Skip to main content

Theory and Modern Applications

An approximate analytical solution of the fractional multi-dimensional Burgers equation by the homotopy perturbation method

Abstract

This article deals with the fractional multi-dimensional Burgers equation in the sense of the Caputo fractional derivative. An approximate analytical solution of the problem is established by the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). Furthermore, the convergence analysis and the error estimation derived by the HPM are shown.

1 Introduction

The fractional calculus, a generality of arbitrary-order differentiation and integration, has been an excellent instrument for the rational explanation of the real world problems of science and engineering (for more details, see [23]). Furthermore, some publications ([1, 10], and [31]) suggest that the fractional calculus is the same as a memory function, which is a powerful tool for describing the long-term state of the process dependent not only on the current conditions but also on all of the historical conditions. These are the reasons why fractional calculus has interested many researchers. Many applications of fractional calculus arise in physics, biology, finance, and fluid mechanics, see [7, 15, 16, 26], and [32].

The Burgers equation is a simplified form of the Navier–Stokes equation. It is well known that the Navier–Stokes equations describe the physics of many phenomena of scientific and engineering interest. They may be used to model the weather prediction [22], fluid flow in a pipe [11], air flow around a wing of aircraft [9], discharge of the granular silo [28] and [33], etc. The Burgers equation has appeared frequently in various areas of applied mathematics fields such as acoustic transmission, shockwave, and gas dynamics (refer to [6, 8], and [18]). A classical Burgers equation is determined by the following form:

$$ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+\varepsilon u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} = \eta \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial x^{2}}, $$
(1)

where ε, η are constants. From [13, 17], and [27], the analytical solution of the Burgers equation can be obtained by using the Backlund transformation method, the tanh-coth method, the Hopf–Cole transformation, and the separation of variables method.

In 2006, Momani [21] modified the one-dimensional Burgers equation by substituting the Caputo fractional derivative for the time and the space derivatives. He showed the analytical solutions for the generalized Burgers equation by Adomian decomposition method.

In 2014, Gomez [14] considered the Jumaries modified Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative Burgers equation. He obtained the solution for the fractional Burgers equation by using the fractional complex transform.

In 2017, Al-Sharif and Saad [25] applied the variational iteration method to solve the time and space-time fractional Burgers equation for various initial conditions.

In this paper, we study the n-dimensional Burgers equation in which the time and space derivatives are replaced by the Caputo fractional derivative. The modified Burgers equation is called fractional multi-dimensional Burgers equation. The HPM has successfully been applied to solve many linear and nonlinear differential equations, see [2,3,4,5, 19, 29], etc. It is well known that the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is an effective method which provides a simple solution without any assumption of linearization [12] and [20], Therefore, we use the HPM technique to obtain the approximate analytical solution for the fractional multi-dimensional Burgers equation.

The remaining part of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 deals with the definitions and the properties of the fractional integration and differentiation. The idea for applying the HPM to the fractional multi-dimensional Burgers equation is described in Sect. 3. The existence of solutions for the fractional Burgers equation and the convergence analysis of the HPM are established in Sects. 4 and 5, respectively. The approximate analytical solution for the fractional multi-dimensional Burgers equation in 1, 2, and 3 dimensions is shown in Sect. 6. The last section is about the conclusion of this article.

2 Fractional calculus

In this section, we give the definitions and some properties of fractional-order integration and differentiation used throughout this paper.

Definition 2.1

([24])

The Riemann–Liouville fractional integral operator of order \(0<\alpha <1\) for a function \(f:[0,\infty )\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is defined by

$$ J_{t}^{\alpha }f(t)=\frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t}(t-s)^{ \alpha -1}f(s)\,ds, $$

where Γ denotes the gamma function.

Consequently, some properties of the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral operator are as follows: for any \(\alpha ,\rho \geq 0\) and \(\beta >-1\),

$$\begin{aligned} (1)&\quad J^{\alpha }J^{\rho }f(t)=J^{\alpha +\rho }f(t),\qquad (2)\quad J^{\alpha }J^{\rho }f(t)=J^{\rho }J^{\alpha }f(t) \\ (3)&\quad J^{\alpha }t^{\beta }=\frac{\varGamma (1+\beta )}{\varGamma (1+\beta +\alpha )}t^{\alpha +\beta }. \end{aligned}$$

Definition 2.2

([24])

The Caputo fractional derivative operator of order \(0<\alpha <1 \) for a function \(f:[0, \infty )\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is given by

$$ D_{t}^{\alpha } f(t)=\frac{1}{\varGamma (1-\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t}(t-s)^{- \alpha }f^{\prime }(s) \,ds. $$

We next give some properties of the Caputo derivative.

