Skip to main content

Theory and Modern Applications

Local stability of mappings on multi-normed spaces

Abstract

First we investigate the Hyers–Ulam stability of the Cauchy functional equation for mappings from bounded (unbounded) intervals into Banach spaces. Then we study the Hyers–Ulam stability of the functional equation \(f(xy)=xg(y)+h(x)y\) for mappings from bounded (unbounded) intervals into multi-normed spaces.

1 Introduction

The concept of stability for a functional equation \((*)\) arises when the functional equation \((*)\) is replaced by an inequality that acts as the equation perturbation. In 1940, Ulam [16] posed the first question concerning the stability of homomorphisms between groups. Hyers [4] answered the question of Ulam in the context of Banach spaces. Hyers’s stability theorem was generalized by some authors, and they considered cases where the Cauchy difference was unbounded (see [1, 3, 8, 10, 12, 13]). The stability problem for the Cauchy functional equation on a bounded domain was first proved by Skof [14]. The stability problem for the functional equation

$$ f(xy)=xf(y)+f(x)y $$
(1.1)

on the interval \((0, 1]\) was posed by Maksa [7]. Tabor [15] and Páles [11] proved the Hyers–Ulam stability of functional equation (1.1) for real-valued functions on the intervals \((0,1]\) and \([1,+\infty )\), respectively. In this paper, we use some ideas from the works [6, 9, 14] to investigate the Hyers–Ulam stability of the Cauchy functional equation and (1.1) for mappings from bounded (unbounded) intervals into multi-normed spaces.

Let \((E, \|\cdot\|)\) be a complex linear space. For given \(k\in \mathbb{N}\), we denote by \(E^{k}\) the linear space consisting of k-tuples \((x_{1}, \ldots , x_{k})\), where \(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{k}\in E\). The linear operations on \(E^{k}\) are defined coordinatewise. We write \((0, \ldots , 0, x_{i}, 0, \ldots , 0)\) for an element in \(E^{k}\), when \(x_{i}\) appears in the ith coordinate. We denote the zero element of either E or \(E^{k}\) by 0.

Definition 1.1

([2])

A multi-norm on \(\{E^{n}: n \in \mathbb{N}\}\) is a sequence \(\{\|\cdot\|_{n}\}_{n}\) such that \(\|\cdot\|_{n}\) is a norm on \(E^{n}\) for each \(n\in \mathbb{N}\) and the following axioms are satisfied for each \(n\in \mathbb{N}\):

\((A_{1})\):

\(\|x\|_{1}=\|x\|\) for each \(x\in E\), and \(\|\cdot\|_{n}\) is a norm on \(E^{n}\);

\((A_{2})\):

\(\|(\alpha _{1}x_{1}, \ldots , \alpha _{n}x_{n})\|_{n}\leqslant ( \max_{1\leq i\leqslant n}|\alpha _{i}| )\|(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}) \|_{n}\) for each \(\alpha _{1}, \ldots , \alpha _{n}\in \mathbb{C}\) and each \(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}\in E\);

\((A_{3})\):

\(\|(x_{\sigma (1)},\ldots ,x_{\sigma (n)})\|_{n}=\|(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}) \|_{n}\) for each permutation σ on \(\{1,\ldots ,n\}\);

\((A_{4})\):

\(\|(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n},0)\|_{n+1}=\|(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n})\|_{n}\) for each \(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}\in E\);

\((A_{5})\):

\(\|(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n-1}, x_{n}, x_{n})\|_{n+1}=\|(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n-1}, x_{n})\|_{n}\) for each \(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}\in E\);

In this case \(\{(E^{n}, \|\cdot\|_{n}): n\in \mathbb{N}\}\) is called a multi-normed space.

Example 1.2

([2])

Let \((E, \|\cdot\|)\) be a normed space. For given \(n\in \mathbb{N}\), define \(\|\cdot\|_{n}\) on \(E^{n}\) by \(\|x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}\|_{n}=\max_{1\leq i\leqslant n}\|x_{i}\|\). This gives a multi-norm on \(\{E^{n}: n \in \mathbb{N}\}\).

For details and many other examples, we refer the readers to [2]. We now have the following consequences of the axioms.

Proposition 1.3

([2])

Let\(\{(E^{n}, \|\cdot\|_{n}): n\in \mathbb{N}\}\)be a multi-normed space. Then

\((i)\):

\(\|(x,\ldots ,x)\|_{n}=\|x\|\)for each\(x\in E\);

\((\mathit{ii})\):

\(\|(\alpha _{1}x_{1}, \ldots , \alpha _{n}x_{n})\|_{n}=\|(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n})\|_{n}\)for each\(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}\in E\)and\(\alpha _{1}, \ldots , \alpha _{n}\in \mathbb{C}\)with\(|\alpha _{1}|=\cdots =|\alpha _{n}|=1\);

\((\mathit{iii})\):

\(\max_{1\leq i\leqslant n}\|x_{i}\|\leqslant \|(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}) \|_{n}\leqslant \sum_{i=1}^{n}\|x_{i}\|\leqslant n\max_{1\leqslant i \leqslant n}\|x_{i}\|\)for each\(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}\in E\).

Proof

\((i)\) follows from \((A_{1})\) and \((A_{5})\). To prove \((\mathit{ii})\), it follows from \((A_{2})\) that

$$ \bigl\Vert (\alpha _{1}x_{1}, \ldots , \alpha _{n}x_{n}) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \bigl\Vert (x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}) \bigr\Vert _{n}= \bigl\Vert (\bar{\alpha _{1}}\alpha _{1}x_{1}, \ldots , \bar{\alpha _{n}}\alpha _{n}x_{n}) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \bigl\Vert (\alpha _{1}x_{1}, \ldots , \alpha _{n}x_{n}) \bigr\Vert _{n}. $$

This proves \((\mathit{ii})\). To prove \((\mathit{iii})\), since \(\|\cdot\|_{n}\) is a norm on \(E^{n}\), we have by \((A_{4})\)

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\Vert (x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}) \bigr\Vert _{n} & \leqslant \bigl\Vert (x_{1}, 0,\ldots ,0) \bigr\Vert _{n}+ \cdots + \bigl\Vert (0, 0,\ldots , 0,x_{n}) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ & =\sum_{i=1}^{n} \Vert x_{i} \Vert \leqslant n\max_{1\leqslant i\leqslant n} \Vert x_{i} \Vert . \end{aligned}$$

On the other hand, for each \(1\leqslant i\leqslant n\), we have by \((\mathit{ii})\)

