- Research
- Open access
- Published:
An efficient method for solving fractional Ricatti equations
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2019, Article number: 288 (2019)
Abstract
In this article, we present a method to approximate the solution of a fractional Ricatti equation based on the ABFD in the Caputo sense. The proposed method depends on the fractional operational matrix of the fractional derivative. We present two examples. The results show the agreement between the exact and the approximate solutions with different choices of γ. Form the numerical results; we see that the proposed method give accurate results.
1 Introduction
Fractional calculus is used to describe several problems in biology, physics, engineering, and applied mathematics. Fractional derivatives are investigated in two major ways: as local and nonlocal derivatives. There are several definitions for the local derivatives. These definitions are considered as a direct generalization of the ordinary derivatives; see [1, 2]. However, these definitions do not consider the history of the functions during computing the derivative. Other definitions are the nonlocal fractional derivatives such as the Caputo and ABFD definitions; see [3, 4]. The fractional Ricatti equation (FRE) is investigated based on different definitions of fractional derivatives. For example, see [5,6,7]. Akgul, et al., discussed several fractional problems using different methods such as the reproducing kernel Hilbert space method [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16], while Alquran, et al., used a fractional power series method [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. In this article, we consider the following class of equations:
where \(u \in H^{1}(0,1)\), μ, ν, ξ are continuous functions on [0,1] We organize our paper as follows. In Sect. 2, we present the preliminaries which we used in this paper. Method of the solution is given in Sect. 3. Some numerical results are presented in Sect. 4 to show the efficiency of the proposed method. Finally, we draw some conclusions and closing remarks.
2 Preliminaries
We present the basic definitions and theorems which we use in this article.
Definition 1
([4])
Let \(u\in H^{1}(0,1)=\{u\in L^{2}(0,1): u ^{\prime }\in L^{2}(0,1)\}\) and \(0<\gamma \leq 1\). The ABFD in the Caputo sense of u of order γ is defined by
For simplicity, we choose \(B(\gamma )=1\). The fractional integral is defined as follows.
Definition 2
([4])
The fractional integral is given by
Theorem 3
Let \(u\in H^{1}(0,1)\) such that exists. Then
Proof
See [2]. □
The fractional Legendre polynomials are \(\{FL_{r}(x):r=0,1,2,\ldots\}\) which are defined by
where \(\{L_{r}(x):r=0,1,2,\ldots\}\) are the Legendre polynomials. Then
where \(w(x)=x^{\gamma -1}\). Also, \(FL_{r}(x)\) is given as
Theorem 4
Let \(g\in C^{1}[0,1]\). Then
where
For the proof of these properties, see [6].
Theorem 5
\(I^{\gamma }\,FL_{r}(x)\) is a linear combination of \(\{FL_{0}(x),FL_{1}(x),\ldots,FL_{r+1}(x)\}\).
Proof
Simple calculations imply that
Thus, \(I^{\gamma }\,FL_{r}(x)\) is a linear combination of \(\{FL_{0}(x),FL _{1}(x),\ldots,FL_{r+1}(x)\}\). □
3 Method of solution
We want to investigate the operational matrix of \(I^{\gamma }\). Define the set of k block pulse functions on \([0,1) \) by
where
Then
and
where \(0\leq r\), \(s\leq k-1\). If \(g\in L_{2}[0,1]\), then
Multiply both sides by \(p_{s}(x)\) then integrate from 0 to 1 to get
which implies that
Thus,
where
Theorem 6
\(I^{\gamma }P=\varOmega P \) where
where
Proof
For any \(0\leq r\leq k-1\)
Thus,
where
and
□
Theorem 7
Let
Then
where FP is a \(k\times k\) matrix with
Proof
For any \(r\in \{0,1,\ldots,k-1\}\), \(FL_{r}(x)\in L_{2}[0,1]\). Thus from Eq. (14), we get
Hence, from Eq. (15), we get
□
Theorem 8
FP is an invertible matrix.
Proof
From Theorem 7,
Hence,
From Eqs. (6) and (12), we have
and
Therefore,
Thus,
Hence, FP is invertible. □
Theorem 9
\(I^{\gamma }\,FL(x)=\varPsi \, FL(x)\) where
Proof
Let
and
Hence,
which implies that
or
Now, let \(u\in C^{1}[0,1]\), then
where
Let
where
Thus,
Using Theorem 3, we get
which implies that
Thus, Eq. (1) implies that
where \(\xi (x)=\varXi \,FP\, P(x)\). If
then
Hence,
where
To solve Eq. (48), we use the collocation points
Then we solve the generated nonlinear system to find U using Mathematica. □
4 Numerical results
We present two examples to show the efficiency of the proposed method.
Example 1
Consider the following problem:
where
The exact solution is
Let \(k=7\). Let \(Q=\{p_{0}(x),p_{0}(x),\ldots,p_{6}(x)\}\) be the set of block pulse functions on \([0,1)\) where
Let
From Eq. (22), we have
From Eqs. (23) and (24), we have
From Eq. (32), we have
It is easy to see that FP is invertible, since \(\det (FP)=1.4895\times 10^{-3}\neq 0\). From Eq. (37), we have
By Eq. (47), we get
Thus,
Hence, we get the exact solution.
Example 2
Consider the following problem:
where
The exact solution is
Let
Then the absolute errors for different choices of γ are given in Table 1.
