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Existence and Ulam–Hyers stability of a kind of fractional-order multiple point BVP involving noninstantaneous impulses and abstract bounded operator
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2021, Article number: 44 (2021)
Abstract
In this paper, we mainly study a kind of fractional-order multiple point boundary value problem involving noninstantaneous impulse and abstract bounded operator. The existence and uniqueness is obtained by the Banach contraction principle. And by applying direct analysis methods, we establish some conditions of the Ulam–Hyers stability for this problem. Finally, an interesting application example is given to illustrate the validity of the results.
1 Introduction
As a useful mathematical model, the multiple point boundary value problem of fractional-order differential equation is used to describe many phenomena and processes such as in blood flow, chemical engineering, thermo-elasticity, underground water flow, population dynamics, and so on. The existence and attractivity of solutions for fractional differential boundary value problems is always a hot topic, and the latest research results can be found in the literature [1–6]. However, in practical applications, people pay more attention to whether a system is stable or not. So concepts and theories of stability such as those of Lyapunov, Lagrange, Poisson, Popov, and so forth, have been proposed. A kind of stability known as Ulam–Hyers stability has been put forward by Ulam and Hyers [7, 8]. This type of stability has been widely studied by many scholars since it was proposed. There have been many papers on this this stability (see [9–20]).
It is well known that impulse phenomenon is universal and inevitable in some fields of natural science, engineering technology, and even social science. The most important type of impulse is called the noninstantaneous impulse. This type of impulsive process is not instantaneous, but takes some time to complete. For example, in a similar process, drugs are absorbed, diffused, and metabolized in the human body. The noninstantaneous impulses are common in pharmacokinetics, agricultural pest control, sustainable fisheries production, and wildlife conservation. In the functional differential equation, the instantaneous pulse only changes the behavior of the solution of the equation at the point of the pulse, while the noninstantaneous pulse changes the behavior of the solution of the equation on a continuous interval. In contrast, the study of a noninstantaneous impulse functional differential equation is more difficult than that of a differential equation. In recent years, the study of noninstantaneous impulsive fractional order differential systems has attracted the attention of some researchers, and some good results have been obtained (see [21–30]). However, relatively little research has been done on the fractional-order differential equation dynamics of noninstantaneous impulses.
Inspired by the above reasons, this paper mainly considers the following fractional-order multiple point boundary value problem involving noninstantaneous impulse and abstract bounded operator of the form:
where \(J=[0,1]\), \(0<\alpha <1\), \(1<\beta <2\), \({}^{c}D^{*}_{s_{i}^{+}}\) stands for the Caputo fractional derivative of order ∗; \(\mathcal{A}\in C^{2}(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\) is a bounded operator; \(f\in C^{1}(J\times \mathbb{R}^{2},\mathbb{R})\), \(g_{i}\in C( [t_{i},s_{i}]\times \mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\) are called noninstantaneous impulsive functions, for all \(i=1,2,\ldots,m\). The impulsive points and boundary points satisfy \(0=s_{0}<\eta _{1}<\zeta _{1}<t_{1}<s_{1}<\eta _{2}<\zeta _{2}< t_{2}< \cdots <t_{m}<s_{m}<\eta _{m}<\zeta _{m}<t_{m+1}=1\).
Furthermore, the investigation of (1.1) was also motivated by the work of Zada et al. [31]. They discussed nonlinear implicit fractional differential equations with noninstantaneous integral impulses as follows:
where \(T>0\), \(J=[0,T]\), \(0=t_{0}< s_{0}< t_{1}< s_{1} <\cdots <t_{m}=T\), \({}^{c}D^{\beta }_{0,t}\) stands the Caputo fractional derivative of order β; \(f\in C(J\times \mathbb{R}^{2},\mathbb{R})\), \(\eta \in C([0,T]\times \mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\), \(\xi _{k}\in C( [s_{k-1},t_{k}]\times \mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\) are noninstantaneous impulsive functions, for all \(i=1,2,\ldots,m\); \(I_{s_{k-1},t_{k}}^{\beta }\) and \(I_{0,T}^{\beta }\) are given to fractional integrals, respectively. By the generalized Diaz–Margolis’s fixed point theorem, the authors obtained Ulam–Hyers, Ulam–Hyers–Rassias, and generalized Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability for this problem.