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert x_{i} \Vert & =\frac{1}{2} \bigl\Vert (x_{1}, \ldots , x_{i}, \ldots ,x_{n})+(-x_{1}, \ldots ,x_{i},\ldots , -x_{n}) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ & \leqslant \frac{1}{2} \bigl[ \bigl\Vert (x_{1}, x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n}) \bigr\Vert _{n}+ \bigl\Vert (x_{1}, x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n}) \bigr\Vert _{n} \bigr]= \bigl\Vert (x_{1}, x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n}) \bigr\Vert _{n}. \end{aligned}$$

Hence we get \(\max_{1\leq i\leqslant n}\|x_{i}\|\leqslant \|(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}) \|_{n}\). □

Item \((\mathit{iii})\) of Proposition 1.3 implies that if \((E,\|\cdot\|)\) is a Banach space, then \((E^{n}, \|\cdot\|_{n})\) is a Banach space for each \(n\in \mathbb{N}\). We use the term multi-Banach space for \(\{(E^{n}, \|\cdot\|_{n}): n\in \mathbb{N}\}\) when \((E, \|\cdot\|)\) is Banach.

Definition 1.4

Let \(\{(E^{n}, \|\cdot\|_{n}): n\in \mathbb{N}\}\) be a multi-normed space. A sequence \(\{x_{n}\}_{n}\) in E is said to be a multi-Cauchy sequence in E if, for each \(\varepsilon >0\), there exists \(n_{0}\in \mathbb{N}\) such that

$$ \sup_{k\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert (x_{n}-x_{m}, \ldots , x_{n+k-1}-x_{m+k-1}) \bigr\Vert _{k}< \varepsilon ,\quad n, m\geqslant n_{0}. $$

A sequence \(\{x_{n}\}_{n}\) in E is called multi-convergent to a in E if, for each \(\varepsilon >0\), there exists \(m\in \mathbb{N}\) such that

$$ \sup_{k\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert (x_{n}-a,\ldots , x_{n+k-1}-a) \bigr\Vert _{k}< \varepsilon ,\quad n\geqslant m. $$

In this case we write

$$ \underset{n\to \infty }{{\mathbf{Lim}}}\, x_{n}=a. $$

Applying the triangle inequality for the norm \(\|\cdot\|_{k}\) and property \((\mathit{iii})\) of Proposition 1.3, we deduce the following result.

Lemma 1.5

([9])

Suppose that\(k \in \mathbb{N}\)and\((x_{1}, \ldots , x_{k}), (y_{1}, \ldots , y_{k}) \in E^{k}\). For each\(j \in \{1, \ldots , k\}\), let\(\{x_{n,j} \}_{n}\)be a sequence inEsuch that\(\lim_{n\to \infty }x_{n,j}=x_{j}\). Then

$$ \lim_{n\to \infty }(x_{n,1}-y_{1}, \ldots , x_{n,k}-y_{k})=(x_{1}-y_{1}, \ldots , x_{k}-y_{k}). $$

It is clear that each multi-convergent sequence is a multi-Cauchy sequence and convergent. In multi-Banach spaces a multi-Cauchy sequence is multi-convergent.

In this paper, using some ideas from [6, 9, 14], we investigate the Hyers–Ulam stability of functional equation (1.1) for mappings from subsets of \(\mathbb{R}\) into multi-normed spaces.

2 Stability of functional equation (1.1)

Theorem 2.1

Let\(f:[0,c) \rightarrow E\)be a function satisfying

$$\begin{aligned} \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(f(x_{1}+y_{1})-f(x_{1})-f(y_{1}), \ldots , f(x_{n}+y_{n})-f(x_{n})-f(y_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \delta \end{aligned}$$
(2.1)

for some\(\delta >0\)and all\(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}, y_{1}, \ldots , y_{n}\in (0,c]\)with\(x_{i}+y_{i}\in (0,c]\)for all\(i\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}\). Then there exists an additive function\(A:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow E\)such that

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(A(x_{1})-f(x_{1}), \ldots , A(x_{n})-f(x_{n})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \leqslant 3\delta ,\quad x\in [0,c). $$
(2.2)

Proof

We extend the function f to \([0,+\infty )\). For this we represent arbitrary \(x\geqslant 0\) by \(x=n(c/2)+\alpha \), where n is an integer and \(0\leqslant \alpha < c/2\). Then we define a function \(\varphi :[0,+\infty )\to E\) by \(\varphi (x)=nf(c/2)+f(\alpha )\). It is clear that \(\varphi (x)=f(x)\) for all \(x\in [0,c/2)\). If \(x\in [c/2,c)\), then \(\varphi (x)=f(c/2)+f(x-c/2)\). We claim that

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(\varphi (x_{1})-f(x_{1}), \ldots ,\varphi (x_{n})-f(x_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \delta ,\quad x_{1},\ldots , x_{n}\in [0,c). $$
(2.3)

Let \(n\in \mathbb{N}\) and \(x_{1},\ldots , x_{n}\in [0,c)\). We set \(\varOmega =\{i: 1\leqslant i\leqslant n, x_{i}\in [c/2,c)\}\) and \(|\varOmega |=m\). If Ω is empty, then \(\varphi (x_{i})=f(x_{i})\) for all \(1\leqslant i\leqslant n\), and consequently the claim is true. For the case \(m\geqslant 1\), we have \(\varphi (x_{i})-f(x_{i})=f(c/2)+f(x_{i}-c/2)-f(x_{i})\) for all \(i\in \varOmega \). Let \(j_{1},\ldots , j_{m}\in \varOmega \). Then \((A_{4})\) and (2.1) imply

$$ \bigl\| \bigl(\varphi (x_{1})-f(x_{1}), \ldots ,\varphi (x_{n})-f(x_{n})\bigr))\bigr\| _{n}= \bigl\Vert \bigl( \varphi (x_{j_{1}})-f(x_{j_{1}}), \ldots ,\varphi (x_{j_{m}})-f(x_{j_{m}})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{m}\leqslant \delta , $$

which proves (2.3). We now prove that

$$\begin{aligned} \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(\varphi (x_{1}+y_{1})-\varphi (x_{1})-\varphi (y_{1}), \ldots , \varphi (x_{n}+y_{n})-\varphi (x_{n})-\varphi (y_{n})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \leqslant 2\delta \end{aligned}$$
(2.4)

