- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Study of fractional order pantograph type impulsive antiperiodic boundary value problem
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2020, Article number: 572 (2020)
Abstract
In this paper, we study existence and stability results of an anti-periodic boundary value problem of nonlinear delay (pantograph) type implicit fractional differential equations with impulsive conditions. Using Schaefer’s fixed point theorem and Banach’s fixed point theorem, we have established results of at least one solution and uniqueness. Also, using the Hyers–Ulam concept, we have derived various kinds of Ulam stability results for the considered problem. Finally, we have applied our obtained results to a numerical problem.
1 Introduction
The study of non-integer order differential equations has emerged as one of the most active research fields in modern mathematics. The non-integer order derivative is also known as fractional order derivative. The main advantage of non-integer order derivative is that it is a global operator and produces accurate and stable results, while the integer order derivative is a local operator. The non-integer order differential equations have multi-dimensional applications in various fields of modern sciences. For example, the non-integer order oscillators are used to control the phase difference and to achieve independently the high frequency oscillation. In electrical engineering the non-integer order DC-DC converter models are used to get best estimation of the power conversion efficiency. Similarly, the non-integer order bio-impedance models give the best fitting to the measured data obtained from vegetables and fruits. For historical background and some applications of non-integer order derivatives, we refer the readers to study [1–9].
The impulsive differential equations have impulsive conditions at points of discontinuity. Various physical and evolutionary phenomena which have discontinuous jumps and sudden changes can be modeled via these equations, and therefore, these equations constitute an important class of differential equations. For some recent work, we refer the readers to study work in [10–14].
Some processes and phenomena cannot be described at the current time and depend on their previous states. For this purpose various types of delay differential equations are used. There are mainly three types of delay differential equations: discrete delay differential equations, continuous delay differential equations, and proportional delay differential equations. The proportional delay differential equations are known as pantograph differential equations. The pantograph differential equations are used to model numerous processes and phenomena. More specifically these equations have applications in electro-dynamic, quantum mechanics, number theory, biology, etc. We refer the readers to study [15–17].
Existence theory and stability analysis are two important aspects of qualitative theory. The Hyers–Ulam stability concept is one of the well-known methods used to study the stability of functional and differential problems. This concept was given by Ulam and Hyers in 1940–41 [18, 19]. Rassias was the first who established Hyers–Ulam stability of linear mapping [20]. Jung studied Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability results for functional equations in nonlinear analysis [21]. Due to its simple procedure, Hyers–Ulam concept has got a great deal of attention from researchers. Using this concept, they investigated stability of various systems of functional and differential equations. We refer the readers to study the recent work in [22–27]. Also, for more related results about the existence, uniqueness, and stability, the readers may consider the work in [28–35].
The antiperiodic boundary value problems are of great interest as these problems appear in various fields of science. In [36], Ahmad et al. investigated a class of fractional integro-differential equations with dual anti-periodic boundary conditions. In [37], Agarwal et al. studied a problem of fractional-order differential equations with anti-periodic boundary conditions.
In [38], Wang et al. studied the existence of solution to the following antiperiodic problem with impulsive conditions:
where \(\mathrm{g}:[0, 1]\times \mathbb {R}\rightarrow [0,\infty )\) and \(\mathcal{I}_{k},\hat{\mathcal{I}}_{k},\bar{\mathcal{I}}_{k}: \mathbb {R}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}\) are continuous functions. In this paper, we generalize problem 1 to an anti-periodic boundary value problem of nonlinear pantograph implicit fractional differential equations with given impulsive conditions as follows:
where \(\mathrm{g}:[0, 1]\times \mathbb {R}\times \mathbb {R}\times \mathbb {R} \rightarrow [0,\infty )\) and \(\mathcal{I}_{k},\hat{\mathcal{I}}_{k},\bar{\mathcal{I}}_{k}: \mathbb {R}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}\) are continuous functions. \({_{0}^{C}\mathbb {D}_{t}^{\varsigma }}\) is a standard notion for Caputo type fractional differential operator of order ς. \(\Delta w(t_{k})=w(t_{k}^{+})-w(t_{k}^{-})\), \(\Delta w'(t_{k})=w'(t_{k}^{+})-w'(t_{k}^{-})\), \(\Delta w''(t_{k})=w''(t_{k}^{+})-w''(t_{k}^{-})\); \(w(t_{k}^{+}), w'(t_{k}^{+}), w''(t_{k}^{+})\) are right-hand limits and \(w(t_{k}^{-}), w'(t_{k}^{-}), w''(t_{k}^{-})\) are left-hand limits of the function \(w(t)\) at \(t=t_{k}\). And the sequence \({t_{k}}\) satisfies that \(0=t_{0}< t_{1}< t_{2}<\cdots <t_{n}<t_{n+1}, n\in \mathbb {N}\). We study the existence, uniqueness, and Hyers–Ulam stability of the generalized problem (2).