Lemma 2.3

Let f be a continuous function on \([0,a]\) with \(a>0\), and let \(0<\alpha \leq 1\) and \(\beta >\alpha -1\), then

$$\begin{aligned} (1)&\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }c=0\quad \textit{for a constant }c;\qquad (2)\quad J_{t}^{\alpha }D_{t}^{\alpha }{f(t)}=f(t)-f(0); \\ (3)&\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }J_{t}^{\alpha }f(t)=f(t); \qquad (4)\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }{t^{\beta }}= \frac{\varGamma (1+\beta )}{\varGamma (1+ \beta -\alpha )}t^{\beta -\alpha }. \end{aligned}$$

3 The idea of the HPM

Let \(\varOmega \subseteq \mathbb{R}^{n}\) be an opened and bounded domain, and let T be a positive constant with \(0< T \leq \infty \). To illustrate the idea of HPM technique, let us consider the fractional Burgers equation: for any \((\vec{x},t)\in \varOmega \times (0,T]\),

$$ D_{t}^{\alpha }u(\vec{x},t)+\varepsilon u(\vec{x},t) \sum_{i=1}^{n}D _{x_{i}}^{\beta }u( \vec{x},t)=\eta \sum_{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{2\beta }u( \vec{x},t), $$
(2)

with the initial condition

$$ u(\vec{x},0)=g(\vec{x}), \quad \vec{x}\in \overline{\varOmega }, $$
(3)

where \(\vec{x}=(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n})\in \varOmega \), ε and η are constants, \(g(\vec{x})\) is a given function, \(D_{t}^{\alpha }\) denotes the Caputo fractional derivative with respect to t of the order \(\alpha \in (0,1]\), and \(D_{x_{i}}^{\beta }\) denotes the Caputo fractional derivative with respect to \(x_{i}\) for all \(i=1,2,3,\ldots \) of the order \(\beta \in (\frac{1}{2},1]\).

Applying the HPM technique, we first construct the homotopy function v by

$$ v(\vec{x},t;p):\varOmega \times [0,T]\times [0,1]\rightarrow \mathbb{R}, $$

and v satisfies the following:

$$\begin{aligned} H\bigl(v(\vec{x},t;p),p\bigr) =&(1-p) \bigl[D_{t}^{\alpha }{v( \vec{x},t;p)}-D_{t} ^{\alpha }\tilde{u}_{0}({\vec{x},t}) \bigr]+p \Biggl[D_{t}^{\alpha }{v( \vec{x},t;p)} \\ &{}+\varepsilon {v(\vec{x},t;p)}\sum_{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{\beta }{v( \vec{x},t;p)}-\eta \sum_{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{2\beta }{v( \vec{x},t;p)} \Biggr] \\ =&0, \end{aligned}$$
(4)

where \(0\leq p\leq 1\) is an embedding parameter, \(\tilde{u}_{0}( \vec{x},t)\) is an approximate initial function of Equation (4) which can be freely chosen. Equation (4) becomes

$$\begin{aligned} D_{t}^{\alpha }{v(\vec{x},t;p)} =&D_{t}^{\alpha } \tilde{u}_{0}({\vec{x},t})-p \Biggl[D_{t}^{\alpha } \tilde{u}_{0}(\vec{x},t)+\varepsilon {v(\vec{x},t;p)} \sum _{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{\beta }{v( \vec{x},t;p)} \\ &{}-\eta \sum_{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{2\beta }{v( \vec{x},t;p)} \Biggr]. \end{aligned}$$
(5)

From Equation (5), we see that

$$\begin{aligned}& p=0\mbox{:}\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }v(\vec{x},t;p)-D_{t}^{\alpha } \tilde{u} _{0}(\vec{x},t)=0, \\& p=1\mbox{:}\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }v(\vec{x},t;p)+\varepsilon {v( \vec{x},t;p)} \sum_{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{\beta }{v( \vec{x},t;p)}-\eta \sum_{i=1}^{n}D _{x_{i}}^{2\beta }{v(\vec{x},t;p)} =0. \end{aligned}$$

From the HPM technique, the solution \(v(\vec{x},t;p)\) is expressed as an infinite series

$$ v(\vec{x},t;p)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty }p^{k}{v_{k}( \vec{x},t)}. $$
(6)