for all \(x_{1},\ldots , x_{n}, y_{1},\ldots , y_{n}\in [0,+\infty )\). For given \(n\in \mathbb{N}\) and \(x_{i},y_{i}\geqslant 0\), let \(x_{i}=n_{i}(c/2)+\alpha _{i}\) and \(y_{i}=m_{i}(c/2)+\beta _{i}\), where \(m_{i}\) and \(n_{i}\) are integers and \(0\leqslant \alpha _{i}, \beta _{i}< c/2\). We set \(\Delta =\{i: 1\leqslant i\leqslant n, \alpha _{i}+\beta _{i}\in [c/2,c) \}\). Then it is easy to show that

$$\begin{aligned}& \varphi (x_{i}+y_{i})-\varphi (x_{i})-\varphi (y_{i}) =f(\alpha _{i}+ \beta _{i})-f(\alpha _{i})-f(\beta _{i}),\quad i\notin \Delta , \end{aligned}$$
(2.5)
$$\begin{aligned}& \varphi (x_{i}+y_{i})-\varphi (x_{i})-\varphi (y_{i}) =\varphi ( \alpha _{i}+\beta _{i})-f(\alpha _{i})-f(\beta _{i}),\quad i\in \Delta . \end{aligned}$$
(2.6)

To prove (2.4), we need to consider three cases as follows.

Case 1. Suppose that Δ is empty. Then (2.4) follows from (2.1) and (2.5).

Case 2. Suppose \(|\Delta |=n\). Then, by (2.1), (2.3), and (2.6), we have

$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\Vert \bigl(\varphi (x_{1}+y_{1})-\varphi (x_{1})-\varphi (y_{1}),\ldots , \varphi (x_{n}+y_{n})-\varphi (x_{n})-\varphi (y_{n})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant \bigl\Vert \bigl(\varphi (\alpha _{1}+\beta _{1})-f(\alpha _{1}+\beta _{1}), \ldots , \varphi (\alpha _{n}+\beta _{n})-f(\alpha _{n}+\beta _{n})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ &\qquad {}+ \bigl\Vert \bigl(f(\alpha _{1}+\beta _{1})-f(\alpha _{1})-f(\beta _{1}), \ldots , f( \alpha _{n}+\beta _{n})-f(\alpha _{n})-f(\beta _{n})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant 2\delta . \end{aligned}$$

Case 3. Suppose that Δ is not empty and \(|\Delta |=m< n\). Then

$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\Vert \bigl(\varphi (x_{1}+y_{1})-\varphi (x_{1})-\varphi (y_{1}),\ldots , \varphi (x_{n}+y_{n})-\varphi (x_{n})-\varphi (y_{n})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant \bigl\Vert \bigl(\varphi (\alpha _{j_{1}}+\beta _{j_{1}})-f(\alpha _{j_{1}}+ \beta _{j_{1}}),\ldots , \varphi (\alpha _{j_{m}}+\beta _{j_{m}})-f( \alpha _{j_{m}}+ \beta _{j_{m}})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{m} \\ &\qquad {}+ \bigl\Vert \bigl(f(\alpha _{1}+\beta _{1})-f(\alpha _{1})-f(\beta _{1}), \ldots , f( \alpha _{n}+\beta _{n})-f(\alpha _{n})-f(\beta _{n})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant 2\delta . \end{aligned}$$

Hence we have proved (2.4). Letting \(y_{i}=x_{i}\) for \(1\leqslant i\leqslant n\) in (2.4), we get

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(\varphi (2x_{1})-2 \varphi (x_{1}),\ldots , \varphi (2x_{n})-2\varphi (x_{n})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant 2\delta $$

for all \(x_{1},\ldots , x_{n}, y_{1},\ldots , y_{n}\in [0,+\infty )\). Replacing \(x_{1},\ldots , x_{n}\) by \(2^{k}x_{1},\ldots , 2^{k}x_{n}\) in the above inequality and dividing both sides of the resulting inequality by \(2^{k+1}\), we obtain

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl( \frac{\varphi (2^{k+1}x_{1})}{2^{k+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{k}x_{1})}{2^{k}},\ldots , \frac{\varphi (2^{k+1}x_{n})}{2^{k+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{k}x_{n})}{2^{k}} \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \frac{\delta }{2^{k}} $$

for all \(x_{1},\ldots , x_{n}\in [0,+\infty )\). Then

$$\begin{aligned} & \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl( \frac{\varphi (2^{k+1}x_{1})}{2^{k+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{m}x_{1})}{2^{m}},\ldots , \frac{\varphi (2^{k+1}x_{n})}{2^{k+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{m}x_{n})}{2^{m}} \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad = \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \Biggl\Vert \sum _{i=m}^{k} \biggl( \frac{\varphi (2^{i+1}x_{1})}{2^{i+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{i}x_{1})}{2^{i}},\ldots , \frac{\varphi (2^{i+1}x_{n})}{2^{i+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{i}x_{n})}{2^{i}} \biggr) \Biggr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\sum_{i=m}^{k} \biggl\Vert \biggl( \frac{\varphi (2^{i+1}x_{1})}{2^{i+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{i}x_{1})}{2^{i}},\ldots , \frac{\varphi (2^{i+1}x_{n})}{2^{i+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{i}x_{n})}{2^{i}} \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant \sum_{i=m}^{k} \frac{\delta }{2^{i}} \end{aligned}$$
(2.7)

for all \(x_{1},\ldots , x_{n}\in [0,+\infty )\). For fixed \(x\in [0,+\infty )\), replacing \(x_{j}\) by \(2^{j-1}x\) for all \(1\leqslant j\leqslant n\) in the above inequality, we obtain

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl( \frac{\varphi (2^{k+1}x)}{2^{k+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{m}x)}{2^{m}},\ldots , \frac{\varphi (2^{k+n}x)}{2^{k+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{m+n-1}x)}{2^{m}} \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n} \leqslant \sum _{i=m}^{k}\frac{\delta }{2^{i}}. $$
(2.8)

Then \((A_{2})\) and (2.8) yield

$$\begin{aligned} & \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl( \frac{\varphi (2^{k+1}x)}{2^{k+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{m}x)}{2^{m}}, \ldots , \frac{\varphi (2^{k+n}x)}{2^{k+n}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{m+n-1}x_{n})}{2^{m+n-1}} \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad = \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl( \frac{\varphi (2^{k+1}x)}{2^{k+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{m}x)}{2^{m}}, \ldots , \frac{1}{2^{n-1}} \biggl[\frac{\varphi (2^{k+n}x)}{2^{k+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{m+n-1}x_{n})}{2^{m}} \biggr] \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl( \frac{\varphi (2^{k+1}x)}{2^{k+1}}-\frac{\varphi (2^{m}x)}{2^{m}}, \ldots , \frac{\varphi (2^{k+n}x)}{2^{k+1}}- \frac{\varphi (2^{m+n-1}x_{n})}{2^{m}} \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant \sum_{i=m}^{k} \frac{\delta }{2^{i}}. \end{aligned}$$