Our aim is study the existence, uniqueness, and Ulam-type stability for problem (1.1) in this paper. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 contains some useful notations and lemmas. The main results are proved in Sect. 3. In Sect. 5, an example is given to illustrate our main results. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the importance of the studied problem (1.1) and summarize our obtained results in Sect. 5.
2 Preliminaries
In this section, we introduce some necessary definitions and lemmas of fractional calculus and present preliminary results. At the same time, we need to define some Banach spaces. Let \(C(J,\mathbb{R})\) be the Banach space of all continuous functions from J into \(\mathbb{R}\) with the norm \(\Vert x \Vert _{C}=\sup_{t\in J} \vert x(t) \vert \). To discuss the existence and Ulam–Hyers stability of solutions for problem (1.1), we need to introduce the space \(X=\operatorname{PC}^{3}(J, \mathbb{R})\) of piecewise continuous functions
Clearly, \(X=\operatorname{PC}^{3}(J,\mathbb{R})\) is a Banach spaces equipped with the norm
Definition 2.1
([32])
The Riemann–Liouville fractional integral of order \(\alpha >0\) of a continuous function \(f: [0,\infty )\rightarrow R\) is defined by
provided that the right-hand side is pointwise defined on \([0,\infty )\).
Definition 2.2
([32])
The Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative of order \(\alpha >0\) of a continuous function \(f: [0,\infty )\rightarrow R\) is defined by
where \(n-1<\alpha \leq n\), provided that the right-hand side is pointwise defined on \([0,\infty )\).
Definition 2.3
([32])
If \(f\in C^{n}[0,\infty )\) and \(\alpha >0\), then the Caputo fractional derivative of order α is given by
where \(n-1<\alpha \leq n\), provided that the right-hand side is pointwise defined on \([0,\infty )\).
Lemma 2.1
([9])
If \(u\in C^{n}[0,1]\) and \(n-1< p\leq n\), then
To investigate the existence and Ulam–Hyers stability of solutions for the problem (1.1), we need to consider the impulsive integral nonlinear equation (2.1) as follows:
where
Lemma 2.2
Assume that \(\mathcal{A}\in C^{2}(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\) is a bounded operator, and \(f\in C^{1}(J\times \mathbb{R}^{2},\mathbb{R})\). Then \(x(t)\in X\) is a solution of the problem (1.1) if and only if \(x(t)\in X\) is also a solution of the integral equation (2.1).
Proof
Assume that \(x(t)\in X\) is a known solution of (1.1). When \(t\in [s_{0},t_{1}]=[0,t_{1}]\), according to Lemma 2.1, we have
Using the conditions \(x(0)=x(\eta _{1})=x(\zeta _{1})=0\), we obtain
Substituting \(c_{01}\), \(c_{02}\), and \(c_{03}\) into (2.2), we get
When \(t\in (t_{1},s_{1}]\), it follows from (2.1) that
When \(t\in (s_{1},t_{2}]\), from Lemma 2.1, we have
In view the conditions \(x(s_{1})=x(s_{1}^{+})\) and \(x(\zeta _{2})=x(\eta _{2})=0\), we derive that
which implies that
Substituting \(c_{11}\), \(c_{12}\), and \(c_{13}\) into (2.3), we get
where
Repeating the above arguments, we obtain
Thus \(x(t)\in X\) satisfies (2.1).