Let \(I=[0, 1]\), \(I_{0}=[0, t_{1}]\) and \(I_{k}=(t_{k}, t_{k+1}]\). We define the space of piecewise continuous functions by
\(\mathscr{Z}\) is a Banach space with the norm defined by \(\|w\|_{\mathscr{Z}}=\max_{t\in I}|w(t)|\).
2 Preliminaries
Definition 1
([24])
The fractional order integral of function \(h\in L^{1}([0,1],\mathbb {R}^{+})\) of order \(\varsigma \in \mathbb {R}^{+}\) is defined by
provided that integral on the right-hand side exists.
Definition 2
([25])
For a function \(h\in C^{n}[0, +\infty )\), the Caputo fractional derivative of order ς is defined as
where \(n=[\varsigma ]+1\); \([\varsigma ]\) denotes the integer part of ς.
Lemma 1
([24])
Let \(\varsigma >0\), then \({_{0}\mathrm{I}_{t}^{\varsigma }} {_{0}^{C}\mathbb {D}_{t}^{\varsigma }} h(t)=h(t)+{c_{0}}+{c_{1}}t+{c_{2}}{t^{2}}+\cdots +{c_{n-1}}t^{n-1}\), \({c_{i}}\in {\mathbb {R}},i=0,1,\ldots,n-1, n=[\varsigma ]+1\).
Let \(\phi \in C(I, \mathbb {R}_{+})\) be a nondecreasing function, \(\varphi \geq 0\), \(\nu \in \mathscr{Z}\) such that, for \(t\in I_{k}\), \(k=1,2,\dots,n\), the following sets of inequalities are satisfied:
Definition 3
([39])
If for \(\epsilon >0\) there exists a constant \(C_{\mathrm{g}}>0\) such that, for any solution \(\nu \in \mathscr{Z}\) of inequality (5), there is a unique solution \(w\in \mathscr{Z}\) of system (2) that satisfies
then system (2) is Hyers–Ulam stable.
Definition 4
If for \(\epsilon >0\) and set of positive real numbers \(\mathbb {R}^{+}\) there exists \(\phi \in C(\mathbb {R}^{+},\mathbb {R}^{+})\), with \(\phi (0)=0\) such that, for any solution \(\nu \in \mathscr{Z}\) of inequality (6), there exist \(\epsilon >0\) and a unique solution \(w\in \mathscr{Z}\) of system (2) that satisfy
then system (2) is generalized Hyers–Ulam stable.
Definition 5
([39])
If for \(\epsilon >0\) there exists a real number \(C_{\mathrm{g}}>0\) such that, for any solution \(\nu \in \mathscr{Z}\) of inequality (7), there is a unique solution \(w\in \mathscr{Z}\) of system (2) that satisfies
then system (2) is Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stable with respect to \((\varphi,\phi )\).
Definition 6
([39])
If there exists a constant \(C_{\mathrm{g}}>0\) such that, for any solution \(\nu \in \mathscr{Z}\) of inequality (6), there is a unique solution \(w\in \mathscr{Z}\) of system (2) that satisfies
then system (2) is generalized Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stable with respect to \((\varphi,\phi )\).