Hence \(\{\frac{\varphi (2^{m}x)}{2^{m}}\}_{m}\) is a multi-Cauchy sequence in E for all \(x\in [0,+\infty )\). So it is multi-convergent in the multi-Banach space \(\{(E^{n}, \|\cdot\|_{n}): n\in \mathbb{N}\}\). Consider the function \(A_{0}:[0,+\infty )\to E\) defined by

$$ A_{0}(x)=\underset{m\to \infty }{{\mathbf{Lim}}} \frac{\varphi (2^{m}x)}{2^{m}}. $$

Letting \(m=0\) in (2.7), we get

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl( \frac{\varphi (2^{k+1}x_{1})}{2^{k+1}}-\varphi (x_{1}),\ldots , \frac{\varphi (2^{k+1}x_{n})}{2^{k+1}}-\varphi (x_{n}) \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \sum_{i=0}^{k} \frac{\delta }{2^{i}} $$

for all \(x_{1},\ldots , x_{n}\in [0,+\infty )\). Letting \(k\to \infty \) and utilizing Lemma 1.5, we infer that

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(A_{0}(x_{1})- \varphi (x_{1}),\ldots , A_{0}(x_{n})- \varphi (x_{n})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant 2\delta ,\quad x_{1},\ldots , x_{n} \in [0,+\infty ). $$

Using (2.3), we have

$$\begin{aligned} & \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(A_{0}(x_{1})-f(x_{1}), \ldots , A_{0}(x_{n})-f(x_{n})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(A_{0}(x_{1})- \varphi (x_{1}), \ldots , A_{0}(x_{n})-\varphi (x_{n})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ &\qquad {}+\sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(\varphi (x_{1})-f(x_{1}), \ldots , \varphi (x_{n})-f(x_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant 3\delta ,\quad x_{1},\ldots , x_{n}\in [0,c). \end{aligned}$$

We now extend \(A_{0}\) to a function \(A:\mathbb{R}\to E\) given by

$$ A(x)= \textstyle\begin{cases} A_{0}(x), & x\geqslant 0; \\ -A_{0}(-x), & x< 0. \end{cases} $$

We show that A is additive. For given \(x,y\in \mathbb{R}\), since \(A(x+y)-A(x)-A(y)\) is symmetric in x and y, we may assume the following cases:

\((i)\):

If \(x,y\geqslant 0\) or \(x,y<0\), then we get \(A(x+y)=A(x)+A(y)\).

\((\mathit{ii})\):

If \(x\geqslant 0, y<0\) and \(x+y\geqslant 0\), then

$$\begin{aligned} A(x+y)-A(x)-A(y) &= A_{0}(x+y)-A_{0}(x)+A_{0}(-y) \\ & =\bigl[A_{0}(x+y)+A_{0}(-y)\bigr]-A_{0}(x) \\ &=A_{0}(x)-A_{0}(x)=0. \end{aligned}$$
\((\mathit{iii})\):

If \(x\geqslant 0, y<0\) and \(x+y< 0\), then

$$\begin{aligned} A(x+y)-A(x)-A(y) &= -A_{0}(-x-y)-A_{0}(x)+A_{0}(-y) \\ & =A_{0}(-y)-\bigl[A_{0}(-x-y)+A_{0}(x)\bigr] \\ &=A_{0}(-y)-A_{0}(-y)=0. \end{aligned}$$

Hence \(A:\mathbb{R}\to E\) is an additive function satisfying (2.2), which completes the proof. □

Theorem 2.2

Let\(c\geqslant 0\)and\(f:[c,+\infty ) \rightarrow E\)be a function satisfying

$$\begin{aligned} \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(f(x_{1}+y_{1})-f(x_{1})-f(y_{1}), \ldots , f(x_{n}+y_{n})-f(x_{n})-f(y_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \delta \end{aligned}$$
(2.9)

for some\(\delta >0\)and all\(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}, y_{1}, \ldots , y_{n}\in [c,+\infty )\). Then there exists an additive function\(A:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow E\)such that

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(A(x_{1})-f(x_{1}), \ldots , A(x_{n})-f(x_{n})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \leqslant \delta ,\quad x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}\in [c,+\infty ). $$
(2.10)

Proof

Using the same argument as in the proof of Theorem 2.1, there exists an additive function \(T:[c,+\infty ) \rightarrow E\) such that

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(T(x_{1})-f(x_{1}), \ldots , T(x_{n})-f(x_{n})\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \leqslant \delta ,\quad x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}\in [c,+\infty ). $$

We extend T from \([c,+\infty )\) to \(\mathbb{R}\). First, we extend T from \([c,+\infty )\) to \([0,+\infty )\) by defining

$$ \widetilde{T}(x)= \textstyle\begin{cases} T(x), & x\in [c,+\infty ); \\ T(x+c)-T(c), & x\in [0,c). \end{cases} $$

It is easy to see that \(\widetilde{T}:[0,+\infty )\to E\) is additive. Now, we extend to the additive function \(A:\mathbb{R}\to E\) by defining

$$ A(x)= \textstyle\begin{cases} \widetilde{T}(x),& x\geqslant 0; \\ -\widetilde{T}(-x),& x< 0. \end{cases} $$

 □

For convenience, we use the following abbreviation for a given mapping \(f:(0,1]\to E\):

$$ Df(x,y):=f(xy)-xf(y)-f(x)y,\quad x,y\in (0,1]. $$

Theorem 2.3

Let\(\{(E^{n}, \|\cdot\|_{n}): n\in \mathbb{N}\}\)be a multi-Banach space. Suppose thatεis a nonnegative real number and\(f:(0,1]\to E\)is a mapping satisfying

$$ \bigl\Vert \bigl(Df(x_{1},y_{1}),\ldots , Df(x_{n},y_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \leqslant \varepsilon \prod_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}y_{i}, $$
(2.11)

for all\(n\in \mathbb{N}\)and all\(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}, y_{1}, \ldots , y_{n}\in (0,1]\). Then there exists a function\(\Delta : (0,1]\to E\)satisfying functional equation (1.1) and the inequality

