \mathcal{Q} \vert \alpha _{0} v^{*} \in (\Psi _{1}^{*}v^{*})(\Psi _{2}^{*}v^{*}), \alpha _{0} > 1 \} \) is not bounded or there exists \(q\in \mathcal{Q}\) such that \(q \in (\Psi _{1}^{*} q)( \Psi _{2}^{*} q) \).
Theorem 2.3
([33])
Assume that \(\mathcal{Q}\) is a Banach space and, \(\mathcal{E}\) is a closed convex subset of \(\mathcal{Q}\), \(\mathcal{V}\) is an open subset of \(\mathcal{E}\), and \(0\in \mathcal{V}\). Let \(G:\bar{\mathcal{V}}\to {\mathcal{P}}_{cmp,cvx} (\mathcal{E})\) be an upper semi-continuous compact map, where \({\mathcal{P}}_{cmp,cvx} (\mathcal{E})\) denotes the family of nonempty, compact convex subsets of \(\mathcal{E}\). Then either G has a fixed point in \(\bar{\mathcal{V}}\) or there exist \(v \in \partial {\mathcal{V}} \) and \(\lambda \in (0,1)\) such that \(v\in \lambda G(v)\).
Lemma 2.4
([46])
Let \(\tilde{l} \in \mathcal{Q}\). Then \(q_{0}\) is a solution for the fractional differential equation
with three-point hybrid integro-derivative boundary conditions
if and only if \(q_{0}\) is a solution for the integral equation
where \(\tilde{\Delta }_{1} := 1- e^{-d_{2}} + \frac{p^{\chi }}{\Gamma ( \chi +1) } - \int _{0}^{p} \frac{( p - \rho )^{\chi -1}}{ \Gamma ( \chi ) } e^{-d_{2}r} \,\mathrm{d}r \neq 0\), \(\tilde{\Delta }_{2} := d_{2} - 1 + e^{-d_{2}} + \frac{d_{2} p^{\chi +1} }{\Gamma ( \chi +2) } - \frac{p^{\chi }}{\Gamma ( \chi + 1) } + \int _{0}^{p} \frac{(p-\rho )^{\chi -1}}{\Gamma ( \chi )} e^{-p_{2}\rho }\,\mathrm{d} \rho \neq 0\), and \(\Omega ^{*} := \tilde{\Delta }_{1} + \tilde{\Delta }_{2} = d_{2} (1 + \frac{ p^{ \chi +1} }{ \Gamma ( \chi +2) } ) \neq 0\).
3 Main results
We are now ready to start an investigation of the k-dimensional hybrid inclusions system (1). We say that \((q_{1}, q_{2}, \ldots, q_{k})\) is a solution for system (1) whenever there exist functions \(\{l_{1}, l_{2}, \ldots, l_{k} \} \in L^{1}[0,1]\) such that
for all i and almost all \(s\in [0,1]\) and
for all i and \(s\in [0,1]\). Here, we have \(\alpha \in (2, 3] \), \(p \in (0,1)\), \(d_{1_{i}} , d_{2_{i}} , \varrho , \iota >0 \), and cD and RI denote the Caputo fractional derivative and the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral, respectively. Note that \({}^{c}D_{0^{+}}^{1} = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}s} \) and \({}^{c}D_{0^{+}}^{2} = \frac{\mathrm{d}^{2}}{\mathrm{d}s^{2}} \). The nonzero continuous real-valued function \(\alpha _{i} \) is supposed to be defined on \([0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \) and \(\mathcal{S}: [0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \to \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}) \) for all \(i=1, \ldots, k\).