Substituting Equation (6) into Equation (5) and comparing the coefficients with the corresponding power of p, the iterative procedure is obtained in the following form:

$$\begin{aligned}& {p^{0}} \mbox{:}\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }v_{0}( \vec{x},t)=D_{t}^{\alpha } \tilde{u_{0}}(\vec{x},t), \\& \begin{aligned} {p^{1}} \mbox{:}\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }v_{1}( \vec{x},t)&=-D_{t}^{\alpha } \tilde{u_{0}}(\vec{x},t)- \varepsilon {v_{0}(\vec{x},t)}\sum_{i=1}^{n}D _{x_{i}}^{\beta }{v_{0}(\vec{x},t)} \\ &\quad {}+\eta \sum _{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{2 \beta }{v_{0}( \vec{x},t)}, \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} {p^{2}} \mbox{:}\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }v_{2}( \vec{x},t)&=-\varepsilon \Biggl[{v_{0}( \vec{x},t)}\sum _{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{\beta }{v_{1}( \vec{x},t)}+{v_{1}( \vec{x},t)}\sum_{i=1}^{n}D^{\beta }_{x_{i}}{v_{0}( \vec{x},t)} \Biggr] \\ &\quad {}+\eta \sum_{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{2\beta }{v_{1}( \vec{x},t)}, \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} {p^{3}} \mbox{:}\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }v_{3}( \vec{x},t)&=-\varepsilon \Biggl[{v_{0}( \vec{x},t)}\sum _{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{\beta }{v_{2}( \vec{x},t)}+{v_{1}( \vec{x},t)}\sum_{i=1}^{n}D^{\beta }_{x_{i}}{v_{1}( \vec{x},t)} \\ &\quad {}+{v_{2}( \vec{x},t)}\sum_{i=1}^{n}D^{\beta }_{x_{i}}{v_{0}( \vec{x},t)} \Biggr]+\eta \sum_{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{2\beta }{v_{2}( \vec{x},t)}, \end{aligned} \\& \vdots \end{aligned}$$

or we have that

$$ \begin{aligned} &{p^{0}} \mbox{:}\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }v_{0}(\vec{x},t)=D_{t}^{\alpha } \tilde{u_{0}}(\vec{x},t), \\ &{p^{1}} \mbox{:}\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }v_{1}( \vec{x},t)=-D_{t}^{\alpha } \tilde{u_{0}}(\vec{x},t)- \varepsilon {v_{0}(\vec{x},t)}\sum_{i=1}^{n}D _{x_{i}}^{\beta }{v_{0}(\vec{x},t)}+\eta \sum _{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{2 \beta }{v_{0}( \vec{x},t)}, \\ &{p^{k}} \mbox{:}\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }v_{k}( \vec{x},t)= \Biggl[\eta \sum_{i=1}^{n} {D_{x_{i}}^{2\beta }{v_{k-1}}(\vec{x},t)}-\varepsilon \sum _{i=1}^{n} \sum _{j=0}^{k}{v_{j}}(\vec{x},t)D_{x_{i}}^{\beta }v_{k-j}( \vec{x},t) \Biggr] \quad \text{for } k \geq 2. \end{aligned} $$
(7)

Taking the Riemann–Liouville integral operator \(J_{t}^{\alpha }\) on both sides of Equation (7) and using Lemma 2.3, we then get

$$ \begin{aligned} &v_{0}(\vec{x},t) = J_{t}^{\alpha }D_{t}^{\alpha }\tilde{u}_{0}( \vec{x},t)+g(\vec{x}), \\ &v_{1}(\vec{x},t) = -J_{t}^{\alpha }D_{t}^{\alpha } \tilde{u}_{0}( \vec{x},t)+J_{t}^{\alpha } \Biggl[- \varepsilon {v_{0}(\vec{x},t)}\sum_{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{\beta }{v_{0}( \vec{x},t)}+\eta \sum_{i=1}^{n}D _{x_{i}}^{2\beta }{v_{0}(\vec{x},t)} \Biggr], \\ &v_{k}(\vec{x},t) = J_{t}^{\alpha } \Biggl[\eta \sum _{i=1}^{n}{D_{x_{i}} ^{2\beta }{v_{k-1}}(\vec{x},t)}-\varepsilon \sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum_{j=0} ^{k}{v_{j}}(\vec{x},t)D_{x_{i}}^{\beta }v_{k-j}( \vec{x},t) \Biggr]\quad \text{for } k\geq 2. \end{aligned} $$
(8)

By the assumption that the solution \(v(\vec{x},t;p)\) is in the form of the power series:

$$ v(\vec{x},t)=v_{0}(\vec{x},t)+pv_{1}( \vec{x},t)+p^{2}v_{2}(\vec{x},t)+p ^{3}v_{3}( \vec{x},t)+\cdots , $$
(9)

when p converges to 1, the solution v converges to the solution u of problem (2) with initial condition (3), that is,

$$ u(\vec{x},t)=v_{0}(\vec{x},t)+v_{1}( \vec{x},t)+v_{2}(\vec{x},t)+v_{3}( \vec{x},t)+\cdots $$
(10)

which is the analytical solution of problem (2) with initial condition (3).