Remark 1
The function \(\nu \in \mathscr{Z}\) is called a solution for inequality (5) if there exists a function \(\psi \in \mathscr{Z}\) together with a sequence \(\psi _{k}\), \(k=1,2\dots,n\) (which depends on ν) such that
-
(i)
\(|\psi (t)|\leq \epsilon \), \(|\psi _{k}|\leq \epsilon \), \(t\in I\),
-
(ii)
\({_{0}^{C}\mathbb {D}_{t}^{\varsigma }} \nu (t)=\mathrm{g}(t, \nu (t), \nu (\delta t), {_{0}^{C}\mathbb {D}_{t}^{\varsigma }} \nu (t))+\psi (t)\), \(\varsigma \in (2,3]\), \(0<\delta <1\), \(t\in I\),
-
(iii)
\(\Delta \nu (t_{k})=\mathcal{I}_{k}(\nu (t_{k}))+\psi _{k}\), \(t\in I\),
-
(iv)
\(\Delta \nu '(t_{k})=\hat{\mathcal{I}}_{k}(\nu (t_{k}))+\psi _{k}\), \(t\in I\),
-
(v)
\(\Delta \nu ''(t_{k})=\bar{\mathcal{I}}_{k}(\nu (t_{k}))+\psi _{k}\), \(t\in I\).
Remark 2
A function \(\nu \in \mathscr{Z}\) is a solution of inequality (6) if there exist a function \(\psi \in \mathscr{Z}\) and a sequence \(\psi _{k}\), \(k=1,2\dots,n\) (which depends on ν) such that
-
(i)
\(|\psi (t)|\leq \phi (t)\), \(|\psi _{k}|\leq \varphi \), \(t\in I\),
-
(ii)
\({_{0}^{C}\mathbb {D}_{t}^{\varsigma }} \nu (t)=\mathrm{g}(t, \nu (t), \nu (\delta t), {_{0}^{C}\mathbb {D}_{t}^{\varsigma }} \nu (t))+\psi (t)\), \(\varsigma \in (2,3]\), \(0<\delta <1\), \(t\in I\),
-
(iii)
\(\Delta \nu (t_{k})=\mathcal{I}_{k}(\nu (t_{k}))+\psi _{k}\), \(t\in I\),
-
(iv)
\(\Delta \nu '(t_{k})=\hat{\mathcal{I}}_{k}(\nu (t_{k}))+\psi _{k}\), \(t\in I\),
-
(v)
\(\Delta \nu ''(t_{k})=\bar{\mathcal{I}}_{k}(\nu (t_{k}))+\psi _{k}\), \(t\in I\).
Remark 3
A function \(\nu \in \mathscr{Z}\) is a solution of inequality (7) if there exist a function \(\psi \in \mathscr{Z}\) and a sequence \(\psi _{k}\), \(k=1,2\dots,n\) (which depends on ν) such that
-
(i)
\(|\psi (t)|\leq \epsilon \phi (t)\), \(|\psi _{k}|\leq \epsilon \varphi \), \(t\in I\),
-
(ii)
\({_{0}^{C}\mathbb {D}_{t}^{\varsigma }} \nu (t)=\mathrm{g}(t, \nu (t), \nu (\delta t), {_{0}^{C}\mathbb {D}_{t}^{\varsigma }} \nu (t))+\psi (t)\), \(\varsigma \in (2,3]\), \(0<\delta <1\), \(t\in I\),
-
(iii)
\(\Delta \nu (t_{k})=\mathcal{I}_{k}(\nu (t_{k}))+\psi _{k}\), \(t\in I\),
-
(iv)
\(\Delta \nu '(t_{k})=\hat{\mathcal{I}}_{k}(\nu (t_{k}))+\psi _{k}\), \(t\in I\),
-
(v)
\(\Delta \nu ''(t_{k})=\bar{\mathcal{I}}_{k}(\nu (t_{k}))+\psi _{k}\), \(t\in I\).
