Figure 6

Phase portrait for system (2.4a)–(2.4b) for case (i) \(E_{2}\) for \(m< c\), we have (a), (b), and (c); for case (ii) \(E_{4}\) for \(m=c\), we have (d), (e), and (f); for case (iii) \(E_{5}\) for \(m>c\), we have (g), (h), and (i). Here (a), (d), and (g) are locally asymptotically stable; (b), (e), and (h) are periodic solutions; (c), (f), and (i) are unstable phase portraits. The red line represents prey nullcline, the black line represents predator nullcline, the red and green arrow lines represent stable trajectories along x and y axes respectively, which approach Ê and Ē. The black dashed arrow line represents the separatrix curve separating the trajectories which approach Ē and interior equilibria \(E_{2,4,5}\) in the x-y plane