Defined the space \(\mathcal{Q}_{i}= \{s:s,q(s),q'(s)\in \mathcal{C}([0,1],\mathbb{R}) \}\) endowed with the norm \(\Vert q \Vert _{\mathcal{Q}_{i} } = \sup_{ s\in [0,1] } \vert q_{i}(s) \vert + \sup_{ s\in [0,1] } \vert q'_{i}(s) \vert \) for all \(\{i\in 1, 2, \ldots, k\}\). Also, define the product space \(\mathcal{Q}=Q_{1}\times Q_{2}\times \cdots\times Q_{k}\) endowed with the norm \(\Vert (q_{1}, q_{2}, \ldots ,q_{k})\Vert = \sum_{i=1}^{k} \Vert q_{i} \Vert \). Then \((\mathcal{Q},\Vert \cdot\Vert )\) is a Banach space. Consider the set of the selections
where \(1 \leq i \leq k\), and we consider the inclusion for almost all \(s\in [0,1]\).
Theorem 3.1
Suppose that \(A_{1}, \ldots, A_{k}:[0,1]\times \mathbb{R}^{3k}\to {\mathcal{P}}_{cmp,cvx}( \mathbb{R})\) are Caratheodory multifunctions and there exist a nondecreasing, bounded, and continuous map \(\psi : [0,\infty )\to (0,\infty )\) and continuous functions \(b_{1}, \ldots, b_{k}:[0,1]\to (0,\infty )\) such that
for all \(1 \leq i \leq k \), \((q_{1},\dots ,q_{k}) \in \mathcal{Q}\) and almost all \(s\in [0,1]\). Assume that there exist constants \(L_{i}\) such that \(\frac{L_{i}}{M_{i_{1}}+M_{i_{2}}}\leq 1\), where
and \(\Vert \theta _{i}\Vert =\sup_{ s\in [0,1] } \vert \theta _{i}(s) \vert \) for all \(i=1,\ldots ,k\). Then the k-dimensional hybrid inclusions system (1) has at least one solution.
Proof
Define the operator \(T:\mathcal{Q}\to 2^{\mathcal{Q}}\) by
where
We show that the operator T has a fixed point. Consider the maps \(\Psi _{1_{i}}^{*} :\mathcal{Q} \to \mathcal{Q}\) and \(\Psi _{2_{i}}^{*} : \mathcal{Q} \to \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{Q})\) defined by \((\Psi _{1_{i}}^{*} q)(s )= \alpha _{i} ( s , q_{i}(s), {}^{R}I_{0^{+}}^{\varrho }q_{i}(s) )\) and
where \(b_{\hat{\vartheta }_{i}} \in {T}_{i}(q_{1}, \dots , q_{k})\) and
Put \(\mathcal{G}_{i}(q)=\Psi _{1_{i}}^{*} q \Psi _{2_{i}}^{*} q \) for \(i=1,\dots ,k\). We show that \(\Psi _{1_{i}}^{*} \) and \(\Psi _{2_{i}}^{*} \) satisfy the assumptions of Theorem 2.2 for all i. We first prove that the operator \(\Psi _{1_{i}}^{*} \) is Lipschitzian on \(\mathcal{Q}\). Let \(q_{1},q_{2}\in \mathcal{Q}\). Then
for all \(s\in [0,1]\). Hence, \(\Vert \Psi _{1_{i}}^{*} q_{1}-\Psi _{1_{i}}^{*} q_{2} \Vert _{ \mathcal{Q}} \leq \nu _{i}^{*} (1+ \frac{1}{\Gamma (\varrho _{i} +1) } ) \Vert q_{1}-q_{2} \Vert _{ \mathcal{Q}}\), and so \(\Psi _{1_{i}}^{*} \) is a Lipschitzian map with constant \(\nu _{i}^{*} (1+ \frac{1}{\Gamma (\varrho +1) } )\). Now we show that \(T(q_{1}, q_{2}, \ldots, q_{k})\) is convex for all \((q_{1}, q_{2}, \ldots, q_{k})\in \mathcal{Q} \). Let \((z_{1}, \ldots, z_{k}), (z_{t_{1}}, \ldots, z_{t_{k}})\in T(q_{1}, q_{2}, \ldots, q_{k}) \). Choose \(l_{i}, l_{t_{i}} \in \mathcal{Q}_{A_{i,(q_{1}, q_{2}, \ldots, q_{k})}}\) such that
