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Alpha fractional frequency Laplace transform through multiseries
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2020, Article number: 234 (2020)
Abstract
Our main goal in this work is to derive the frequency Laplace transforms of the products of two and three functions with tuning factors. We propose the Laplace transform for certain types of multiseries of circular functions as well. For use in numerical results, we derive a finite summation formula and m-series formulas. Moreover, we discuss various explanatory examples.
1 Introduction
Digital signal processing (DSP) has revolutionized many areas in science and engineering such as space, medicine, commerce, military, technology, and communication. The Laplace transform (LT) and discrete Laplace transform (DLT) effectively change a signal (function) from time domain to frequency domain with the factor \(e^{-st}\). Several applications of LT and DLT were discussed by many authors [6, 8–10]. The applications of the n-dimensional Laplace transform appear in heat equations, wave equations, and modeling in fluid dynamics [13, 14, 21]. In [22, 23], the authors considered some mathematical logistic models of fractional operators. Recently, the authors found the solutions of fractional difference equations [24–26]. Some more findings on fractional order models with the numerical simulation are discussed in [27–33]. For recent development in the theory of fractional difference operators, we refer to [15–20].
The LT and DLT are respectively defined as \(\mathcal{L}[u(t)]=\int _{0}^{\infty }u(t)e^{-st}\,dt\) and \(\mathcal{L}[u(n)]=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }u(n)e^{-sn}, s>0\). From the basic difference identity \(\mathop{\Delta }^{-1}x_{n} |_{0}^{\infty }=\sum_{n=0}^{ \infty }x_{n}\) [4] the DLT can be expressed as \(\mathcal{L}[u(n)]=\mathop{\Delta }^{-1}u(n)e^{-sn}\). In the literature the Laplace transform in discrete calculus comes from the time scale definition of the Laplace transform and has a strong relation with the Z-transform. Here we define a different kind of Laplace transform because it has two different kinds of solutions and is more suitable with the literature. Let \(u(t)\) be an input signal (function), and let h be a shift value. Then we define the alpha fractional frequency Laplace transform (LFT) with tuning factor α and frequency \(s^{1/\nu }\) as
When \(\alpha =1\) and \(h=1\), transform (1) becomes the discrete Laplace transform. When \(\alpha =1\) and \(h\rightarrow 0\), (1) becomes the Laplace transform [5, 6]. To develop LFT, we can study the operators \(\mathop{\Delta }_{h}\) and \(\mathop{\Delta }_{\alpha (h)}\) and their inverses [7, 11].
In 2011, the authors in [1] defined the alpha difference operator as
In this research work, we extend the results on multiseries by using α-difference operators and then analyze LFT for signals of algebraic and geometric type functions.
2 Preliminaries
In [3] the authors introduced \(t_{h}^{(m)} = \prod_{r=0}^{m-1}(t-rh)\) and obtained the following expressions:
where \(s_{r}^{m}\) and \(S_{r}^{m}\) denote the Stirling numbers.
Lemma 2.1
([2])
If\(\lim_{r_{i}\rightarrow \infty } \frac{1}{\alpha _{i}^{r_{i}}}\mathop{\Delta }^{-1}_{\alpha _{i}(h_{i})}u(t+r_{i}h_{i})=0\), then the\(\alpha _{i}\)-difference equation
has a solution in the following infinite series form:
Lemma 2.2
([12])
Let\(p>0\)and\(1+\alpha ^{2}-\cos ph\neq 0\). Then
and
3 Summation operator
Remark 3.1
Hereafter we take \(P=p(n_{1}-2r_{1})+q(n_{2}-2r_{2})\) and \(\overline{P}=p(n_{1}-2r_{1})-q(n_{2}-2r_{2}) \), so that P and P̅ depend on \(n_{1}\), \(n_{2}\), \(r_{1}\), \(r_{2}\), p, and q. We use the notation \(\{ (, o \} \) for odd numbers and \(\{ [, e \} \) for even numbers.
- (i)
\(\mathbb{T}_{oo}= \{ (1,0),(0,1) \} \),
- (ii)
\(\mathbb{T}_{oe}= \{ (1,0),(0,1),(1,1) \} \),
- (iii)
\(\mathbb{T}_{eo}= \{ (1,0),(0,1),(1,-1) \} \),
- (iv)
\(\mathbb{T}_{ee}= \{ (1,0),(0,1),(1,1),(1,-1) \} \),
- (v)
,
- (vi)
.