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(\Delta (t_{1})-f(t_{1}), \ldots , \Delta (t_{n})-f(t_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \varepsilon , \quad t_{1},\ldots ,t_{n}\in (0,1]. $$

Proof

For each \(n\in \mathbb{N}\), it follows from \((A_{2})\) and (2.11) that

$$\begin{aligned} & \Biggl\Vert \Biggl(\prod_{i=2}^{n} x_{i}y_{i}Df(x_{1},y_{1}),\ldots , \prod_{i=1}^{n-1} x_{i}y_{i}Df(x_{n},y_{n}) \Biggr) \Biggr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant \bigl\Vert \bigl(Df(x_{1},y_{1}),\ldots , Df(x_{n},y_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \varepsilon \prod_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}y_{i} \end{aligned}$$

for all \(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}, y_{1}, \ldots , y_{n}\in (0,1]\). Then

$$ \biggl\Vert \biggl(\frac{Df(x_{1},y_{1})}{x_{1}y_{1}},\ldots , \frac{Df(x_{n},y_{n})}{x_{n}y_{n}} \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \varepsilon , \quad x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}, y_{1}, \ldots , y_{n}\in (0,1]. $$
(2.12)

If we define the mapping \(g:(0,1]\to E\) by

$$ g(x)=\frac{f(x)}{x}, $$

then (2.12) means

$$ \bigl\Vert \bigl(g(x_{1}y_{1})-g(x_{1})-g(y_{1}), \ldots , g(x_{n}y_{n})-g(x_{n})-g(y_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \varepsilon $$
(2.13)

for all \(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}, y_{1}, \ldots , y_{n}\in (0,1]\). Let us define the mapping \(G:[0,+\infty )\to E\) by \(G(t)=g(e^{-t})\). Replacing \((x_{1},\ldots , x_{n})\) and \((y_{1},\ldots , y_{n})\) by \((e^{-t_{1}},\ldots , e^{-t_{n}})\) and \((e^{-s_{1}},\ldots , e^{-s_{n}})\), respectively, in (2.13), we get

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(G(t_{1}+s_{1})-G(t_{1})-G(s_{1}), \ldots , G(t_{n}+s_{n})-G(t_{n})-G(s_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \varepsilon $$

for all \(t_{1}, \ldots , t_{n}, s_{1}, \ldots , s_{n}\in [0,+\infty )\). As in the proof of Theorem 2.1, there exists an additive mapping \(A :\mathbb{R}\to E\) such that

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(A(x_{1})-G(x_{1}), \ldots , A(x_{n})-G(x_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \leqslant \varepsilon ,\quad x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}\in [0,+ \infty ). $$

Letting \(x_{i}=-\ln t_{i}\) in the above inequality and using the definitions of G and g, we obtain

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl(A(-\ln t_{1})-\frac{f(t_{1})}{t_{1}}, \ldots , A(-\ln t_{n})- \frac{f(t_{n})}{t_{n}} \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n} \leqslant \varepsilon , \quad t_{1},\ldots ,t_{n}\in (0,1]. $$
(2.14)

Applying \((A_{2})\) and (2.14), we get

$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(t_{1}A(-\ln t_{1})-f(t_{1}), \ldots , t_{n}A(-\ln t_{n})-f(t_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad =\sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl(t_{1} \biggl[A(-\ln t_{1})- \frac{f(t_{1})}{t_{1}} \biggr],\ldots , t_{n} \biggl[A(-\ln t_{n})- \frac{f(t_{n})}{t_{n}} \biggr] \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl(A(-\ln t_{1})- \frac{f(t_{1})}{t_{1}},\ldots , A(-\ln t_{n})- \frac{f(t_{n})}{t_{n}} \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant \varepsilon ,\quad t_{1},\ldots ,t_{n}\in (0,1]. \end{aligned} $$
(2.15)

If we define the function \(\Delta :(0,1]\to E\) by \(\Delta (x)=xA(-\ln x)\), then \(\Delta (xy)=\Delta (x)y+x\Delta (y)\) for all \(x,y\in (0,1]\) and (2.15) implies

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(\Delta (t_{1})-f(t_{1}), \ldots , \Delta (t_{n})-f(t_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \varepsilon , \quad t_{1},\ldots ,t_{n}\in (0,1]. $$

 □

Theorem 2.4

Let\(\mathbb{X}\)be a normed space. Suppose that\(f, g, h:(0,+\infty )\to \mathbb{X}\)are mappings satisfying

$$ \bigl\Vert f(xy)-xg(y)-h(x)y \bigr\Vert \leqslant \psi (x,y), \quad x,y\in (0,+\infty ), $$
(2.16)

where\(\psi :(0,+\infty )\to [0,+\infty )\)is a mapping satisfying and

$$ \lim_{x\to \infty }\frac{\psi (x,b)}{x}=\lim_{y\to \infty } \frac{\psi (a,y)}{y}=0,\quad a,b\in (0,+\infty ). $$

Then

$$ \begin{aligned} &g(ab)=ag(b)+bg(a)-abg(1); \\ &h(ab)=ah(b)+bh(a)-abh(1),\quad a,b\in (0,+\infty ). \end{aligned} $$
(2.17)

Moreover, if

$$ \lim_{x\to \infty }\psi (a/x,x)=0\quad {\mathrm{or}}\quad \lim _{x\to \infty }\psi (ax,1/x)=0,\quad a\in (0,+\infty ), $$

then

$$ f(ab)=af(b)+f(a)b-abf(1),\quad a,b\in (0,+\infty ). $$
(2.18)

Proof

We define the functions \(F, G, H:(0,+\infty )\to \mathbb{X}\) by

$$ F(x)=\frac{f(x)}{x},\qquad G(x)=\frac{g(x)}{x},\qquad H(x)= \frac{h(x)}{x},\quad x\in (0,+\infty ). $$

By (2.16), we have

$$ \bigl\Vert F(xy)-G(x)-H(y) \bigr\Vert \leqslant \frac{\psi (x,y)}{xy},\quad x,y\in (0,+ \infty ). $$
(2.19)

Then from (2.19) we get

$$\begin{aligned} &G(x)=\lim_{y\to \infty }\bigl[F(xy)-H(y)\bigr],\quad x\in (0,+\infty ); \\ &H(y) =\lim_{x\to \infty }\bigl[F(xy)-G(x)\bigr],\quad y\in (0,+\infty ). \end{aligned}$$