and
for all \(s\in [0,1]\) and \(1\leq i \leq k\). Let \(0\leq h\leq 1\). Then we have
Since \(A_{i}\) is convex-valued for all \(1\leq i \leq k\), \([hz_{i}+(1-h)z_{t_{i}}](s) \in T_{i}(q_{1},\dots , q_{k})\). Thus,
Now, we show that T maps bounded sets of \(\mathcal{Q}\) into bounded sets. Let \(\rho > 0\),
\((q_{1},\dots , q_{k}) \in B_{\rho }\) and \((z_{1},\dots , z_{k})\in T(q_{1},\dots , q_{k})\). Choose
such that
for all \(s\in [0,1]\) and \(1\leq i \leq k\). Hence,
and so
for all \(s\in [0,1]\) and \(1\leq i\leq k\). Thus, \(\Vert z_{i}\Vert _{i} \leq ( M_{i_{1}}+ M_{i_{2}}) \Vert \theta _{i} \Vert _{\mathcal{L}^{1}}\). Hence,
Now, we show that T maps bounded sets to equicontinuous subsets of \(\mathcal{Q}\). Assume that \((l_{1}, \ldots, l_{k})\in \mathcal{B}_{\rho }\), \(s_{1},s_{2} \in [0,1]\) with \(s_{1} \leq s_{2} \) and \((z_{1}, \ldots, z_{k}) \in T(l_{1}, \ldots, l_{k})\). Then we have
for all \(1\leq i\leq k\). This implies that \(\lim_{s_{2}\to s_{1}}\vert l_{1}(s_{2})-l_{1}(s_{1}),\ldots,l_{k}(s_{2})-l_{k}(s_{1}) \vert =0\) and
By using the Arzela–Ascoli theorem for each bounded subset \(\mathcal{B}_{r}\) of \(\mathcal{Q}\), \(T(\mathcal{B}_{r})\) is relatively compact. Thus, T is completely continuous. Now, we show that T has a closed graph. Let \((l^{n}_{1}, \ldots, l^{n}_{k} )\in \mathcal{Q} \) and \((z^{n}_{1}, \ldots, z^{n}_{k} )\in T (l^{0}_{1}, \ldots, l^{0}_{k} )\) with \((l^{n}_{1}, \ldots, l^{n}_{k} )\to (l^{0}_{1}, \ldots, l^{0}_{k} )\) and \((z^{n}_{1}, \ldots, z^{n}_{k} )\to (z^{0}_{1}, \ldots, z^{0}_{k} )\). We show that \((z^{0}_{1}, \ldots, z^{0}_{k} )\in T (l^{0}_{1}, \ldots, l^{0}_{k} ) \). For each natural number n, choose \((u^{n}_{1}, \ldots, u^{n}_{k} )\in \mathcal{Q}_{A_{1,q}}\times \cdots \times \mathcal{Q}_{A_{k,q}}\) such that
for \(t\in [0,1]\) and \(1\leq i \leq k\). Now, define the continuous linear operator \(\theta _{i}:L^{1}([0,1],\mathbb{R})\to \mathcal{Q}_{i}\) by
By using Theorem 2.1, \(\theta _{i}\circ \mathcal{Q}_{A_{i,q}}\) is a closed graph operator. Since \(z^{n}_{i}\in \theta _{i} ( \mathcal{Q}_{A_{i,(l_{1}, \ldots, l_{k})}} )\) for all \(n,1\leq i\leq k\) and \((l^{n}_{1}, \ldots, l^{n}_{k})\to (l^{0}_{1}, \ldots, l^{0}_{k})\), there exists \(u^{0}_{i} \in \mathcal{Q}_{A_{i,(l_{1}, \ldots, l_{k})}} \) such that