Lemma 2
For a given function \(\vartheta \in C[0, 1]\), function w is the solution of the linear BVP of impulsive differential equations
if and only if w satisfies the following fractional integral equation:
where
Proof
For proof, see [38]. □
3 Main results
Corollary 1
As a result of Lemma 2, system (2) has the following solution:
where
and
For \(w \in \mathscr{Z}\), we define an operator \(\mathcal{N}:\mathscr{Z}\rightarrow \mathscr{Z}\) by
We take the following assumptions:
- \((H_{1})\):
-
Let \(\mathrm{g}:[0, 1]\times \mathbb {R}\times \mathbb {R}\times \mathbb {R} \rightarrow [0,\infty )\) be a jointly continuous function.
- \((H_{2})\):
-
For any \(x, y, z,\bar{x}, \bar{y}, \bar{z}\in C(I,\mathbb {R}), let the following inquality\)
$$ \bigl\vert \mathrm{g}(t, x, y, z)-\mathrm{g}(t, \bar{x}, \bar{y}, \bar{z}) \bigr\vert \leq L_{\mathrm{g}}\bigl( \vert x-\bar{x} \vert + \vert y- \bar{y} \vert \bigr)+N_{\mathrm{g}} \vert z- \bar{z} \vert $$hold, where \(L_{\mathrm{g}}>0\) and \(0< N_{\mathrm{g}}<1\).
- \((H_{3})\):
-
There exist \(C_{1}, C_{2}, C_{3}>0\) such that the following relations hold true:
$$\begin{aligned} &\bigl\vert \mathcal{I}_{m}\bigl(w(t_{m})\bigr)- \mathcal{I}_{m}\bigl(\bar{w}(t_{m})\bigr) \bigr\vert \leq C_{1} \bigl\vert w(t_{m})- \bar{w}(t_{m}) \bigr\vert , \\ &\bigl\vert \bar{\mathcal{I}}_{m}\bigl(w(t_{m})\bigr)- \bar{\mathcal{I}}_{m}\bigl(\bar{w}(t_{m})\bigr) \bigr\vert \leq C_{2} \bigl\vert w(t_{m})-\bar{w}(t_{m}) \bigr\vert , \\ &\bigl\vert \hat{\mathcal{I}}_{m}\bigl(w(t_{m})\bigr)- \hat{\mathcal{I}}_{m}\bigl(\bar{w}(t_{m})\bigr) \bigr\vert \leq C_{3} \bigl\vert w(t_{m})-\bar{w}(t_{m}) \bigr\vert . \end{aligned}$$ - \((H_{4})\):
-
There exist functions \(\theta _{1}, \theta _{2}, \theta _{3} \in C(I,\mathbb {R}^{+})\), with
$$\begin{aligned} &\bigl\vert \mathrm{g}\bigl(t, w(t), w(\delta t), _{0}^{C}D_{t_{i}}^{\varsigma }w(t) \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq \theta _{1}(t)+\theta _{2}(t) \bigl( \vert w \vert + \bigl\vert w(\delta t) \bigr\vert \bigr)+ \theta _{3}(t) \bigl\vert _{0}^{C}D_{t_{i}}^{\varsigma }w(t) \bigr\vert ,\\ &\quad \text{for } t \in I, w \in \mathrm{E}, \end{aligned}$$such that \(\theta _{3}^{*}=\max_{t\in I}|\theta _{3}(t)|<1\).
- \((H_{5})\):
-
If \(\mathrm{g},\mathcal{I}_{m},\hat{\mathcal{I}}_{m},\bar{\mathcal{I}}_{m}\) are continuous functions and there exist constants \(C_{4}\), \(C_{5}\), \(C_{6}>0\) such that, for all \(w\in \mathbb {R}\), the following inequalities are satisfied:
$$ \bigl\vert \mathcal{I}_{m}(w) (t) \bigr\vert \leq C_{4}, \qquad\bigl\vert \hat{\mathcal{I}}_{m}(w) (t) \bigr\vert \leq C_{5},\qquad \bigl\vert \bar{\mathcal{I}}_{m}(w) (t) \bigr\vert \leq C_{6}. $$
Theorem 1
If assumptions \((H_{1})\)–\((H_{3})\) and the following inequality
are satisfied, then problem (2) has a unique solution.
