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Upon solutions to the transonic plane-parallel gas flows
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2019, Article number: 302 (2019)
Abstract
Some similarity solutions of the time-fractional stationary transonic plane-parallel gas flows (STPPGF) and their generalized space-fractional nonlinear system are obtained by using scalar similarity transformations, including traveling-wave similarity solutions. Two approximated solution formulas of the obtained ordinary fractional differential equations for the generalized space-fractional nonlinear system are generated as well. Finally, a class of approximated solutions of the time-fractional nonlinear system of STPPGF with initial-boundary-value conditions are produced by applying the separated variable method.
1 Introduction
Fractional differential equations (FDEs) have extensive applications in scientific fields, such as porous media, fractals, acoustics, control theory, and signal processing, and so on, while Lie-group analysis method is a powerful tool for studying symmetries of ordinary and partial differential equations. Recently, this method has been extended to investigating fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs) and obtaining efficient calculation formulas of infinitesimal operators, symmetries, and invariant solutions, see the works in Refs. [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. In Ref. [7] Djordjevic and Atanackovic introduced a type of similarity transformations to obtain similarity solutions of a generalized heat conduction equation with time-fractional derivatives and of a generalized Burgers/Korteweg–de Vries equation with space-fractional derivatives. Dorjgotov et al. [8] adopted the Lie symmetry analysis method to study different infinitesimal operators, invariant solutions, and classification of a generalized nonlinear model of STPPGF. In the paper we want to study similarity solutions and other traveling wave solutions as well as separated variable solutions of the following nonlinear model of STPPGF:
and further we study similarity solutions of a generalized nonlinear model of STPPGF with space-fractional derivatives as follows:
In Ref. [9], the authors proposed many possible definitions for fractional derivatives and integrals and provided a fundamental connection with classical fractional calculus by writing these general fractional operators in terms of the original Riemann–Liouville fractional integral operator. In Ref. [10], some solutions of the density-dependent diffusion Nagumo equation were obtained by using a new approach, the Lie symmetry group-preserving scheme. In Ref. [11], a hot topic which finds the symmetries of a given fractional differential equation in the field of fractional differentiation was presented; and in the manuscript, the Lie symmetries of the time fractional gas dynamics (TFGD) equation were analyzed and new exact solutions were obtained. Hashemi and Baleanu [12] derived the Lie point symmetries of the time fractional Fisher (TFF) equation using a systematic investigation. Further, they used the obtained Lie point symmetries, TFF equation has been transformed into a nonlinear fractional ordinary differential equation with the EK fractional derivative. Our method is different from the general Lie-group analysis method, which implies that a deformed transformation of similarity transformation given in [7] is applied to Eqs. (1) and (2) so that various similarity solutions, including traveling wave solutions, are obtained, which enriches and supplements the results in [8]. Specially, by applying Volterra integral equation, system (1) with its initial values transforms to a Volterra integral equation such that a type of separated variable solutions is produced with the help of separated variable method. First of all, we recall a few associated notations. For any \(0<\alpha \leq 1\) and an absolutely continuous function \(f(t)\), the left Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative of order α is defined as
where Γ is the Euler gamma function
For \(p-1<\beta \leq p\), the higher-order fractional derivative of function \(f(t)\) is defined as
2 Similarity solutions of Eq. (1)
Consider a similarity transformation by introducing new independent and dependent variables [7]:
from which we have
By using (6), a generalized heat conduction equation was transformed to a time-fractional ordinary differential equation whose similarity solutions were obtained. Again by rewriting (5) as follows:
a generalized Burgers/Korteweg–de Vries equation was transformed to a space-fractional differential equation from which a type of similarity solutions was obtained. However, in the paper we write (5) as follows:
In terms of the method for seeking infinitesimal operators of ordinary or partial differential equations, we have
Based on the idea as above, assume that
and substitute (10) into Eq. (1), one infers that
For Eq. (1) to be invariant under the transformation (10), it is necessary to require that
that is,
where r is an arbitrary constant. In terms of Eq. (9), transformation (10) leads to a characteristic equation
which gives
where \(U(\xi ),V(\xi )\) are arbitrary invariant functions with respect to the invariant variable ξ. Besides, it is easy to calculate that
Inserting the above results into Eq. (1) yields that
Set the solutions of (15) to be as follows:
where \(U_{1},V_{1},\beta , \sigma \) are constants to be determined later. Substituting (16) into (15) gives that
Therefore, we get
which implies that
Equation (17) reduces to
from which we have
where \(q,r,p\) satisfy (12). Thus, we obtain the similarity solutions to Eq. (1):
where \(U_{1},V_{1}\) are presented in (19).