Hence, \(z^{0}_{i} \in T (l^{0}_{1}, \ldots, l^{0}_{k} ) \) for all \(1\leq i\leq k\). This implies that \(T_{i}\) has a closed graph for all \(1\leq i\leq k\), and so T has a closed graph. Now, suppose that there exists \(\lambda \in (0,1)\) such that \((l_{1}, \ldots, l_{n})\in \lambda T(l_{1}, \ldots, l_{n}) \). Then there exists \((l_{1}, \ldots, l_{n})\in \mathcal{Q}_{A_{1,(l_{1}, \ldots, l_{k})}} \times \cdots\times \mathcal{Q}_{A_{k,(l_{1}, \ldots, l_{k})}} \) such that
for all \(s\in [0,1]\) and \(1\leq i\leq k\). Since \(\frac{\Vert l_{i}\Vert }{M_{1}^{i}+M_{2}^{i}}\Vert \theta _{i}\Vert \leq 1\), \(\Vert l_{i}\Vert _{i} \leq \theta _{i} \) for all \(i=1,2,\ldots,k\). Now, put \(\mathrm{L}=\{(v_{1},\ldots,v_{k})\in \mathrm{Q}:\Vert (l_{1},\ldots,l_{k}) \Vert \leq \sum_{i=1}^{k} \theta _{i}+1 \}\). Thus, there are no \((l_{1},\ldots,l_{k})\in \partial \mathrm{L} \) and \(\lambda \in (0,1)\) such that \((l_{1},\ldots,l_{k})\in \lambda \mathrm{T} (l_{1},\ldots,l_{k})\). Also, the operator \(T:\bar{\mathrm{L}}\to P_{cmp,cvx}(\bar{\mathrm{L}})\) is upper semi-continuous because it is completely continuous and has a closed graph. By using the definition of L, there is no \((l_{1},\ldots,l_{k})\in \partial \mathrm{L} \) such that \((l_{1},\ldots,l_{k})\in \lambda T (l_{1},\ldots,l_{k})\) for some \(\lambda \in (0,1)\). Now, by using Theorem 2.3, T has a fixed point in L̄ which is a solution for the k-dimensional hybrid inclusion system. □
Now, we review the k-dimensional non-hybrid inclusion system
with three-point integro-derivative boundary conditions
where \(s\in [0,1]\), \(\alpha \in (2, 3] \), \(p \in (0,1)\), \(d_{1_{1}},\dots ,d_{1_{k}},d_{2_{1}},\dots ,d_{2_{k}}\in (0,\infty )\) and \({}^{R} I^{\xi } \) denotes the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral of order \(\xi >0\). Define the space
endowed with the norm \(\Vert q \Vert _{\mathcal{Q}_{i} } = \sup_{ s\in [0,1] } \vert q_{i}(s) \vert + \sup_{ s\in [0,1] } \vert q'_{i}(s) \vert + \sup_{ s \in [0,1] } \vert q''_{i}(s) \vert \) for all \(\{i\in 1, 2, \ldots, k\}\). Also, define the product space \(\mathcal{Q}=Q_{1}\times Q_{2}\times \cdots\times Q_{k}\) endowed with the norm \(\Vert (q_{1}, q_{2}, \ldots ,q_{k})\Vert = \sum_{i=1}^{k} \Vert q_{i} \Vert \). Then \((\mathcal{Q},\Vert \cdot\Vert )\) is a Banach space. We need the next result.
Lemma 3.2
([46])
A function \(q \in \mathcal{AC}_{\mathbb{R}} ([0,1])\) is a solution for the k-dimensional non-hybrid inclusion system (19)–(20) whenever there is an integrable function \(\hat{u} \in \mathcal{L}^{1}_{\mathbb{R}}([0,1])\) such that \(\hat{u} \in \mathcal{S} (s , q(s) ) \) for almost all \(s\in [0,1]\), \(q(0) = 0\), \(q'(0) + q''(0) = 0\), \(q(1) + {}^{R}I^{\chi }q(p) = 0\) and
for all \(s\in [0,1] \).