Now we shall show that if \(x(t)\in X\) is a solution of (2.1), then \(x(t)\in X\) is also a solution of (1.1). In fact, let \(x(t)\in X\) be a solution of (2.1). When \(t\in [0,t_{1}]\), taking the Caputo fractional derivative of order α on both sides of the first equation of (2.1), we obtain
which implies that
Computing the Caputo fractional derivative of order β on both sides of (2.5), we derive
that is,
It follows from the first equation of (2.1) that
When \(t\in (s_{i},t_{i+1}]\), \(i=1,2,\ldots,m\), by employing similar arguments, as those used to obtain (2.4)–(2.7), on the third equation of (2.1), we get
When \(t\in (t_{i},s_{i}]\), \(i=1,2,\ldots,m\), we notice that the second equation of (1.1) and (2.1) have the same expression. Thus we verify that \(x(t)\in X\) also satisfies (1.1). The proof is completed. □
Next we state the Ulam–Hyers stability concept and some facts.
Let \(y\in X\) and \(\epsilon >0\). Consider the following inequality:
Definition 2.4
The problem (1.1) is Ulam–Hyers stable if for a given \(\varepsilon >0\) and for each solution \(y\in X\) of the inequality (2.10), there exist a constant \(c_{f,\alpha ,\beta ,g_{i}}>0\) and a solution \(x\in X\) of the problem (1.1) such that
Remark 2.1
Assume that \(\mathcal{A}\in C^{2}(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\) is a bounded operator, and \(f\in C^{1}(J\times \mathbb{R}^{2},\mathbb{R})\). A function \(y\in X\) is a solution of the inequality (2.10) if and only if there exist a function \(\mathcal{B}(t)\in X\) and a sequence \(\{\mathcal{B}_{i}\}_{i=1}^{m}\) such that
-
(i)
\(\vert \mathcal{B}(t) \vert \leq \varepsilon \), \(t\in J\) and \(\vert \mathcal{B}_{i} \vert \leq \varepsilon \), \(i=1,2,\ldots,m\);
-
(ii)
\({}^{c}D_{s_{i}^{+}}^{\beta }({}^{c}D_{s_{i}^{+}}^{\alpha }+\mathcal{A})y(t)=f(t,y(t), {}^{c}D_{s_{i}^{+}}^{\alpha }y(t))+\mathcal{B}(t)\);
-
(iii)
\(y(t)=g_{i}(t,y(t_{i}^{-}))+\mathcal{B}_{i}\), \(i=1,2,\ldots,m\).
Lemma 2.3
Assume that \(\mathcal{A}\in C^{2}(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\) is a bounded operator, and \(f\in C^{1}(J\times \mathbb{R}^{2},\mathbb{R})\). If the function \(y\in X\) is a solution of inequality (2.10), then y is a solution of the following inequality:
Proof
According to Remark 2.1, we have
By Lemma 2.2 and (2.12), we obtain
where
It is worth noticing that the Beta function \(B(\cdot ,\cdot )\) will be extensively used in the following calculation. So we introduce it as follows:
When \(t\in [0,t_{1}]\), we have
When \(t\in (t_{i},s_{i}]\), \(i=1,2,\ldots,m\), we get
When \(t\in (s_{i},t_{i+1}]\), \(i=1,2,\ldots,m\), it follows that
Thus we conclude that the inequality (2.11) holds. The proof is completed. □
3 Existence and Ulam–Hyers stability
In this section, we shall discuss the existence and Ulam–Hyers stability for the problem (1.1). Now we introduce some assumptions to ensure that the problem (1.1) has a unique solution which is Ulam–Hyers stable. So consider
- \((H_{1})\):
-
\(f\in C^{1}(J\times \mathbb{R}^{2},\mathbb{R})\) and there exist some constants \(L_{1f},L_{2f}>0\) such that
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\vert f(t,\omega _{1},\overline{\omega }_{1})-f(t, \omega _{2}, \overline{\omega }_{2}) \bigr\vert \\ &\quad \leq L_{1f} \vert \omega _{1}-\omega _{2} \vert +L_{2f} \vert \overline{\omega }_{1}-\overline{\omega }_{2} \vert , \quad t\in J,\omega _{1}, \overline{ \omega }_{1},\omega _{2},\overline{\omega }_{2}\in \mathbb{R}; \end{aligned}$$ - \((H_{2})\):
-
\(g_{i}\in C((t_{i},s_{i}]\times \mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\) and there exist some constants \(L_{g_{i}}>0\), \(i=1,2,\ldots,m\) such that
