Figure 5

Numerical results of system (1) demonstrating the convergence of solutions to the pest persistence equilibrium point for \({\mathcal{R}}_{0} > 1\). Baseline values for the model parameters are as in Table 2. In addition, we set \(u_{E}=u_{L}=u_{P}=u_{A}=0.35\) to obtain \({\mathcal{R}}_{0}=2.8931\). As we can observe, the solutions suggest that the pest will persist in the field and the final maize biomass will be less than the expected 50 kg plant⁻¹