We say that a function \((q_{1}, q_{2}, \ldots, q_{k})\in \mathcal{Q} \) is a solution for the k-dimensional system of non-hybrid inclusions (19) whenever there exist functions \(u_{1}, u_{2}, \ldots, u_{k}\) in \(L^{1}[0,1]\) such that
for all \(s\in [0,1]\)
and \(\alpha \in (2, 3] \), \(p \in (0,1)\), \(d_{1_{i}} , d_{2_{i}} , \gamma , \chi >0 \), \({}^{c}D^{ (\cdot )}\) and \({}^{R} I^{(\cdot )}\) denote the Caputo fractional derivative and the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral, respectively. By using the idea of [37], we consider the set of the selections
where \(J_{i}(s)=A_{i}(s,q_{1}(s), \ldots, q_{k}(s),q'_{1}(s), \ldots, q'_{k}(s), q''_{1}(s),\ldots,q''_{k}(s))\).
Theorem 3.3
Let \(\theta _{1},\ldots ,\theta _{i}\in \mathcal{C}([0,1],\mathbb{R})\) be such that \(L=\sum_{i=1}^{k}\Vert \theta _{i} \Vert _{\infty }(M_{i_{1}}+M_{i_{2}}+M_{i_{3}}) \leq 1\), where
and
for \(i=1,\ldots , k\). Suppose that \(G_{i}:[0,1]\times \mathbb{R}^{3k}\to {\mathcal{P}}_{cmp}( \mathbb{R})\) is a multifunction such that the map \(s\to G_{i}(s,x_{1},\ldots, x_{k},y_{1},\ldots, y_{k},z_{1},\ldots, z_{k})\) is integrable bounded, measurable and
for almost all \(s\in [0,1]\), \(x_{i_{1}},\ldots, x_{i_{k}},y_{i_{1}},\ldots, y_{i_{k}},z_{i_{1}},\ldots, z_{i_{k}}\in \mathbb{R} \) and \(i=1,\ldots, k\). Then the non-hybrid k-dimensional inclusion system (19)–(20) has at least one solution.
Proof
Note that the multifunction
is measurable and closed-valued for all \(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k}\in \mathcal{Q} \) and \(i=1,\ldots,k\). Hence, it has measurable selection, and so the set \(\mathcal{S}_{G_{i,(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k}})}\) is nonempty for all \(i=1,\ldots,k\). Consider the operator \(H:\mathcal{Q}\to 2^{\mathcal{Q}}\) defined by \(H(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k})= (H_{1}(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k}),H_{2}(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k}), \ldots, H_{k}(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k}) )\), where
First, we show that \(H(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k})\) is a closed subset of \(\mathcal{Q}\) for all \((q_{1},\ldots,q_{k})\in \mathcal{Q} \). Let \(\{(q_{1}^{n},\ldots,q_{k}^{n})\}\) be a sequence in \(H(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k})\) such that \((q_{1}^{n},\ldots,q_{k}^{n})\to (q_{1}^{0},\ldots,q_{k}^{0})\). Choose \((u_{1}^{n},\ldots,u_{k}^{n})\in \mathcal{S}_{G_{1,(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k}})} \times \mathcal{S}_{G_{2,(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k}})}\times \cdots\times \mathcal{S}_{G_{k,(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k}})} \) such that
for all \(s\in [0,1]\) and \(i=1,\ldots,k\). Since \(G_{i}\) is compact-valued for all i, \(\{u_{i}^{n}\}_{n\leq 1}\) has a subsequence which converges to some \(u_{i}^{0}\in L^{1}([0,1],\mathbb{R})\). Denote the subsequence again by \(\{u_{i}^{n}\}_{n\leq 1}\). It is easy to check that \(u_{i}^{0}\in \mathcal{S}_{G_{i,(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k}})} \) and