Here s, p and q are real numbers.
(1) For odd positive integers \(n_{2}\) and \(n_{3}\), we denote
(2) For even positive integers \(n_{2}\) and \(n_{3}\), we denote
The operator used for products of circular functions with exponential functions alone is defined as
The operator used for products of circular functions with t-factorial and also for products of circular, t-factorial, and exponential functions is defined as
In the \(m(\alpha )\)-series formula, we use
4 Multiseries inverse of product of two and three functions
In this section, we derive a finite summation formula and m-series formula. Also, we present the m-series inverse of the product of two and three functions.
Theorem 4.1
(Finite summation formula)
Let\(\alpha \neq 1\)and\(m>1\). Then we have
Note: (8) can be represented as \(\mathop{\Delta }_{\alpha (h)}^{-1}u(t) |_{t-mh}^{t}\).
Proof
From the definitions of \(\mathop{\Delta }_{\alpha (h)}\) and \(\mathop{\Delta }_{\alpha (h)}^{-1}\) we have
Replacing t by \(t-h,t-2h,\ldots,t-mh\) in (10), we get expressions for \(v(t),v(t-h),\ldots, v(t-mh)\). Successively substituting all these expressions into (10), we arrive at
Now (8) follows from the equality \(v(t)=\mathop{\Delta }_{\alpha (h)}^{-1}u(t-mh)\). □
Remark 4.2
We denote \(\mathop{\Delta }_{\alpha (h)}^{-1}u(t)-\alpha ^{m+1}h^{r} \mathop{\Delta }_{\alpha (h)}^{-1}u(t-mh)=\mathop{\Delta }_{\alpha (h)}^{-1}u(t) |_{t-mh}^{t}\).
Lemma 4.3
Let\(t\in [h,\infty )\), \(a^{h}\neq \alpha \), and\(h(t)= (t-mh )\). Then we have
Proof
Using (2) and Remark 4.2, we get (12). □
Theorem 4.4
For the functions\(u(t)\)and\(v(t)\), we have
Proof
From the definition of \(\mathop{\Delta }_{\alpha (h)}\) we have
Now taking \(\mathop{\Delta }_{\alpha (h)}w(t)=v(t)\) and \(w(t)=\mathop{\Delta }_{\alpha (h)}^{-1}v(t)\) in equation (14), we obtain (13). □
Theorem 4.5
(Product of two functions)
For odd positive integers\(n_{2}\)and\(n_{3}\),
Proof
After changing the powers of sin and cos into linear, we obtain
After simplification, we get
Applying \(\mathop{\Delta }_{\alpha (h)}^{-1}\) to both sides of equation (16), we get
Continuing this process up to m-inverse, we get (15). □
Theorem 4.6
(Product of three functions)
For odd positive integers\(n_{2}\)and\(n_{3}\),
Proof
Let \(f_{1}(t)=t_{h}^{(1)} e^{-s^{1/\nu }t}\sin ^{n_{2}}pt \cos ^{n_{3}}qt\)
Applying \(\mathop{\Delta }_{h}^{-1}\) to both sides, we get
Continuing this process, we get
Similarly, we can obtain
Continuing this process up to m-inverse for \(n_{1}\), we get equation (17). □
Corollary 4.7
For odd positive integers\(n_{2}\)and\(n_{3}\), we have
Proof
The proof follows by applying (ii) of (3) in Theorem 4.6. □
Corollary 4.8
For odd positive integers\(n_{2}\)and\(n_{3}\), we have
Theorem 4.9
(m-series formula)
For\(m\in \mathbb{N}(2)\)and\(t\in [mh, \infty )\), we have
Proof
Replacing t by \(t-h\) in (8) and multiplying both sides by α, we get
Replacing t by \(t-2h\) in (8) and multiplying both sides by \(\alpha ^{2}\), we get
Proceeding similarly, replacing t by \(h(t)\) in (8), and multiplying both sides by \(\alpha ^{ [\frac{t}{h} ]}\), we get \(\alpha ^{ [\frac{t}{h} ]}u(h(t))=\alpha ^{ [ \frac{t}{h} ]} \{ \mathop{\Delta }_{\alpha (h)}^{-1}u(h(t)+h)- \alpha ^{ [\frac{h(t)}{h} ]+1}\mathop{\Delta }_{ \alpha (h)}^{-1}u(h(t)) \} \).