In what follows, we study the traveling-wave similarity solutions of Eq. (1). Hence, we set
It is easy to see that
Let \(y=\frac{c\tau }{x}-1\), then \(t-\tau =\frac{x}{c}(\xi -y),\frac{ \partial }{\partial t}=\frac{c}{x}\frac{\partial }{\partial \xi }\), Eq. (22) can be written as
Similarly, one gets
where
Again we have
Substituting the above consequences into Eq. (1) gives
from which we get
that is,
The corresponding ordinary time-fractional differential systems are as follows:
Let us take special solutions of (24) in the forms
and insert into (24), we have that
Set \(\beta -\alpha =\gamma -1,\gamma -\alpha =2\beta -1\), one infers that
and
From (23), we see that
Thus, Eq. (26) becomes
from which we have that
Hence, when \(\xi >0\), we obtain the traveling-wave similarity solutions to Eq. (1) as follows:
3 Discussion on solutions to Eq. (2)
In the section we shall discuss similarity solutions to Eq. (2) by using the deformed similarity transformation (8). Applying (8), Eq. (2) is transformed to
In order to keep invariant solutions to Eq. (2), we require that
which gives that
According to the characteristic equation (9), we get that
For \(n-1\leq \beta \leq n\), by using definition (4), it is easy to compute that
where
For \(\phi (x,t)=u(x,t)\), we have
Set \(\eta =t^{-p}\tilde{x}\), then we find that
Inserting the above calculations into (30) yields
Similarly, we get
Substituting the above results into Eq. (2), we have
which requires that
which is equivalent to (28). Thus, a space-fractional ordinary differential system is given by
Next we seek similarity solutions in the form
where \(U_{1},V_{1},\sigma , s\) are constants to be determined. Substituting (33) into (32) gives
Let
then it is easy to get
Thus, Eq. (34) reduces to
which has solution as follows:
Hence, we only obtain the solutions like (33) of the reduced system (32). That is to say, when \(\beta \neq 0\), the space-fractional differential system (32) does not have the similarity solution (33). Therefore, the numerical solutions of (32) could be considered by some numerical methods.
4 Approximated solution formulas for solving ordinary fractional differential equations
Based on the works in [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20], we want to present two approximated formulas for solving Eq. (32) so that the corresponding numerical solutions to Eq. (2) could be generated. The approach also suits for the ordinary fractional differential equations (15) and (24). From the binomial expansion formula
we find that
It follows from (36) that Eq. (32) reduces to the following integer-order ordinary differential equations:
where
Taking \(x_{1}=x_{1}(\xi )=U(\xi ),y_{1}=y_{1}(\xi )=V(\xi )\), then (37) becomes
subject to the initial conditions
By utilizing (38) and (39) we could obtain some numerical solutions of Eq. (2) through following the works in [10,11,12,13,14,15]. Here we only generate the approximated formula of Eq. (32). For an open and boundary set \(G\subset R\), any absolutely continuous function \(\phi (x): G\rightarrow R\), the left Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative of order α (\(0<\alpha \leq 1\)) can be written as
Since
(40) can be written as
where
When \(i\rightarrow \infty ,i\in N,\alpha \in R,|\alpha |\rightarrow \infty \), we have
Choose \(2-\alpha -\alpha _{1}>1\), then the series \(\sum_{i=m+1} ^{\infty }\frac{\varGamma (i+\alpha )}{i!}\) is convergent and tends to zero when \(m\rightarrow \infty \). Since \(\phi (t)\) is absolutely continuous, there exists a positive constant M such that \(|\phi (t)|\leq M, t \in [0,\xi ]\). For \(\xi \in [0,T]\), it holds that
When \(m\rightarrow \infty ,|R_{m+1}(\xi )|\rightarrow 0\). Thus, an approximated formula of system (32) is given by
Taking \(x=x(\xi )=U(\xi ),y=y(\xi )=V(\xi )\), system (42) is rewritten as
where
subject to the initial conditions
Similarly, with the help of (43) and its initial values, we could generate some numerical solutions of system (2) just like those presented in [10,11,12,13,14,15], here we also skip them.