Therefore, for all \(a,b\in (0,+\infty )\), we have

$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} G(ab)-G(a)-G(b) & =\lim_{x\to \infty }\bigl[F(abx)-H(x) \bigr]-\lim_{x\to \infty }\bigl[F(ax)-H(x)\bigr]-G(b) \\ & =\lim_{x\to \infty }\bigl[F(abx)-F(ax)\bigr]-\lim _{x\to \infty }\bigl[F(abx)-H(ax)\bigr] \\ &=\lim_{x\to \infty }\bigl[H(ax)-F(ax)\bigr]=-G(1), \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} H(ab)-H(a)-H(b) & =\lim_{x\to \infty }\bigl[F(abx)-G(x) \bigr]-\lim_{x\to \infty }\bigl[F(ax)-G(x)\bigr]-H(b) \\ & =\lim_{x\to \infty }\bigl[F(abx)-F(ax)\bigr]-\lim _{x\to \infty }\bigl[F(abx)-G(ax)\bigr] \\ &=\lim_{x\to \infty }\bigl[G(ax)-F(ax)\bigr]=-H(1). \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

Moreover, if \(\lim_{x\to \infty }\psi (a/x,x)=0\), then by replacing x with \(x/y\) in (2.19) and letting \(y\to \infty \) in the resulting inequality, we get

$$ F(x)=\lim_{y\to \infty }\bigl[G(x/y)+H(y)\bigr],\quad x\in (0,+\infty ). $$

Consequently,

$$\begin{aligned} F(ab)-F(a)-F(b) & =\lim_{x\to \infty }\bigl[G(ab/x)+H(x)\bigr]-\lim _{x\to \infty }\bigl[G(a/x)+H(x)\bigr]-F(b) \\ & =\lim_{x\to \infty }\bigl[G(ab/x)-G(a/x)\bigr]-\lim _{x\to \infty }\bigl[G(ab/x)+H(x/a)\bigr] \\ &=-\lim_{x\to \infty }\bigl[G(a/x)+H(x/a)\bigr]=-F(1). \end{aligned}$$

Hence we get \(f(ab)=af(b)+f(a)b-abf(1)\) for all \(a,b\in (0,+\infty )\). By a similar argument, we get the result if \(\lim_{x\to \infty }\psi (ax,1/x)=0\) for all \(a\in (0,+\infty )\). □

Corollary 2.5

Let\(\mathbb{X}\)be a normed space. Suppose that\(f, h:(0,+\infty )\to \mathbb{X}\)are mappings satisfying

$$ \bigl\Vert f(xy)-xf(y)-h(x)y \bigr\Vert \leqslant \psi (x,y), \quad x,y\in (0,+\infty ), $$
(2.20)

where\(\psi :(0,+\infty )\to [0,+\infty )\)is a mapping satisfying and

$$ \lim_{x\to \infty }\frac{\psi (x,b)}{x}=\lim_{y\to \infty } \frac{\psi (a,y)}{y}=0,\quad a,b\in (0,+\infty ). $$

Then

$$ h(ab)=ah(b)+h(a)b,\qquad f(ab)=af(b)+bh(a)=af(b)+bf(a)-abf(1) $$
(2.21)

for all\(a,b\in (0,+\infty )\).

Corollary 2.6

Let\(\mathbb{X}\)be a normed space and\(p,q,r,s\in (-\infty ,1)\). Suppose thatε, δ, θare nonnegative real numbers and\(f, g:(0,+\infty )\to \mathbb{X}\)are mappings satisfying

$$ \bigl\Vert f(xy)-xf(y)-g(x)y \bigr\Vert \leqslant \varepsilon +\delta x^{p}y^{q}+\theta x^{r}y^{s}, \quad x,y\in (0,+\infty ). $$

Thenfandgsatisfy (2.21).

Corollary 2.7

Let\(\mathbb{X}\)be a normed space and\(p,q\in (-\infty ,1)\)with\(pq<0\). Suppose thatεis a nonnegative real number and\(f, g, h:(0,+\infty )\to \mathbb{X}\)are mappings satisfying

$$ \bigl\Vert f(xy)-xg(y)-h(x)y \bigr\Vert \leqslant \varepsilon \bigl(x^{p}+y^{q}\bigr),\quad x,y \in (0,+\infty ). $$

Thenf, g, andhsatisfy (2.17) and (2.18).

Remark 2.8

By similar reasoning as in the proof of Theorem 2.4, it can be shown that Theorem 2.4 is also valid if the domains of functions f, g, ψ are \((-\infty , 0)\) or \(\mathbb{R}\setminus \{0\}\).

The following theorem is an improved version of the main result in [6].

Theorem 2.9

Let\(\mathbb{X}\)be a normed space. Suppose thatεis a nonnegative real number and\(f, g, h:(0,+\infty )\to \mathbb{X}\)are mappings satisfying

$$ \bigl\Vert f(xy)-xg(y)-h(x)y \bigr\Vert \leqslant \varepsilon ,\quad x,y\in (0,+\infty ). $$
(2.22)

Then

\((i)\):

f, gsatisfy (2.17).

\((\mathit{ii})\):

there exists a function\(\varphi : (0,+\infty )\to \mathbb{X}\)satisfying (1.1) and

$$ \bigl\Vert f(x)-\varphi (x)-xf(1) \bigr\Vert \leqslant 4x \varepsilon ,\quad x\in [1,+ \infty ). $$
(2.23)

Moreover, φis unique on the domain\([1,+\infty )\).

Proof

\((i)\) follows from Theorem 2.4. It suffices to prove \((\mathit{ii})\). Letting \(x=1\), \(y=1\), and \(x=y=1\) in (2.22), respectively, we obtain

$$ \bigl\Vert f(y)-g(y)-h(1)y \bigr\Vert \leqslant \varepsilon , \qquad \bigl\Vert f(x)-xg(1)-h(x) \bigr\Vert \leqslant \varepsilon ,\qquad \bigl\Vert f(1)-g(1)-h(1) \bigr\Vert \leqslant \varepsilon $$

for all \(x,y\in (0,+\infty )\). Therefore

$$ \begin{aligned}[b] & \bigl\Vert f(xy)-xf(y)-f(x)y+xyf(1) \bigr\Vert \\ &\quad \leqslant \bigl\Vert f(xy)-xg(y)-h(x)y \bigr\Vert \\ &\qquad {}+ \bigl\Vert xg(y)-xf(y)+xyh(1) \bigr\Vert \\ &\qquad {}+ \bigl\Vert h(x)y-f(x)y+xyg(1) \bigr\Vert \\ &\qquad{} + \bigl\Vert xyf(1)-xyg(1)-xyh(1) \bigr\Vert \\ &\quad \leqslant \varepsilon (1+x+y+xy),\quad x,y\in (0,+\infty ). \end{aligned} $$
(2.24)