for all \(s\in [0,1]\). This implies that \(q_{i}^{0}\in H_{i}(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k})\) for any \(i=1,2,\ldots,k\). This concludes that \((q_{1}^{0},\ldots,q_{k}^{0})\in H_{i}(q_{1},\ldots,q_{k})\). Now, we show that H is a contractive multifunction with the constant \(L\leq 1\), where \(\sum_{i=1}^{k}(M_{i_{1}}+M_{i_{2}}+M_{i_{3}})\leq 1\). Let \((y_{1},\ldots, y_{k}),(z_{1},\ldots,z_{k})\in \mathcal{Q} \) and \((h_{1},\ldots,h_{k})\in H (z_{1},\ldots,z_{k})\) be given. Then we can choose
such that
for all \(t\in [0,1]\) and \(i=1,\ldots ,k\). Since
for almost all \(s\in [0,1]\) and \(i=1,\ldots,k\), there exists
such that
for almost all \(s\in [0,1]\) and \(i=1,\ldots ,k\). Consider the multifunction \(\mathcal{U}_{i}:[0,1]\to 2^{\mathbb{R}}\) by \(\mathcal{U}_{i}(s)=\{u\in {\mathbb{R}}:\vert u_{i}(s)-u_{i}\vert \leq M_{i}(s)f(s)\text{ for almost all }s\in [0,1] \}\), where
Since \(u_{i}\) and \(\phi _{i}= M_{i}(s) \sum_{i=1}^{k} (\vert y_{i}(s)-z_{i}(s) \vert )+(\vert y_{i}'(s)-z'_{i}(s)\vert )+(\vert y''_{i}(s)-z''_{i}(s) \vert )\) are measurable for all \(i,\mathcal{U}_{i}(\cdot) \cap G_{i}(s,y_{1}(\cdot),\ldots,y_{k}(\cdot),y'_{1}(\cdot),\ldots,y'_{k}(\cdot),y''_{1}(\cdot),\ldots,y''_{k}(\cdot))\) is a measurable multifunction. Thus, we can choose
such that
for all \(s\in [0,1]\) and \(i=1,\ldots,k\). Since
and
we get \(\Vert h_{i}-h_{t_{i}}\Vert \leq ( M_{i_{1}}+ M_{i_{2}}+ M_{i_{3}}) \Vert \theta _{i} \Vert _{\mathcal{L}^{1}}\Vert (y_{1}-z_{1},\ldots, y_{k}-z_{k}) \Vert \) for all \(i=1,\ldots,k\). Hence,
This implies that
and so H is a closed-valued contractive multifunction. Now, by using Lemma 2.4 and Theorem 2.3, we deduce that H has a fixed point which is a solution for the non-hybrid inclusion system. □
We now present two examples to illustrate our main results.
Example 3.4
Consider the fractional two-dimensional fractional sequential differential inclusion system
with hybrid integro-derivative boundary conditions
where \(s \in [0,1]\), \(\alpha =2.64\), \(d_{1_{1}} = 0.07\), \(d_{1_{2}} = 0.069\), \(d_{2_{1}} = 0.21\), \(d_{2_{2}} = 0.20\), \(\rho = 0.03\), and \(\xi = 0.32\). Then we have \(\tilde{\Delta }_{1} \simeq 0.1576\), \(\tilde{\Delta }_{2} \simeq 0.008\), and \(\Omega ^{*} \simeq 0.1323\). Define the continuous map \(\alpha : [0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R} \setminus \{ 0 \} \) by \(\alpha (s , v_{1}(s), v_{2}(s)) = 0.0006 + \frac{s }{1000} ( \arcsin v_{1}(s) + \sin ( {}^{R}I^{0.03}v_{2}(s) ) )\) with \(\alpha ^{*} = \sup_{s\in [0,1]} \vert \alpha (s, 0 , 0)\vert = 0.0007\). Let \(v, v' \in \mathbb{R}\). Then we have
where \(\nu (s) = \frac{s}{1000}\) and \(\nu ^{*} = \sup_{s\in [0,1]} \vert \nu (s) \vert = \frac{1}{1000}\). Note that the Lipschitz constant of the function α is \(\nu ^{*} [ 1+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma ( \gamma +1) } ] = \frac{1}{1000} [ 1+ \frac{1}{ \Gamma ( 1.03) } ] \simeq 0.012021 > 0\). Consider the set-valued map \(\mathcal{S}: [0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \to \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R})\) defined by
Since
for all \(v \in \mathcal{S} (s ,v(s) ) \),
Here, put \(\theta (s) = s+ 0.35 \) for all \(s\in [0,1]\). Then
and \(M \simeq 117.7012 \). Choose \(q > 0.2474259 \). Then
Now, by using Theorem 3.1, hybrid system (21)–(22) has a solution.
