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Theory and Modern Applications

Table 3 Estimated frequencies with different optimization algorithms

From: Fractional unit-root tests allowing for a fractional frequency flexible Fourier form trend: predictability of Covid-19

 

Linear trend

Grid search

Simplex

Genetic

BHHH

BFGS

Case1 \(k^{fr} = 0.25\), \(\alpha _{1} = 5\), \(\alpha _{2} = 3\)

Est. Fre.

–

0.230

0.263

0.263

1.277

4.026

SSR

18.585

0.000

0.001

0.001

19.402

33.907

Case2 \(k^{fr} = 0.25\), \(\alpha _{1} = 11\), \(\alpha _{2} = - 5\)

Est. Fre.

–

0.230

0.230

0.230

0.230

0.569

SSR

15.325

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

36.329

Case 3 \(k^{fr} = 0.80\), \(\alpha _{1} = - 11\), \(\alpha _{2} = 1\)

Est. Fre.

–

0.690

0.689

0.689

0.689

0.687

SSR

1209.888

0.008

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.006

Case 4 \(k^{fr} = 1\), \(\alpha _{1} = 11\), \(\alpha _{2} = - 1\)

Est. Fre.

–

0.920

0.918

0.918

0.918

0.927

SSR

1209.888

0.008

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.006

Case 5 \(k^{fr} = 1.25\), \(\alpha _{1} = 10\), \(\alpha _{2} = - 1\)

Est. Fre.

–

1.150

1.148

1.148

1.148

1.132

SSR

4907.469

0.052

0.000

0.000

0.000

2.507

  1. Note: Estimated frequency: Est. Fre. SSR: Sum of square residuals.