Figure 8
From: Predator–prey pattern formation driven by population diffusion based on Moore neighborhood structure
Self-organziation and nonlinear properties of a spiral pattern. (a)–(d) Evolution of the prey pattern at transient times \(t =10\), \(t = 100\), \(t = 200\), and \(t = 500\), respectively; (e)–(h) phase portraits and maximum Lyapunov exponent diagrams in the cases of uncoupling and coupling the population diffusion. The parameter values are given as \(a = 1.1\), \(e_{1} = 0.3\), \(e_{2} = 0.2\), \(b = 0.3739\), \(\tau = 3.59\), \(\delta = 1\), \(h = 8\), \(n= 100\)