5 Separated variable solutions
Luchko [16] introduced a generalized time-fractional diffusion equation
where
\(D^{\alpha }_{t}\) is the Caputo–Dzherbashyan fractional derivative. An initial-boundary-value problem is introduced by
here S stands for the surface of Ḡ. A classical solution of (44)–(46) \(u=u(x,t)\) is defined in the domain \(\bar{\varOmega }_{T}=: \bar{G}\times [0,T]\) that belongs to the space \(C(\bar{\varOmega }_{T}) \cap W^{\prime }_{t}((0,T])\cap C^{2}_{x}(G)\), where \(W^{\prime }_{t}((0,T])\) represents a space of the functions \(f\in C^{\prime }((0,T])\) so that \(f^{\prime }\in L((0,T)),u_{0},v\) belong to the spaces \(C(\bar{\varOmega }),C(S\times [0,T])\), respectively. Luchko presented two results of classical solutions to (44)–(46) as follows.
Theorem 1
If u is a classical solution of Eqs. (44)–(46), and \(F\in C(\bar{\varOmega }_{T})\) with the norm \(M= \Vert F \Vert _{C_{\bar{\varOmega } _{T}}}\), then the estimate
holds true, where \(M_{0}= \Vert u_{0} \Vert _{C(\bar{G})},M_{1}= \Vert v \Vert _{C(S \times [0,T])}\).
Theorem 2
The initial-boundary-value problem (45), (46) possesses at most one classical solution, which continuously depends on the data given in problem (44)–(46).
Definition
([16])
Assume \(F_{k}\in C(\bar{\varOmega }_{T}),u_{0k}\in C( \bar{G}),v_{k}\in (S\times [0,T]),k=1,2,\ldots \) , satisfy the following items:
- (1)
There exist the functions \(F,u_{0}\), and v such that
\(\Vert F_{k}-F \Vert _{C(\bar{\varOmega }_{T})}\rightarrow 0 \), as \(k\rightarrow \infty \),
\(\Vert u_{0k}-u_{0} \Vert _{C(\bar{G})}\rightarrow 0\), as \(k\rightarrow \infty \),
\(\Vert v_{k}-v \Vert _{C(S\times [0,T])}\rightarrow 0\), as \(k\rightarrow \infty \).
- (2)
For any \(k=1,2,\ldots \) , there exist the classical solutions \(u_{k}\) of the initial-boundary-value problem
\(u_{k}|_{t=0}=u_{0k}(x),x\bar{G}\),
\(u_{k}|_{S}=v_{k}(x,t),(x,t)\in S\times \mathopen{]}0,T]\),
for the generalized time-fractional diffusion equation
$$ \bigl(D^{\alpha }_{t} u_{k}\bigr) (t)=-L(u_{k})+F_{k}(x,t). $$If there exists a function \(u\in C(\bar{\varOmega }_{T})\) such that \(\Vert u_{k}-u \Vert _{C(\bar{G})}\rightarrow 0\), as \(k\rightarrow \infty \), the function u is called a generalized solution of problem (44)–(46).
Based on the definition, Luchko showed us the following result.
Theorem 3
Problem (44)–(46) possesses at most one generalized solution. If it exists, then it continuously depends on the data given in the problem in the sense of Theorem 2.
It is easy to find that the Caputo–Dzhershyan fractional derivative is a special case of the left Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative (3), that is, when \(f(0)=0\), the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative (3) is reduced to the Caputo–Dzherbashyan fractional derivative. For the nonlinear model of STPPGF (1), we assume \(u(x,t),v(x,t)\in G_{T} \subset G\times [0,T]\), here \(G_{T}\) is an open and boundary subset, \(G\subset R\) is an open interval of R. Given an initial-boundary-value condition of system (1):
If there exist positive constants \(M_{1}\) and \(M_{2}\) such that
and \(u(x,t),v(x,t)\) at \(t_{0}\in [0,T]\) attain their maximums, then the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative satisfies
Actually, according to definition (3), we find that
By introducing an auxiliary function [16]
it is easy to see for the fixed x that
where \(c_{1}=c_{1}(x,\epsilon ),c_{2}=c_{2}(x,\epsilon )\) are constants with respect to variable t for the fixed x. (50) and (51) indicate that (48) holds true. According to Theorems 1 and 2, we can prove the following.
Proposition
If \(u,\tilde{u}\) are the classical solutions of (1) and (47), the initial conditions \(u_{0},\tilde{u}_{0}\) and the boundary conditions v and á¹½ satisfy
then the normal estimates hold:
For the generalized solutions to system (2) with (47), the above proposition still holds true.
