Figure 4

Numerical results of system (1) demonstrating the convergence of solutions to the pest-free equilibrium for \({\mathcal{R}}_{0} \leq 1\). On construction of the simulations, we considered initial population levels discussed earlier, while baseline values for the model parameters are as in Table 2. In addition, we set \(u_{E}=u_{L}=u_{P}=u_{A}=0.52\) to obtain \({\mathcal{R}}_{0}=0.8630\). We can note that whenever \({\mathcal{R}}_{0}<1\), the pest population becomes extinct while maize biomass increases with time, reaching its expected maximum of 50 kg plant⁻¹