Adding all left- and right-hand sides with (8), we get
Similarly, by replacing t by \(t-h, t-2h, \ldots , h(t)\) in (21), multiplying by \(\alpha,\alpha ^{2},\ldots \alpha ^{ [\frac{t}{h} ]}\), respectively, and adding all with (21), we arrive at
Proceeding similarly, we finally obtain (20). □
Theorem 4.10
For odd positive integers\(n_{1}\)and\(n_{2}\), the m-series corresponding to (15) is
where\(h(t_{1})= h(t)+(m-(i+1)h)\), \(h(t_{2})=h(t)+(m-1)h\).
Proof
The proof is obtained by replacing \(u(t)\) by \((t_{h}^{(n_{1})} e^{-s^{1/\nu }t}\sin ^{n_{2}}pt \cos ^{n_{3}}qt)\) in Theorem 4.9 and using (20). □
Example 4.11
Consider (20), where \(m=3\), \(p=5\), \(q=3\), \(\alpha =2\), \(s=2\), \(n_{1}=4\), \(n_{2}=4\), \(n_{3}=4\), \(P= (5(4-2r_{1})+3(4-2r_{2}) )\), and \(\overline{P}= (5(4-2r_{1})-3(4-2r_{2}) )\),
Here
5 Laplace transforms and its applications
Here,] we derive the fractional frequency Laplace transform for the input functions (signals) in multiseries (\(m=1\)) and analyze the results by MATLAB.
Theorem 5.1
For odd positive integers\(n_{2}\)and\(n_{3}\),
- (i)$$\begin{aligned} L_{\alpha (h)}\bigl(\sin ^{n_{2}}pt\cos ^{n_{3}}qt\bigr)&= -h \sum^{ \infty }_{r=0}\bigl(\alpha ^{-(r+1)}e^{-s^{1/\nu }rh}\sin ^{n_{2}}prh\cos ^{n_{3}}qrh \bigr) \\ &=\sum^{s,c,1}_{(n_{2},n_{3})}\sum _{(u,v)\in \mathbb{T}_{oo}} \frac{-h e^{s_{1}s^{1/\nu }h}\alpha ^{s_{1}}\sin (UV)(s_{1}-1)h}{(e^{-s^{1/\nu }h}+\alpha ^{2}e^{s^{1/\nu }h}-2\cos (UV) h)}, \end{aligned}$$
- (ii)$$\begin{aligned} &{}_{t}L_{\alpha (h)}\bigl(\sin ^{n_{2}}pt\cos ^{n_{3}}qt\bigr) \\ &\quad=-h \times \sum^{\infty }_{r=0} \bigl(\alpha ^{-(r+1)}e^{-s^{1/\nu }(t+rh)} \sin ^{n_{2}}p(t+rh) \cos ^{n_{3}}q(t+rh)\bigr) \\ &\quad=h \sum^{s,c,1}_{(n_{2},n_{3})}\sum _{(u,v)\in \mathbb{T}_{oo}} \frac{e^{s_{1}s^{1/\nu }h}}{e^{s^{1/\nu }t}} \frac{\alpha ^{s_{1}}\sin (UV)(t-(1-s_{1})h)}{(e^{-s^{1/\nu }h}+\alpha ^{2}e^{s^{1/\nu }h}-2\cos (UV) h)}. \end{aligned}$$
Proof
Taking the limit from 0 to ∞ in (15) gives the Laplace transform of \(\sin ^{n_{2}}pt\cos ^{n_{3}}qt\). □
Similarly, we can find results for other cases (odd–even, even–odd, even–even).
In the following example, we analyze LTT using MATLAB.
Example 5.2
Taking \(n_{2}=3, n_{3}=3, p=3\), and \(q=7\) in Theorem 5.1, we obtain
which is verified for \(\nu =0.1, \alpha =4, h=0.5\), and \(s=10\) by MATLAB.
The results are analyzed with input and output signals. Figure 1 shows the input signal (function) for the product of sine and cosine functions. Figure 2 shows the output signal for \(\ell =0.3\) and varying α. Figure 3 shows the output signal for \(\ell =0.5\) with varying α. Figure 4 is the output signal for \(\ell =0.8\) with varying α.