Proof
We take \(w, \bar{w}\in \mathscr{Z}\) and consider
where
By \((H_{2})\) we have
Hence using the last inequality and assumption \((H_{3})\), from (12), we get
Since
therefore, by the Banach contraction principle, problem (2) has a unique solution. □
Theorem 2
If assumptions \((H_{1})\)–\((H_{4})\) and the inequality are satisfied, then system (2) has at least one solution.
Proof
The proof is given in the following four steps.
Step 1: We show that the operator \(\mathcal{N}\) defined in (11) is continuous. We take a sequence \(w_{n}\in \mathscr{Z}\) such that \(w_{n}\rightarrow w \in \mathscr{Z}\). Consider
where \(\beta _{w,n}(t),\beta _{w}(t)\in C(I,\mathbb {R})\), which satisfy the following function equations:
By using \((H_{2})\), we obtain
\(w_{n}\rightarrow w\) as \(n\rightarrow \infty \), this implies that \(\beta _{w,n}\rightarrow \beta _{w}\) as \(n\rightarrow \infty \). Moreover, every convergent sequence is bounded, hence let for each \(t\in PC(I,\mathbb {R})\) there exist \(\ell >0\) such that \(|\beta _{w,n}(t)|\leq \ell \) and \(|\beta _{w}(t)|\leq \ell \). Then
For \(t\in PC(I,\mathbb {R})\), the functions \(s\rightarrow 2\ell (t_{m}-s)^{\varsigma -1}\), \(s\rightarrow 2\ell (t_{m}-s)^{\varsigma -1}\), \(s\rightarrow 2\ell (t_{m}-s)^{\varsigma -2}\), \(s\rightarrow 2\ell (t_{m}-s)^{\varsigma -3}\), \(s\rightarrow 2\ell (1-s)^{\varsigma -2}\), \(s\rightarrow 2\ell (1-s)^{\varsigma -3}\) are integrable on \([0,t]\). Thus, using the Lebesgue dominated convergent theorem, from (13) we have \(|\mathcal{N}w_{n}(t)-\mathcal{N}w(t)|\rightarrow 0\) as \(t\rightarrow \infty \), which implies \(\|\mathcal{N}w_{n}-\mathcal{N}w\|_{\mathscr{Z}}\rightarrow 0\) as \(t\rightarrow \infty \). Therefore, the operator \(\mathcal{N}\) is continuous.
Step 2: Next we show that \(\mathcal{N}\) is a bounded operator. For each \(w\in \mathbf{S}_{\varrho }=\{w\in \mathscr{Z}: \|w\|_{\mathscr{Z}} \leq \varrho \}\), 
. For \(t\in \mathrm{J_{k}}\),
Using \((H_{4})\) with \(\theta _{1}^{*}=\max_{t\in I}|\theta _{1}(t)|, \theta _{2}^{*}= \max_{t\in I}|\theta _{2}(t)|\), we have
Taking maximum, we have
which implies
Using the result (15), we obtain from (14)
Thus \(\mathcal{N}\) is a bounded operator.
Step 3: To show that \(\mathcal{N}\) is equicontinuous, we take \(w\in \mathbf{S}_{\xi }=\{w\in \mathscr{Z}: \|w\|_{\mathscr{Z}}\leq \xi \}\) and \(t_{1}, t_{2} \in I_{k}\) such that \(t_{2}>t_{1}\). We have
Using assumptions \((H_{1})\), \((H_{4})\)–\((H_{5})\), inequality (15) in (16) and evaluating, we can easily show that as \(t_{1}\) tends to \(t_{2}\) the right-hand side of (16) tends to 0. Thus by the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem the operator \(\mathcal{N}\) is completely continuous.