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert g_{i}(t,\omega )-g_{i}(t,\overline{\omega }) \bigr\vert \leq L_{g_{i}} \vert \omega - \overline{\omega } \vert , \quad t\in (t_{i},s_{i}], \omega , \overline{\omega } \in \mathbb{R}; \end{aligned}$$ - \((H_{3})\):
-
\(\mathcal{A}\in C^{2}(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\) and there exists a constant \(L_{\mathcal{A}}>0\) such that
$$\begin{aligned} \vert \mathcal{A}x-\mathcal{A}y \vert \leq L_{\mathcal{A}} \vert x-y \vert ,\quad t\in J, x, y \in \mathbb{R}; \end{aligned}$$ - \((H_{4})\):
-
\(0<\lambda <1\), where \(\lambda =\max \{\lambda _{0},\lambda _{1},\ldots,\lambda _{m},\mu _{0}, \mu _{1},\ldots,\mu _{m},L_{g_{1}},\ldots,L_{g_{m}}\}\),
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} \lambda _{0}={}&\frac{L_{1f}+L_{2f}}{\Gamma (\alpha +\beta +1)} \biggl(t_{1}^{ \alpha +\beta } + \frac{t_{1}^{\alpha +1}-t_{1}^{\alpha }\eta _{1}}{\zeta _{1}^{\alpha +1}-\zeta _{1}^{\alpha }\eta _{1}} \zeta _{1}^{\alpha +\beta } + \frac{t_{1}^{\alpha +1}-t_{1}^{\alpha }\zeta _{1}}{\eta _{1}^{\alpha }\zeta _{1}-\eta _{1}^{\alpha +1}} \eta _{1}^{\alpha +\beta } \biggr) \\ & {} +\frac{L_{\mathcal{A}}}{\Gamma (\alpha +1)} \biggl(t_{1}^{\alpha } + \frac{t_{1}^{\alpha +1}-t_{1}^{\alpha }\eta _{1}}{\zeta _{1}^{\alpha +1}-\zeta _{1}^{\alpha }\eta _{1}} \zeta _{1}^{\alpha } + \frac{t_{1}^{\alpha +1}-t_{1}^{\alpha }\zeta _{1}}{\eta _{1}^{\alpha }\zeta _{1}-\eta _{1}^{\alpha +1}} \eta _{1}^{\alpha } \biggr), \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \mu _{0}={}&(L_{1f}+L_{2f}) \biggl[ \frac{t_{1}^{\beta }}{\Gamma (\beta +1)} + \frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha +\beta +1)} \biggl( \frac{t_{1}\Gamma (\alpha +2)-\Gamma (\alpha +1)\eta _{1}}{\zeta _{1}^{\alpha +1}-\zeta _{1}^{\alpha }\eta _{1}}\zeta _{1}^{ \alpha +\beta } \\ & {} + \frac{t_{1}\Gamma (\alpha +2)-\Gamma (\alpha +1)\zeta _{1}}{\eta _{1}^{\alpha }\zeta _{1}-\eta _{1}^{\alpha +1}} \eta _{1}^{\alpha +\beta } \biggr) \biggr] +L_{\mathcal{A}} \biggl[1 + \frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha +1)} \\ & {} \times \biggl( \frac{t_{1}\Gamma (\alpha +2)-\Gamma (\alpha +1)\eta _{1}}{\zeta _{1}^{\alpha +1}-\zeta _{1}^{\alpha }\eta _{1}}\zeta _{1}^{ \alpha } + \frac{t_{1}\Gamma (\alpha +2)-\Gamma (\alpha +1)\zeta _{1}}{\eta _{1}^{\alpha }\zeta _{1}-\eta _{1}^{\alpha +1}} \eta _{1}^{\alpha } \biggr) \biggr], \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \lambda _{i}={}&\frac{L_{1f}+L_{2f}}{\Gamma (\alpha +\beta +1)} \bigl[t_{i+1}^{ \alpha +\beta } + \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert t_{i+1}^{\alpha +1} \bigl[ \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{ \alpha }-s_{i}^{\alpha } \bigr)\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } + \bigl(\eta _{i+1}^{ \alpha }-s_{i}^{\alpha } \bigr)\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } \bigr] \\ & {} + \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert t_{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigl[ \bigl(\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1}-s_{i}^{ \alpha +1} \bigr)\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } + \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1}-s_{i}^{ \alpha +1} \bigr)\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } \bigr] + \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert \bigl[ \bigl( \zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1}s_{i}^{\alpha } \\ & {} -s_{i}^{\alpha +1}\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigr) \eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } + \bigl(\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1}s_{i}^{\alpha }-s_{i}^{\alpha +1} \eta _{i+1}^{ \alpha } \bigr)\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } \bigr] \bigr] + \frac{L_{\mathcal{A}}}{\Gamma (\alpha +1)} \bigl[t_{i+1}^{\alpha } \\ & {} + \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert t_{i+1}^{\alpha +1} \bigl[ \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha }-s_{i}^{ \alpha } \bigr)\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha } + \bigl(\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha }-s_{i}^{\alpha } \bigr) \zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigr] + \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert t_{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigl[ \bigl( \eta _{i+1}^{\alpha }-s_{i}^{\alpha } \bigr)\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \\ & {} + \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1}-s_{i}^{\alpha +1} \bigr)\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigr] + \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert \bigl[ \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1}s_{i}^{\alpha }-s_{i}^{ \alpha +1} \zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigr)\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha } + \bigl(\eta _{i+1}^{ \alpha +1}s_{i}^{\alpha } \\ & {} -s_{i}^{\alpha +1}\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigr) \zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigr] \bigr] +L_{g_{i}} \mathcal{M}_{i} \bigl[ t_{i+1}^{\alpha +1} \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{ \alpha }-\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigr)+t_{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1}- \eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1} \bigr) \\ & {} + \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1}\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha }- \eta _{i+1}^{ \alpha +1}\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigr) \bigr], \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \mu _{i}={}&(L_{1f}+L_{2f}) \\ &{}\times \biggl( \frac{t_{i+1}^{\beta }}{\Gamma (\beta +1)} + \frac{ \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert t_{i+1}\Gamma (\alpha +2)}{\Gamma (\alpha +\beta +1)} \bigl[ \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha }-s_{i}^{\alpha } \bigr)\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } + \bigl(\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha }-s_{i}^{\alpha } \bigr)\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } \bigr] \\ & {} +\frac{ \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert }{\Gamma (\alpha +\beta +1)} \bigl[ \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{ \alpha +1}-s_{i}^{\alpha +1} \bigr)\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } + \bigl(\eta _{i+1}^{ \alpha +1}-s_{i}^{\alpha +1} \bigr)\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } \bigr] \biggr) \\ & {} +L_{\mathcal{A}} \bigl(1 + \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert t_{i+1}(\alpha +1) \bigl[ \bigl( \zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha }-s_{i}^{\alpha } \bigr)\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha } + \bigl(\eta _{i+1}^{ \alpha }-s_{i}^{\alpha } \bigr)\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigr] \\ & {} + \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert \bigl[ \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1}-s_{i}^{\alpha +1} \bigr) \eta _{i+1}^{\alpha } + \bigl(\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1}-s_{i}^{\alpha +1} \bigr) \zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigr] \bigr) \\ & {} +L_{g_{i}} \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert \bigl[t_{i+1}\Gamma (\alpha +2) \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{ \alpha }- \eta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigr) +\Gamma (\alpha +1) \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{ \alpha +1}-\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1} \bigr) \bigr]. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