The graph of the exact and the approximate solutions for \(\gamma =0.3,0.6,0.9 \), and 0.99 are given in Fig. 1.
5 Closing remarks
In this article, we present a method to approximate the solution of FRE based on the ABFD in Caputo sense. The numerical method is based on the fractional operational matrix of the fractional derivative. We present two examples. In the first example, we get the exact solution. In the second one, the absolute error is of order 10−13. Results are given in Table 1. Figure 1 presents the agreement between the exact and the approximate solutions in Example 2 for different choices of γ. From the numerical results, we see that the proposed method gives accurate results. It is advisable to use it for other nonlinear fractional differential equations.
References
Kolwankar, K.M., Gangal, A.D.: Local fractional derivatives and fractal functions of several variables. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Fractals in Engineering, Archanon (1997)
Khalil, R., Horani, M.A., Yousef, A., Sababheh, M.: A new definition of fractional derivative. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 264, 65–70 (2014)
Caputo, M., Fabrizio, M.: A new definition of fractional derivative without singular kernel. Prog. Fract. Differ. Appl. 1(2), 73–85 (2015)
Abdon, A., Dumitru, B.: New fractional derivatives with nonlocal and non-singular kernel: theory and application to heat transfer model. Therm. Sci. 20(2), 763–769 (2016)
Syam, M., Jaradat, H.M.: An accurate method for solving Riccati equation with fractional variable-order. J. Interpolat. Approx. Sci. Comput. 2018(1), Article ID jiasc-00120 (2018)
Kashkari, B., Syam, M.: Fractional-order Legendre operational matrix of fractional integration for solving the Riccati equation with fractional order. Appl. Math. Comput. 290, 281–291 (2016)
Zhang, Y.: A finite difference method for fractional partial differential equation. Appl. Math. Comput. 215, 524–529 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2009.05.018
Akgul, A.: New reproducing kernel functions. Math. Probl. Eng. 2015, Article ID 158134 (2015)
Inc, M., Akgul, A., Kihicman, A.: Numerical solutions of the second-order one-dimensional telegraph equation based on reproducing kernel Hilbert space method. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2013, Article ID 768963 (2013)
Inc, M., Akgul, A., Kihicman, A.: A novel method for solving KdV equation based on reproducing kernel Hilbert space method. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2013, Article ID 578942 (2013)
Akgul, A., Khan, Y., Akgul, E., Baleanu, D., Al Qurashi, M.: Solutions of nonlinear systems by reproducing kernel method. J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl. 10, 4408–4417 (2017)
Boutarfa, B., Akgul, A., Inc, M.: New approach for the Fornberg–Whitham type equations. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 312, 13–26 (2017)
Akgul, A., Hashemi, M., Inc, M., Raheem, S.: Constructing two powerful methods to solve the Thomas–Fermi equation. Nonlinear Dyn. 87(2), 1435–1444 (2017)
Akgul, A., Inc, M., Kilicman, A., Baleanu, D.: A new approach for one-dimensional sine-Gordon equation. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2016, 8 (2016)
Akgul, A., Inc, M., Baleanu, D.: On solutions of variable-order fractional differential equations. Int. J. Optim. Control Theor. Appl. 7(1), 112–116 (2017)
Akgül, A., Kiliçman, A.: Solving delay differential equations by an accurate method with interpolation. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2015, Article ID 676939 (2015)
Alquran, M., Al-Khaled, K., Sivasundaram, S., Jaradat, H.: Mathematical and numerical study of existence of bifurcations of the generalized fractional Burgers–Huxley equation. Nonlinear Stud. 24(1), 235–244 (2017)
Jaradat, I., Alquran, M., Al-Khaled, K.: An analytical study of physical models with inherited temporal and spatial memory. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 133, 162 (2018)
Jaradat, I., Al-Dolat, M., Al-Zoubi, K., Alquran, M.: Theory and applications of a more general form for fractional power series expansion. Chaos Solitons Fractals 108, 107–110 (2018)
Jaradat, I., Alquran, M., Al-Dolat, M.: Analytic solution of homogeneous time-invariant fractional IVP. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2018, 143 (2018)
Jaradat, I., Alquran, M., Abdalmohsen, R.: An analytical framework of 2D diffusion, wave-like, telegraph, and Burgers’ models with twofold Caputo derivatives ordering. Nonlinear Dyn. 93(4), 1911–1922 (2018)
Alquran, M., Jaradat, H., Syam, M.: Analytical solution of the time-fractional Phi-4 equation by using modified residual power series method. Nonlinear Dyn. 90(4), 2525–2529 (2017)
Alquran, M., Jaradat, I.: A novel scheme for solving Caputo time-fractional nonlinear equations: theory and application. Nonlinear Dyn. 91(4), 2389–2395 (2018)
Ali, M., Alquran, M., Jaradat, I.: Asymptotic-sequentially solution style for the generalized Caputo time-fractional Newell–Whitehead–Segel system. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2019, 70 (2019)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University for its funding through Research Unit of Common First Year Deanship.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The two authors contributed equally to the manuscript and typed, read, and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Khashan, M.M., Syam, M.I. An efficient method for solving fractional Ricatti equations. Adv Differ Equ 2019, 288 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-019-2225-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-019-2225-y