Define the functions \(F:(0,+\infty )\to \mathbb{X}\) and \(T:\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{X}\) by

$$ F(x)=\frac{f(x)}{x},\quad x\in (0,+\infty ),\qquad T(t)=F \bigl(e^{t}\bigr), \quad t\in \mathbb{R}. $$

Then by (2.24) we have

$$ \bigl\Vert F(xy)-F(y)-F(x)+f(1) \bigr\Vert \leqslant \varepsilon (1+1/x+1/y+1/xy),\quad x,y \in (0,+\infty ). $$
(2.25)

Replacing x and y by \(e^{t}\) and \(e^{s}\) in (2.25), respectively, we get

$$ \bigl\Vert T(s+t)-T(s)-T(t)+T(0) \bigr\Vert \leqslant \varepsilon \bigl(1+e^{-s}+e^{-t}+e^{-s-t}\bigr), \quad t,s\in \mathbb{R}. $$

Hence

$$ \bigl\Vert T(s+t)-T(s)-T(t)+T(0) \bigr\Vert \leqslant 4\varepsilon ,\quad t,s\in [0,+ \infty ). $$

Then by [5, Lemma 2.27] there exists a unique additive function \(A: \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{X}\) such that

$$ \bigl\Vert T(x)-A(x)-T(0) \bigr\Vert \leqslant 4\varepsilon , \quad x\in [0,+\infty ). $$

Therefore

$$ \bigl\Vert f(x)-xA(\ln x)-xf(1) \bigr\Vert \leqslant 4x \varepsilon ,\quad x\in [1,+ \infty ). $$

We put \(\varphi (x):=xA(\ln x)\), \(x\in (0,+\infty )\). Then we get \(\varphi (xy)=x\varphi (y)+\varphi (x)y\) and (2.23). To prove the uniqueness of φ, let ψ be another function satisfying (2.23) and \(\psi (xy)=x\psi (y)+\psi (x)y\) for all \(x\in [1,+\infty )\). It is easy to see that \(\varphi (x^{n})=nx^{n-1}\varphi (x)\) and \(\psi (x^{n})=nx^{n-1}\psi (x)\) for all \(n\in \mathbb{N}\) and \(x\in [1,+\infty )\). Then

$$\begin{aligned} nx^{n-1} \bigl\Vert \varphi (x)-\psi (x) \bigr\Vert & = \bigl\Vert \varphi \bigl(x^{n}\bigr)-\psi \bigl(x^{n}\bigr) \bigr\Vert \\ & \leqslant \bigl\Vert f\bigl(x^{n}\bigr)-\varphi \bigl(x^{n}\bigr)-x^{n}f(1) \bigr\Vert + \bigl\Vert f \bigl(x^{n}\bigr)-\psi \bigl(x^{n}\bigr)-x^{n}f(1) \bigr\Vert \\ & \leqslant 8x^{n}\varepsilon ,\quad x\in [1,+\infty ), n\in \mathbb{N}. \end{aligned}$$

Hence

$$ \bigl\Vert \varphi (x)-\psi (x) \bigr\Vert \leqslant \frac{8x\varepsilon }{n}, \quad x\in [1,+ \infty ), n\in \mathbb{N}. $$

Letting \(n\to \infty \), we conclude that \(\varphi (x)=\psi (x)\) for all \(x\in [1,+\infty )\). □

For convenience, we use the following abbreviation for given mappings \(f, g, h:[c,+\infty )\to E\), where \(c\geqslant 0\):

$$ D_{g,h}f(x,y):=f(xy)-xg(y)-h(x)y,\quad x,y\in [c,+\infty ). $$

Theorem 2.10

Let\(\{(E^{n}, \|\cdot\|_{n}): n\in \mathbb{N}\}\)be a multi-Banach space. Suppose thatεis a nonnegative real number and\(f, g, h:[1,+\infty )\to E\)are mappings satisfying

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(D_{g,h}f(x_{1},y_{1}), \ldots , D_{g,h}f(x_{n},y_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \varepsilon $$
(2.26)

for all\(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}, y_{1}, \ldots , y_{n}\in [1,+\infty )\). Then there exists a function\(\Delta : (0,+\infty )\to E\)satisfying functional equation (1.1) and the following inequalities:

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl(\frac{\Delta (x_{1})}{x_{1}}- \frac{f(x_{1})}{x_{1}}+f(1),\ldots , \frac{\Delta (x_{n})}{x_{n}}- \frac{f(x_{n})}{x_{n}}+f(1) \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n}\leqslant 4\varepsilon $$

for all\(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}\in [1,+\infty )\)and

$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\Vert \bigl(\Delta (x_{1})-f(x_{1})+x_{1}f(1), \ldots , \Delta (x_{n})-f(x_{n})+x_{n}f(1)\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \leqslant 4c\varepsilon \end{aligned}$$

for all\(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}\in [1,c]\).

Proof

It follows from (2.26) that \(\|D_{g,h}f(x,y)\|\leqslant \varepsilon \) for all \(x, y\in [1,+\infty )\). Then g and h satisfy (2.17) by Theorem 2.9. Applying axiom \((A_{2})\) in (2.26), we infer

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl( \frac{D_{g,h}f(x_{1},y_{1})}{x_{1}y_{1}},\ldots , \frac{D_{g,h}f(x_{n},y_{n})}{x_{n}y_{n}} \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n}\leqslant \varepsilon $$
(2.27)

for all \(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}, y_{1}, \ldots , y_{n}\in [1,+\infty )\). Letting \(x_{1}= \cdots = x_{n}=1\), \(y_{1}=\cdots = y_{n}=1\), and \(x_{1}= \cdots = x_{n}=y_{1}=\cdots = y_{n}=1\) in (2.27), respectively, we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} &\sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl(\frac{f(y_{1})}{y_{1}}- \frac{g(y_{1})}{y_{1}}-h(1),\ldots , \frac{f(y_{n})}{y_{n}}- \frac{g(y_{n})}{y_{n}}-h(1) \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n} \leqslant \varepsilon , \\ &\sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl(\frac{f(x_{1})}{x_{1}}- \frac{h(x_{1})}{x_{1}}-g(1),\ldots , \frac{f(x_{n})}{x_{n}}- \frac{h(x_{n})}{x_{n}}-g(1) \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n} \leqslant \varepsilon , \\ & \bigl\Vert f(1)-g(1)-h(1) \bigr\Vert \leqslant \varepsilon ,\quad x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}, y_{1}, \ldots , y_{n}\in [1,+\infty ) \end{aligned}$$

for all \(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}, y_{1}, \ldots , y_{n}\in [1,+\infty )\). Let \(F, G, H:[1,+\infty )\to E\) be mappings defined by

$$ F(x)=\frac{f(x)}{x},\qquad G(x)=\frac{g(x)}{x},\qquad H(x)= \frac{h(x)}{x}. $$