Theorem 3.1
Assume that \((H_{1})\)–\((H_{4})\) hold. Then the following assertions are true:
-
(1)
The problem (1.1) has a unique solution \(y_{0}\in X\) and satisfies the integral equation (2.1), namely,
$$ y_{0}(t)= \textstyle\begin{cases} F_{0}(t)- \frac{t^{\alpha +1}-t^{\alpha }\eta _{1}}{\zeta _{1}^{\alpha +1}-\zeta _{1}^{\alpha }\eta _{1}} F_{0}(\zeta _{1})- \frac{t^{\alpha }\zeta _{1}-t^{\alpha +1}}{\zeta _{1}\eta _{1}^{\alpha }-\eta _{1}^{\alpha +1}}F_{0}( \eta _{1}),& t\in [0,t_{1}], \\ g_{i}(t,y(s_{i}^{-})),&t\in (t_{i},s_{i}], i=1,2,\ldots,m, \\ F_{i}(t)-c_{i1}^{*}t^{\alpha +1}-c_{i2}^{*}t^{\alpha }-c_{i3}^{*}, &t\in (s_{i},t_{i+1}], i=1,2,\ldots,m, \end{cases} $$(3.1)where \(c_{i1}^{*}\), \(c_{i2}^{*}\), and \(c_{i3}^{*}\) are the same as in (2.1), and
$$\begin{aligned} F_{i}(t)= \int _{s_{i}}^{t}\frac{(t-u)^{\alpha -1}}{\Gamma (\alpha )} \biggl( \int _{s_{i}}^{u}\frac{(u-s)^{\beta -1}}{\Gamma (\beta )}f \bigl(s,y_{0}(s), {}^{c}D_{s_{i}^{+}}^{\alpha }y_{0}(s) \bigr)\,ds-(\mathcal{A}y_{0}) (u) \biggr)\,du. \end{aligned}$$ -
(2)
The problem (1.1) is Ulam–Hyers stable, that is, if \(y\in X\) is a solution of the inequality (2.10), then
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert y(t)-y_{0}(t) \bigr\vert \leq \kappa \varepsilon , \quad t\in J, \end{aligned}$$where \(\kappa =\max \{1,\kappa _{0},\kappa _{1},\ldots,\kappa _{m}\}\),
$$\begin{aligned}& \kappa _{0}=\frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha +\beta +1)} \biggl(t_{1}^{\alpha + \beta } + \frac{t_{1}^{\alpha +1}-t_{1}^{\alpha }\eta _{1}}{\zeta _{1}^{\alpha +1}-\zeta _{1}^{\alpha }\eta _{1}} \zeta _{1}^{\alpha +\beta } + \frac{t_{1}^{\alpha }\zeta _{1}-t_{1}^{\alpha +1}}{\zeta _{1}\eta _{1}^{\alpha }-\eta _{1}^{\alpha +1}} \eta _{1}^{\alpha +\beta } \biggr), \\& \begin{aligned} \kappa _{i}={}&\frac{1 }{\Gamma (\alpha +\beta +1)} \bigl\{ t_{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } + \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert t_{i+1}^{\alpha +1} \bigl[ \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha }-s_{i}^{ \alpha } \bigr) \eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } + \bigl(\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha }-s_{i}^{ \alpha } \bigr)\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } \bigr] \\ & {} + \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert t_{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigl[ \bigl(\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1}-s_{i}^{ \alpha +1} \bigr) \zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } + \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1}-s_{i}^{ \alpha +1} \bigr)\eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } \bigr] \\ & {} + \vert \mathcal{M}_{i} \vert \bigl[ \bigl(\zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha +1}s_{i}^{\alpha }-s_{i}^{ \alpha +1} \zeta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigr) \eta _{i+1}^{\alpha +\beta } + \bigl(\eta _{i+1}^{ \alpha +1}s_{i}^{\alpha }-s_{i}^{\alpha +1} \eta _{i+1}^{\alpha } \bigr)\zeta _{i+1}^{ \alpha +\beta } \bigr] \bigr\} . \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
Proof
For all \(x\in X\), \(t\in J\), we define the operator \(Q:X\rightarrow X\) by
Since \(x(t)\in X\), \(f\in C^{1}(J\times \mathbb{R}^{2},\mathbb{R})\), \(g_{i}\in C((t_{i},s_{i}]\times \mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\), \(\mathcal{A}\in C^{2}(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\), and due to the expression of \((Qx)(t)\), we know that if \(x(t)\in X\), then \((Qx)(t)\in X\).