Step 4: In the final step we define a set \(\mathbf{S}_{\varrho ^{*}}=\{w\in \mathscr{Z}: {\varrho ^{*}} \mathcal{N}w, for 0<{\varrho ^{*}}<1\}\). We need to show that \(\mathbf{S}_{\varrho ^{*}}\) is bounded. Let \(w\in \mathbf{S}_{\varrho ^{*}}\), then by definition, we have \(w={\varrho ^{*}}\mathcal{N}w\). From Step 2, we obtain
Thus set \(\mathcal{E}\) is bounded. Therefore, by Schaefer’s fixed point theorem, system (2) has at least one solution. □
4 Stability results
In this section we investigate the results related to Hyers–Ulam stability of system (2).
Theorem 3
If assumptions \((H_{1})\)–\((H_{3})\) and the inequality
are satisfied, then system (2) is Hyers–Ulam stable.
Proof
Let ν be any solution of inequality (5). Then, by Remark 1, we write
By Corollary 1, the solution of (17) for \(t\in I_{0}\) is given by
and the solution of (17) for \(t\in I_{k}\), \(k=1,2,\dots,n\), is given by
where
and
We consider, for \(t\in I_{k}\),
Taking into account assumptions \((H_{1})\)–\((H_{3})\) and taking maximum value, we obtain
This inequality implies
Or
where
with
Therefore, problem (2) is Hyers–Ulam stable. □
Corollary 2
In Theorem 3, if we set \(\phi (\epsilon )=C_{\mathrm{g}}(\epsilon )\) such that \(\phi (0)=0\), then problem (2) becomes generalized Hyers–Ulam stable.
For the next coming result, we assume that
- \((H_{6})\):
-
There exist a non-decreasing function \(\phi \in {C(I, \mathbb {R})}\) and constants \(\lambda _{\phi }>0, \epsilon >0\) such that the following inequality holds:
$$ {_{0}I_{t}}^{\varsigma }\phi (t)\leq \lambda _{\phi }\phi (t). $$
Theorem 4
If assumptions \((H_{1})\)–\((H_{3})\), \((H_{6})\) and the inequality
are satisfied, then system (2) is Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stable with respect to \((\varphi,\phi )\), where ϕ is a nondecreasing function and \(\varphi \geq 0\).
Proof
Let ν be any solution of inequality (7) and w be the unique solution of problem (2). Then, from the proof of 3, we have the following inequality:
Using assumptions \((H_{1})\)–\((H_{3})\) and \((H_{6})\), we get the following result in its simplified form:
which implies
or
where
Therefore, problem (2) is Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stable. □
5 Application
In this section we provide a numerical problem to verify the applications of our main results.
Example 1
Consider the following problem:
where e is an exponential function.
Here,
with \(\varsigma =\frac{5}{2}\), \(\delta =\frac{1}{3}\). The continuity of g is obvious.
By hypothesis \((H_{2})\), for any \(w, \bar{w} \in \mathbb {R}\), we have
Hence g satisfies hypothesis \((H_{2})\) with \(L_{\mathrm{g}}=N_{\mathrm{g}}=\frac{1}{44}\). Also hypothesis \((H_{4})\) holds with \(\theta _{0}(t)=\frac{\exp (-\pi t)}{12}\), \(\theta _{1}(t)=\theta _{2}(t)=\frac{\exp (-t)}{44+t}\), where \(\theta _{0}^{*}(t)=\frac{1}{12}\), \(\theta _{1}^{*}(t)=\theta _{2}^{*}(t)=\frac{1}{44}\).
At \(t_{1}=\frac{1}{3}\) the impulsive conditions are given as follows:
For any \(w, \bar{w}\in \mathrm{E}\), we have
and
which satisfy \((H_{3})\) with \(C_{1}=\frac{1}{26}\), \(C_{2}=\frac{1}{25}\), \(C_{3}=\frac{1}{20}\). So we have
Therefore, by Theorem 1, problem (21) has a unique solution. By Theorem 3, problem (21) is Hyers–Ulam stable. For any \(t\in [0,1]\), we set \(\phi (t)=t\), \(\varphi =1\). Then
We see assumption \((H_{6})\) holds with \(\lambda _{\phi }= \frac{8}{15\sqrt{\pi }}\). Also since
Therefore, the numerical problem (21) is Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stable with respect to \((\varphi,\phi )\).