Theorem 5.3
For odd positive integers\(n_{2}\)and\(n_{3}\), we have
- (i)$$\begin{aligned} &L_{\alpha (h)}\bigl(t^{n_{1}}\sin ^{n_{2}}pt\cos ^{n_{3}}qt\bigr)\\ &\quad=-h\sum^{\infty }_{r=0} \bigl(\alpha ^{-(r+1)}(rh)^{n_{1}}e^{-s^{1/\nu }rh} \sin ^{n_{2}}prh\cos ^{n_{3}}qrh\bigr) \\ &\quad=\sum_{r_{1}=1}^{n_{1}}\sum ^{s,c,1+r_{1}}_{n_{1}(n_{2},n_{3})} \sum_{(u,v)\in \mathbb{T}_{oo}} \frac{S_{r_{1}}^{n_{1}}h^{n_{1}-r_{1}}1_{(r_{1})}\alpha ^{s_{4}}}{h^{-r_{1}} e^{s^{1/\nu }r_{1}h}}\\ &\qquad{}\times \frac{e^{s_{4}s^{1/\nu }h}\sin (UV)(s_{4}-1)h}{(e^{-s^{1/\nu }h}+ \alpha ^{2}e^{s^{1/\nu }h}-2\alpha \cos (UV)h)^{1+r_{1}}}. \end{aligned}$$
- (ii)$$\begin{aligned} &{} _{t}L_{\alpha (h)}\bigl(t^{n_{1}}\sin ^{n_{2}}pt \cos ^{n_{3}}qt\bigr)\\ &\quad =-h \times \sum^{\infty }_{r=0} \bigl(\alpha ^{-(r+1)}(t+rh)^{n_{1}}e^{-s^{1/ \nu }(t+rh)} \sin ^{n_{2}}p(t+rh)\cos ^{n_{3}}q(t+rh)\bigr) \\ &\quad =\sum_{r_{1}=1}^{n_{1}}\sum ^{s,c,1+s_{1}}_{n_{1}(n_{2},n_{3})} \sum_{(u,v)\in \mathbb{T}_{oo}}\\ &\qquad\times {}\frac{S_{r_{1}}^{n_{1}}t_{h}^{(r_{1}-s_{1})}1_{(s_{1})}\alpha ^{s_{4}}}{h^{r_{1}-n_{1}}h^{-s_{1}} e^{s^{1/\nu }(t+s_{1}h)}} \frac{e^{s_{4}s^{1/\nu }h}\sin (UV)(t-(1-s_{4})h)}{(e^{-s^{1/\nu }h}+\alpha ^{2}e^{s^{1/\nu }h}-2\alpha \cos (UV)h)^{1+s_{1}}}. \end{aligned}$$
Proof
Taking the limit 0 to ∞ in (18) gives the Laplace transform of \(t^{n_{1}}\sin ^{n_{2}}pt\cos ^{n_{3}}qt\). □
Similarly, we can find results for other cases (odd-even, even–odd, even–even).
Example 5.4
Taking \(n_{1}=3, n_{2}=1, n_{3}=1, p=5\), and \(q=7\) in Theorem 5.3, we obtain
which is verified for \(\alpha =5,h=0.8,\nu =0.1\), and \(s=15\) by MATLAB.
The results are analyzed with input and output signals. Figure 5 shows the input signal (function) for the product of polynomial, sine, and cosine functions. Figure 6 shows the output signal for \(\ell =0.2\) with varying α. Figure 7 shows the output signal for \(\ell =0.3\) and varying α. Figure 8 shows the output signal for \(\ell =0.8\) with varying α.
6 Conclusions
We proposed formulas for the frequency Laplace transforms of the products of two and three functions and a multiseries formula for circular functions. Further, LFT is employed on circular functions to get appropriate results numerically and also analyzed the findings for different values of tuning factor α and fractional frequency factor \(s^{1/\nu }\). We also observed with the help of the diagrams generated by MATLAB that LFT gives innumerable outcomes for the given input signal, and this enables us to make a choice for an optimal one. As a very important findingof this research, when \(\alpha =\nu =1\), we get the Laplace transform existing in the literature.
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Acknowledgements
The second author would like to thank Prince Sultan University for funding this work through research group Nonlinear Analysis Methods in Applied Mathematics (NAMAM), group number RG-DES-2017-01-17.
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Murugesan, M., Abdeljawad, T., Gnanaprakasam, B.A.X. et al. Alpha fractional frequency Laplace transform through multiseries. Adv Differ Equ 2020, 234 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-02691-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-02691-0