In what follows, we apply the variable separation method to investigate generalized solutions of system (1) with (47). Set
and substitute into system (1), we have
which can be written as
(54) and (55) can be written as again
or
subject to the initial values
Assume that
then Eq. (58) can be transformed to
where \(y(x)=p^{\prime }(x)\), and we have taken the integral constant to be zero. A solution of (60) is given by
where we also took integral constant zero. For the different \(K_{i}\ (i=1,2,\ldots )\), we assume that \(K_{1}< K_{2}<\cdots \) , then Eq. (61) can be written as
In terms of Ref. [13], we find that Eq. (56) with its initial value conditions (59) can be written as
Thus, we have
In terms of definition of the Riemann–Liouville type of fractional integral of order \(\alpha >0\) of a function \(f:(0,\infty )\rightarrow R\):
where \(0<\alpha \leq 1\), it holds
Hence, Eq. (63) can be expressed by the following Volterra fractional integral equation:
Demirci and Ozalp [18] discussed the initial value problem (IVP) with Caputo type FDE as follows:
and transformed (66) into a Volterra fractional integral equation. Then, based on an existence theorem presented in [18], a resulting extended result was obtained which was given by the following theorem.
Theorem 4
Set \(\Vert \cdot \Vert \) denoting a convenient norm on \(R^{n}\). If \(f\in C[R_{0}],R_{0}=\{(t,x):0\leq t\leq a, \Vert X-X_{0} \Vert \leq b\},f=(f _{1},\ldots ,f_{n})^{T},X=(x_{1},\ldots , x_{n})T\), and \(\Vert f(t,x) \Vert \leq M\) on \(R_{0}\), then there exists at least one solution for the system of FDE given by
on \(0\leq t\leq \beta , 0<\alpha <1,\beta =\operatorname{min}(a,[\frac{b}{M} \varGamma (1+\alpha )]^{\frac{1}{\alpha }})\). The solutions of the initial problem (67) are given by the following theorem.
Theorem 5
Let
and assume that the conditions of Theorem 4 hold. Then a solution of (67) can be given by
where \(X_{*}(v)\) is a solution of the system of integer order differential equations
with the initial conditions
For the Riemann–Liouville type derivative, Theorems 4 and 5 suit the IVP in the form
Therefore, to apply the variable separation method to IVP (71), one sets
and solves the initial value problem
In order to apply Theorem 5 to solve (72), we only consider the following equation:
where \(D^{\alpha }\) stands for the Caputo fractional derivative, \(0<\alpha <1\). Actually, when \(0<\alpha <1\), the Caputo fractional derivative is in essence the Caputo–Dzherbashyan fractional derivative. The Volterra fractional integral equation (65) was generated by (64) and (71)–(73). Since
Set \(y=\frac{\tau }{t},\tau =0\rightarrow y=0;\tau =t\rightarrow y=1\). Hence, (74) can be written as
where \(B(1-2\alpha ,2-2\alpha )\) is the beta function with parameter α. Thus, Eq. (65) can be written as
where \(G(t,g(t))\) is given by (63). Set \((t-\tau )^{2\alpha }=t^{2 \alpha }-v\varGamma (1+2\alpha )\), then \(t=\tau +(t^{2\alpha }-v\varGamma (1+2 \alpha ))^{\frac{1}{2\alpha }}\). When \(\tau =0\rightarrow v=0;\tau =t \rightarrow v=\frac{t^{2\alpha }}{\varGamma (1+2\alpha )}\). Hence, Eq. (76) becomes
Let us consider the integer order differential equation with initial value based on Theorem 5:
where
(77) can be written as
Every solution of IVP (78) is given by
Therefore, when \(v=\frac{t^{2\alpha }}{\varGamma (1+2\alpha )}\), we find that \(g_{*}(\frac{t^{2\alpha }}{\varGamma (1+2\alpha )})=g(t)\).
