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Theory and Modern Applications

Figure 9 | Advances in Difference Equations

Figure 9

From: Predator–prey pattern formation driven by population diffusion based on Moore neighborhood structure

Figure 9

Self-organziation and nonlinear properties of a complex pattern induced by flip–Turing instability. (a)–(d) Evolution of the prey pattern at transient times \(t =10\), \(t = 100\), \(t = 1000\), and \(t = 10{,}000\), respectively; (e)–(h) phase portraits and maximum Lyapunov exponent diagrams in the cases of uncoupling and coupling the population diffusion. The parameter values are given as \(a = 1.11\), \(e_{1} = 0.31\), \(e_{2} = 0.21\), \(b = 1.21\), \(\tau = 3.15\), \(\delta = 2\), \(h = 15\), \(n = 100\)

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