Figure 7
From: Predator–prey pattern formation driven by population diffusion based on Moore neighborhood structure
Self-organziation and nonlinear properties of a circle pattern. (a)–(d) Evolution of the prey pattern at transient times \(t =100\), \(t =1000\), \(t = 3000\), and \(t = 5000\), respectively; (e)–(h) phase portraits and maximum Lyapunov exponent diagrams in the cases of uncoupling and coupling the population diffusion. The parameter values are given as \(a = 1.1\), \(e_{1} = 0.3\), \(e_{2} = 0.2\), \(b = 0.2\), \(\tau = 1.89\), \(\delta = 2\), \(h = 10\), \(n = 100\)