6 Conclusion
In this paper, using Schaefer’s fixed point theorem, we derived a result of at least one solution to system (2). By the application of Banach contraction theorem, we obtained conditions for unique solution of problem (2). Further, by the applications of qualitative theory and nonlinear functional analysis, we investigated Ulam–Hyers stability to the considered system. We applied our obtained results to a numerical problem.
References
Kilbas, A.A., Srivastava, H.M., Trujillo, J.J.: Theory and Applications of Fractional Differential Equations. North-Holland Mathematics Studies, vol. 204. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006)
Butkovskii, A.G., Postnov, S.S., Postnova, E.A.: Fractional integrodifferential calculus and its control theoretical applications. I. Mathematical fundamentals and the problem of interpretation. Autom. Remote Control 74(4), 543–574 (2013)
Miller, K.S., Ross, B.: An Introduction to the Fractional Calculus and Fractional Differential Equations. Wiley, New York (1993)
Hilfer, R.: Applications of Fractional Calculus in Physics. World Scientific, Singapore (2000)
Elwy, O., Abdelaty, A.M., Said, L.A., Radwan, A.G.: Fractional calculus definitions, approximations, and engineering applications. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 67(1), 1–30 (2020)
Torvik, P.J., Bagley, R.L.: On the appearance of fractional derivatives in the behaviour of real materials. J. Appl. Mech. 51(2), 294–298 (1984)
Wang, G., Ren, X.: Radial symmetry of standing waves for nonlinear fractional Laplacian Hardy–Schrödinger systems. Appl. Math. Lett. 2020, 106560 (2020)
Zhang, L., Hou, W.: Standing waves of nonlinear fractional p-Laplacian Schrödinger equation involving logarithmic nonlinearity. Appl. Math. Lett. 102, 106149 (2020)
Wang, G., Ren, X., Bai, Z., Hou, W.: Radial symmetry of standing waves for nonlinear fractional Hardy–Schrödinger equation. Appl. Math. Lett. 96, 131–137 (2019)
Wang, F., Yang, Y., Hu, M.: Asymptotic stability of delayed fractional-order neural networks with impulsive effects. Neurocomputing 154, 239–244 (2015)
Wang, F., et al.: Global asymptotic stability of impulsive fractional-order BAM neural networks with time delay. Neural Comput. Appl. 28(2), 345–352 (2017)
Ali, A., Rabiei, F., Shah, K.: On Ulam’s type stability for a class of impulsive fractional differential equations with nonlinear integral boundary conditions. J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl. 10(9), 4760–4775 (2017)
Ali, A., Shah, K., Jarad, F., Gupta, V., Abdeljawad, T.: Existence and stability analysis to a coupled system of implicit type impulsive boundary value problems of fractional-order differential equations. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2019, 101 (2019)
Ahmad, B., Alghanmi, M., Alsaedi, A., Agarwal, R.P.: On an impulsive hybrid system of conformable fractional differential equations with boundary conditions. Int. J. Syst. Sci. 51(5), 958–970 (2020)
Balachandran, K., Kiruthika, S., Trujillo, J.J.: Existence of solution of nonlinear fractional pantograph equations. Acta Math. Sci. 33(3), 712–720 (2013)
Yu, Z.H.: Variational iteration method for solving the multi-pantograph delay equation. Phys. Lett. A 372(43), 6475–6479 (2008)
Tohidi, E., Bhrawy, A.H., Erfani, K.A.: Collocation method based on Bernoulli operational matrix for numerical solution of generalized pantograph equation. Appl. Math. Model. 37(6), 4283–4294 (2012)
Ulam, S.M.: Problems in Modern Mathematics. Wiley, New York (1940)
Hyers, D.H.: On the stability of the linear functional equations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 27, 222–224 (1941)
Rassias, T.M.: On the stability of linear mappings in Banach spaces. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 72, 297–300 (1978)
Jung, S.M.: Hyers–Ulam–Rassias Stability of Functional Equations in Nonlinear Analysis. Springer, New York (2011)
Wang, Z., Yang, D., Ma, T., Sun, N.: Stability analysis for nonlinear fractional-order systems based on comparison principle. Nonlinear Dyn. 75(1–2), 387–402 (2014)