We firstly apply the Banach contraction principle to prove that \((1)\) of Theorem 3.1 holds. To do so, we need to prove that Q is strictly contractive on X. In fact, for any \(\nu _{1}, \nu _{2}\in X\), in view of \((H_{1})\)–\((H_{3})\), we have
It follows from (3.3)–(3.7) that
According to \((H_{4})\) and (3.8), we know that Q is strictly contractive on X. In the light of the Banach contraction principle, we conclude that the problem (1.1) has a unique solution \(y_{0}\in X\) and satisfies the integral equation (2.1).
Next we show that \((2)\) of Theorem 3.1 also holds. Indeed, let \(y\in X\) be a solution of the inequality (2.10) and \(y_{0}\in X\) be a unique solution of (1.1). According to Lemma 2.3 and (3.2), we have
Then (3.9) gives that \(\vert y(t)-y_{0}(t) \vert \leq \kappa \varepsilon \), \(t\in J\), namely, the problem (1.1) is Ulam–Hyers stable. The proof of Theorem 3.1 is completed. □
4 Illustrative example
Consider the fractional-order six-point boundary value problem involving noninstantaneous impulse and bounded operator as follows:
Obviously, \(\alpha =\frac{1}{2}\), \(\beta =\frac{3}{2}\), \(0=s_{0}<\eta _{1}=\frac{1}{5}<\zeta _{1}=\frac{1}{4}<t_{1}= \frac{1}{3}<s_{1}=\frac{2}{3}<\eta _{2}=\frac{3}{4}<\zeta _{2}= \frac{11}{12}<t_{2}=1\), \(f(t,x(t),D_{s_{i}^{+}}^{\alpha }x(t))= \frac{x(t)+{}^{c}D^{\alpha }_{s_{i}^{+}}x(t)}{(t+20)^{2}(1+(x(t))^{2}+({}^{c}D^{\alpha }_{s_{i}^{+}}x(t))^{2})}\) with \(L_{1f}=L_{1f}=\frac{1}{400}\), \(g_{1}(t,x(t))=\frac{x(t_{1}^{-})}{80(1+t)^{2}}\) with \(L_{g_{1}}=\frac{1}{320}<1\). Let \((\mathcal{A}x)(t)=\frac{x(t)}{320}\), then \(L_{\mathcal{A}}=\frac{1}{320}\). So the conditions \((H_{1})\)–\((H_{3})\) hold. Next we verify that \((H_{4})\) holds. Indeed,
Thus all the conditions of Theorem 3.1 hold. Therefore, the problem (4.1) has a unique solution \(y_{0}(t)\in X\). Meanwhile, the problem (4.1) is Ulam–Hyers stable.
5 Conclusions
As a useful mathematical model, the multiple point boundary value problem of fractional-order differential equation is used to describe many phenomena and processes such as in blood flow, chemical engineering, thermo-elasticity, underground water flow, population dynamics, and so on. The existence and stability of the solution of this kind of problem is very important in theoretical research and practical application. Therefore, we mainly study the existence and Ulam–Hyers stability of the solution of problem (1.1) in this paper. Some novel and useful criteria have been obtained by the Banach contraction principle and direct analysis methods.
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The authors would like to thank the anonymous referees for their useful and valuable suggestions.
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This work was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of Peoples Republic of China under Grant (Nos. 11161025; 11661047).
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Zhao, K., Deng, S. Existence and Ulam–Hyers stability of a kind of fractional-order multiple point BVP involving noninstantaneous impulses and abstract bounded operator. Adv Differ Equ 2021, 44 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-03207-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-03207-6