Example 3.5
Consider the fraction two-dimensional hybrid differential inclusion system
with three-point integro-derivative boundary conditions
for all \(s \in [0,1]\), where \({}^{c}D^{ j }\) is the Caputo derivative of order \(j\in \{ 2.35, 1.35 \}\) and \({}^{R}I^{0.32}\) is the Riemann–Liouville integral of order 0.32. Put \(\alpha =2.35\), \(d_{1_{1}} = 0.07\), \(d_{1_{2}} = 0.06\), \(d_{2,1} = 0.21\), \(d_{2,2} = 0.20\), and \(\xi = 0.32\). One can find that \(\tilde{\Delta }_{1} \simeq 0.1246\), \(\tilde{\Delta }_{2} \simeq 0.007\), \(\Omega ^{*} \simeq 0.1656\), and \(M \simeq 151.6013\). Define the set-valued map \(\mathcal{S}: [0,1] \times \mathcal{Q} \to \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{Q})\) by
for all \(s \in [0,1]\). Consider the function \(\delta \in \mathcal{C}_{\mathbb{R}^{\geq 0}}([0,1])\) defined by \(\delta (s)= \frac{2e^{s}}{8}\) for all s with \(\Vert \delta \Vert = \frac{2e}{8} \simeq 1.8361 \). Define the nondecreasing nonnegative function \(\psi : [0,\infty )\to [0,\infty )\) by \(\psi (s) = \frac{s}{2}\) for all \(s >0\). Note that ψ has the upper semi-continuity property
and \(\psi (s)< s\) for all \(s>0\). For every \(q,q_{i} \in \mathcal{Q}\), we have
where \(\frac{1}{M \Vert \delta \Vert } \simeq 0.002007 \). Consider the operator \(\mathcal{K}: \mathcal{Q}\to \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{Q})\) defined by
where
Now, by using Theorem 3.3, the non-hybrid two-dimensional inclusion system (23)–(24) has a solution.
4 Conclusion
Today, most researchers try to review complicated versions of systems of differential equations to increase the ability to better model different versions of events in the world. One of the appropriate methods in this way is an investigation of hybrid and non-hybrid differential inclusion systems. We can use fractional sequential operators and inclusion systems for better modeling of some natural phenomena, but we first need to increase our abilities in the study of such systems. In this work, we examined two-hybrid and non-hybrid differential inclusion systems with integral boundary conditions. Finally, we provided two examples to illustrate our main results. The novelty of this work was mixing different ideas and techniques and also using a modern nonlinear technique for concluding the results.
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Acknowledgements
The third and fourth authors were supported by Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. The fifth author was supported by K. N. Toosi University of Technology. The authors express their gratitude to dear unknown referees for their helpful suggestions which improved the final version of this paper.
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Aydogan, S.M., Sakar, F.M., Fatehi, M. et al. Two hybrid and non-hybrid k-dimensional inclusion systems via sequential fractional derivatives. Adv Differ Equ 2021, 449 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-021-03606-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-021-03606-3