For a given α, we can get explicit solutions of Eq. (79) by using (80) and (63). For example, let \(\alpha =\frac{1}{4}\), then \(w(v)=G[t-(t^{\frac{1}{2}}-v\varGamma (\frac{3}{2}))^{2},g(t-(t^{ \frac{1}{2}}-v\varGamma (\frac{3}{2}))^{2})]=\frac{x_{0}}{\varGamma ( \frac{3}{2})}[t-(t^{\frac{1}{2}} -v\varGamma (\frac{3}{2}))^{2}]^{- \frac{1}{4}}+\lambda \mu g^{2}(t-(t^{\frac{1}{2}}-v\varGamma ( \frac{3}{2})^{2})=\frac{x_{0}}{\varGamma (\frac{3}{2})}(2v\varGamma ( \frac{3}{2})t^{\frac{1}{2}} -v^{2}\varGamma ^{2}(\frac{3}{2}))^{- \frac{1}{4}}+\lambda \mu g^{2}[2v\varGamma (\frac{3}{2})t^{\frac{1}{2}}-v ^{2}\varGamma ^{2}(\frac{3}{2})]=: \frac{x_{0}}{\varGamma (\frac{3}{2})}[ \varGamma (\frac{1}{2})v t^{\frac{1}{2}}-v^{2}\varGamma ^{2}(\frac{3}{2})]^{- \frac{1}{4}}+\lambda \mu g^{2}(v)\).
Thus, we have
with initial value \(g_{1}(0)=mg_{0}\), where \(P(v)=\frac{x_{0}}{\varGamma (\frac{3}{2})}[\varGamma (\frac{1}{2})t^{\frac{1}{2}}v-\varGamma ^{2}( \frac{3}{2})v^{2}]^{-\frac{1}{4}}\). Equation (81) possesses the general solution as follows:
where c is an arbitrary constant, with the constraint \(\lambda \mu =2(\frac{1}{\int P(v)\,dv})^{\prime }\). It is easy to see that
Therefore, under the constrained conditions
the above solution \(g_{1}(v)\) can be expressed by
Thus, we get that
From (54), we see that
that is,
In order to seek \(r(t)\), we have in terms of (55) that
For the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative, we usually have the initial value problem
which can be transformed to a Volterra integral equation
To calculate conveniently, we set \(r_{0}=0\). Equation (86) reduces to
Specially, when \(\alpha =\frac{1}{4}\), in terms of (86), we find that
where \(A=8\varGamma ^{3}(\frac{3}{2}),B=(\lambda \mu )^{3}\). Obviously, it is difficult to compute integral (89). However, when \(A+Bt^{ \frac{3}{2}}y^{\frac{3}{2}}\gg 3Bt^{\frac{3}{2}}y^{\frac{3}{2}}\), i.e., \(2Bt^{\frac{3}{2}}y^{\frac{3}{2}}\ll A\), we can get an approximated solution of (89) as follows:
Thus, substituting (82)–(84) and (90) into (53), we can obtain the special approximated solutions of system (1) with (47) when \(\alpha =\frac{1}{4}\). Of course, if \(\alpha =\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{4}, \ldots \) , we could generate different special solutions (53), here we omit the further discussions in the paper.
It was remarked that the solutions of (81) are not satisfied because there exists a case where a constrained condition on the solutions appears. In addition, we still have another approach for obtaining solutions of Eq. (81). Actually, if \(y_{1}(v),y_{2}(v)\) are two linear independent solutions to the following equation
then we can prove that a general solution to Eq. (81) is given by
where \(c_{1},c_{2}\) are arbitrary constants. Although there is not a constrained condition on the solutions (92) of Eq. (81), it is not easy to solve Eq. (91). For this problem, we shall discuss it in another paper. For the separated variable solution to system (2) by the separated variable method, similar considerations as above can be investigated, here we omit them again.
6 Conclusions
We have investigated some different solutions of the time-fractional stationary transonic plane-parallel gas flows (STPPGF) and its generalized space-fractional nonlinear system. Ma and Zhou [21, 22] have explored the existence of diverse lump and interaction solutions to linear partial differential equations in both (\(2+1\))-dimension and (\(3+1\))-dimension. The remarkable richness of exact solutions to a class of linear partial differential equations through Maple symbolic computations yielded exact lump, lump-periodic, and lump-soliton solutions. They also analyzed a class of lump solutions, generated from quadratic functions, to nonlinear partial differential equations based on the Hirota bilinear formulations. Can we follow the approaches to study the lump solutions and the rational solutions to the STPPGF and its generalized space-fractional nonlinear system? This will be further discussed in the future.
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This work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University (No. 2017XKZD11).
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YZ investigated the similarity solutions and traveling-wave solutions of the system and its generalized space-fractional nonlinear system. Two approximated solution formulas were also given by him. CY obtained a class of approximated solutions of the time-fractional nonlinear system. XZ checked the results presented in the paper by using the Maple; furthermore, he modified the version suggested by the reviewers. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Zhang, Y., Yue, C. & Zhang, X. Upon solutions to the transonic plane-parallel gas flows. Adv Differ Equ 2019, 302 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-019-2244-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-019-2244-8