Therefore we conclude from (2.27) and the above inequalities that

$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\Vert \bigl(F(x_{1}y_{1})-F(x_{1})-F(y_{1})+F(1), \ldots , F(x_{1}y_{1})-F(x_{1})-F(y_{1})+F(1) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ & \quad \leqslant \bigl\Vert \bigl(F(x_{1}y_{1})-G(y_{1})-H(x_{1}), \ldots , F(x_{n}y_{n})-G(y_{n})-H(x_{n}) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ &\qquad {}+ \bigl\Vert \bigl(G(y_{1})-F(y_{1})+H(1), \ldots , G(y_{n})-F(y_{n})+H(1) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ &\qquad {} + \bigl\Vert \bigl(H(x_{1})-F(x_{1})+G(1), \ldots , H(x_{n})-F(x_{n})+G(1) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ &\qquad {} + \bigl\Vert \bigl(F(1)-G(1)-H(1),\ldots , F(1)-G(1)-H(1) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \\ &\quad \leqslant 4\varepsilon ,\quad n\in \mathbb{N}, x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}, y_{1}, \ldots , y_{n}\in [1,+\infty ). \end{aligned}$$

Letting \(T(t)=F(e^{t})\) and replacing \(x_{i}\) and \(y_{i}\) by \(e^{t_{i}}\) and \(e^{s_{i}}\) in the above inequality, respectively, we get

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(T(s_{1}+t_{1})-T(s_{1})-T(t_{1})+T(0), \ldots , T(s_{n}+t_{n})-T(s_{n})-T(t_{n})+T(0) \bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \leqslant 4\varepsilon $$

for all \(s_{1}, \ldots , s_{n}, t_{1}, \ldots , t_{n}\in [0,+\infty )\). By Theorem 2.2 there exists an additive function \(A:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow E\) such that

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(A(t_{1})-T(t_{1})+T(0), \ldots , A(t_{n})-T(t_{n})+T(0)\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant 4\varepsilon $$

for all \(t_{1}, \ldots , t_{n}\in [0,+\infty )\). Hence

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \bigl\Vert \bigl(A(\ln x_{1})-F(x_{1})+F(1), \ldots , A(\ln x_{n})-F(x_{n})+F(1)\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n}\leqslant 4\varepsilon $$

for all \(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}\in [1,+\infty )\). Define \(\Delta :(0,+\infty )\to E\) by \(\Delta (x)=x^{-1}A(\ln x)\). Then \(\Delta (xy)=x\Delta (y)+\Delta (x)y\) for all \(x, y\in (0,+\infty )\) and

$$ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \biggl\Vert \biggl(\frac{\Delta (x_{1})}{x_{1}}- \frac{f(x_{1})}{x_{1}}+f(1),\ldots , \frac{\Delta (x_{n})}{x_{n}}- \frac{f(x_{n})}{x_{n}}+f(1) \biggr) \biggr\Vert _{n}\leqslant 4\varepsilon $$

for all \(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}\in [1,+\infty )\). Using axiom \((A_{2})\), we get

$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\Vert \bigl(\Delta (x_{1})-f(x_{1})+x_{1}f(1), \ldots , \Delta (x_{n})-f(x_{n})+x_{n}f(1)\bigr) \bigr\Vert _{n} \leqslant 4c\varepsilon \end{aligned}$$

for all \(x_{1}, \ldots , x_{n}\in [1,c]\). □

References

  1. Aoki, T.: On the stability of the linear transformation in Banach spaces. J. Math. Soc. Jpn. 2, 64–66 (1950)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. Dales, H.G., Polyakov, M.E.: Multi-normed spaces. Diss. Math. 488 (2012) 165 pp.

  3. Găvruta, P.: A generalization of the Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability of approximately additive mappings. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 184, 431–436 (1994)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Hyers, D.H.: On the stability of the linear functional equation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 27, 222–224 (1941)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Jung, S.-M.: Hyers–Ulam–Rassias Stability of Functional Equations in Nonlinear Analysis. Springer, New York (2011)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. Jung, Y.-S., Park, K.-H.: On the stability of a functional equation of Pexider type. Taiwan. J. Math. 11, 1503–1509 (2007)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  7. Maksa, Gy.: Problems 18, in “Report on the 34th ISFE”. Aequ. Math. 53, 194 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Molaei, D., Najati, A.: Hyperstability of the general linear equation on restricted domains. Acta Math. Hung. 149(1), 238–253 (2016)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Moslehian, M.S., Srivastava, H.M.: Jensen’s functional equation in multi-normed spaces. Taiwan. J. Math. 14, 453–462 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Noori, B., Moghimi, M.B., Khosravi, B., Park, C.: Stability of some functional equations on bounded domains. J. Math. Inequal. 14(2), 455–471 (2020)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  11. Páles, Zs.: Remark 27, in “Report on the 34th ISFE”. Aequ. Math. 53, 200–201 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Rassias, J.M.: On approximation of approximately linear mappings by linear mappings. J. Funct. Anal. 46, 126–130 (1982)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  13. Rassias, Th.M.: On the stability of the linear mapping in Banach spaces. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 72, 297–300 (1978)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Skof, F.: Sull’approssimazione delle applicazioni localmente δ-additive. Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino 117, 377–389 (1983)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  15. Tabor, J.: Remarks 20, in “Report on the 34th ISFE”. Aequ. Math. 53, 194–196 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ulam, S.M.: A Collection of the Mathematical Problems. Interscience, New York (1960)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2017R1D1A1B04032937).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

The authors equally conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, drafted the manuscript, participated in the sequence alignment, and read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abbas Najati.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Park, C., Noori, B., Moghimi, M.B. et al. Local stability of mappings on multi-normed spaces. Adv Differ Equ 2020, 395 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-02858-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-02858-9

MSC

Keywords