Stamova, I.: Global Mittag-Leffler stability and synchronization of impulsive fractional-order neural networks with time-varying delays. Nonlinear Dyn. 77(4), 1251–1260 (2014)
Agarwal, R.P., Benchohra, M., Hamani, S.: A survey on existence results for boundary value problems of nonlinear fractional differential equations and inclusions. Acta Appl. Math. 109, 973–1033 (2010)
Cabada, A., Dimitrijevic, S., Tomovic, T., Aleksic, S.: The existence of a positive solution for nonlinear fractional differential equations with integral boundary value conditions. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 40(6), 1880–1891 (2017)
Cabada, A., Wang, G.: Positive solutions of nonlinear fractional differential equations with integral boundary value conditions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 389(1), 403–411 (2013)
Ali, A., Shah, K.: Ulam–Hyers stability analysis of a three-point boundary-value problem for fractional differential equations. Ukr. Mat. Ž. 72(2), 147–160 (2020)
Khan, A., Abdeljawad, T., Gomez-Aguilar, J.F., Khan, H.: Dynamical study of fractional order mutualism parasitism food web module. Chaos Solitons Fractals 134, 109685 (2020)
Khan, A., Gomez-Aguilar, J.F., Abdeljawad, T., Khan, H.: Stability and numerical simulation of a fractional order plant nectar pollinator model. Alex. Eng. J. 59, 49–59 (2020)
Khan, H., Tunc, C., Khan, A.: Green function’s properties and existence theorems for nonlinear singular-delay-fractional differential equations. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., Ser. S 13(9), 2475–2487 (2020)
Khan, H., Gomez-Aguilar, J.F., Alkhazzan, A., Khan, A.A.: Fractional order HIV-TB coinfection model with nonsingular Mittag-Leffler law. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 43(6), 3786–3806 (2020)
Khan, H., Khan, A., Jarad, F., Shah, A.: Existence and data dependence theorems for solutions of an ABC-fractional order impulsive system. Chaos Solitons Fractals 131, 109477 (2019)
Khan, A., Khan, H., Gomez-Aguilar, J.F., Abdeljawad, T.: Existence and Hyers–Ulam stability for a nonlinear singular fractional differential equations with Mittag-Leffler kernel. Chaos Solitons Fractals 127, 422–427 (2019)
Khan, H., Jarad, F., Abdeljawad, T., Khan, A.: A singular ABC-fractional differential equation with p-Laplacian operator. Chaos Solitons Fractals 129, 56–61 (2019)
Khan, A., Gomez-Aguilar, J.F., Khan, T.S., Khan, H.: Stability analysis and numerical solutions of fractional order HIV/AIDS model. Chaos Solitons Fractals 122, 119–128 (2019)
Ahmad, B., Alruwaily, Y., Alsaedi, A., Nieto, J.J.: Fractional integro-differential equations with dual anti-periodic boundary conditions. Differ. Integral Equ. 33(3/4), 181–206 (2020)
Agarwal, R.P., Ahmad, B., Alsaedi, A.: Fractional-order differential equations with anti-periodic boundary conditions: a survey. Bound. Value Probl. 2017(1), 1 (2017)
Wang, G., Ahmad, B., Zhang, L.: Impulsive anti-periodic boundary value problem for nonlinear differential equations of fractional order. Nonlinear Anal., Theory Methods Appl. 74(3), 792–804 (2011)
Rus, I.A.: Ulam stabilities of ordinary differential equations in a Banach space. Carpath. J. Math. 26(1), 103–107 (2010)
Acknowledgements
We are really thankful to the reviewers for their useful suggestions.
Availability of data and materials
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no data sets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
Funding
We have no funds for this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors equally contributed to this manuscript and approved the final version.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Ali, A., Shah, K., Abdeljawad, T. et al. Study of fractional order pantograph type impulsive antiperiodic boundary value problem. Adv Differ Equ 2020, 572 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-03032-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-03032-x