4 Existence and uniqueness

In this section, we apply the Banach fixed point theorem to ensure that the fractional multi-dimensional Burgers equation (2) with initial condition (3) has a unique solution. We firstly introduce a Banach space \(C(\overline{\varOmega } \times [0,T])\) with

$$ C\bigl(\overline{\varOmega }\times [0,T]\bigr)=\bigl\{ u \text{ such that } u \text{ is continuous on } \overline{\varOmega }\times [0,T]\bigr\} $$

with its norm

$$ \Vert u \Vert =\max_{(\vec{x},t)\in \overline{\varOmega }\times [0,T]} \bigl\vert u(\vec{x},t) \bigr\vert . $$

Lemma 4.1

If \(u(\vec{x},t)\) and its partial derivatives are continuous on \(\overline{\varOmega }\times [0,T]\), then \(D_{t}^{ \alpha }u(\vec{x},t)\), \(D_{x_{i}}^{\beta }u(\vec{x},t)\), and \(D_{x_{i}}^{2\beta }u(\vec{x},t)\) are bounded for all \(i=1,2,3,\ldots\) .

Proof

Let \(M_{1}=\max_{0\leq \tau \leq t\leq T}\vert t- \tau \vert ^{-\alpha }\). We will show that \(D_{t}^{\alpha }\) is bounded.

Consider

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert D_{t}^{\alpha }u(\vec{x},t) \bigr\vert =& \biggl\vert \frac{1}{\varGamma (1-\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t}(t-\tau )^{-\alpha }u_{\tau }( \vec{x},\tau )\,d\tau \biggr\vert \\ =& \biggl\vert \frac{M_{1}}{\varGamma (1-\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t}u_{\tau }( \vec{x},\tau )\,d\tau \biggr\vert \\ \leq &\frac{M_{1}}{\varGamma (1-\alpha )} \Vert u \Vert + \max_{\vec{x}\in \overline{\varOmega }} \bigl\vert u(\vec{x},0) \bigr\vert . \end{aligned}$$

There is a positive constant \(L_{1}\) such that \(\max_{\vec{x}\in \overline{\varOmega }}\vert u(\vec{x},0)\vert \leq L _{1}\Vert u\Vert \), we obtain

$$ \bigl\vert D_{t}^{\alpha }u(\vec{x},t) \bigr\vert \leq \frac{M_{1}}{\varGamma (1- \alpha )} \Vert u \Vert +L_{1} \Vert u \Vert =L_{2} \Vert u \Vert , $$

where \(L_{2}\) is a constant and \(L_{2}=\frac{M_{2}}{\varGamma (1-\alpha )}+L_{1}\). Similarly, we can show that \(\Vert D_{x_{i}}^{\beta }u( \vec{x},t)\Vert \leq L_{3}\Vert u\Vert \) and \(\Vert D_{x_{i}}^{2 \beta }u(\vec{x},t)\Vert \leq L_{4}\Vert u\Vert \), where \(L_{3}\) and \(L_{4}\) are some positive constants for all \(i=1,2,3,\ldots \) . □

The following theorem deals with the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the fractional multi-dimensional Burgers equation (2) with initial condition (3).

Theorem 4.2

Let \(f(u(\vec{x},t))= -u(\vec{x},t)\sum_{i=1} ^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{\beta }u(\vec{x},t)\) satisfy the Lipschitz condition with the Lipschitz constant \(L_{5}\), and let \(M_{2}= \max_{0\leq \tau \leq t\leq T}\vert t-\tau \vert ^{\alpha -1}\). If \(\frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )}(\eta L_{4}+\varepsilon L_{5})M_{2}T<1\), then problem (2) with initial condition (3) has a unique solution u on \(\overline{\varOmega }\times [0,T]\).

Proof

We define an operator \(F:C(\overline{\varOmega }\times [0,T]) \rightarrow C(\overline{\varOmega }\times [0,T])\) by

$$ Fu(\vec{x},t)=g(\vec{x})+\frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t}(t- \tau )^{\alpha -1} \Biggl(\eta \sum_{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{2\beta }u( \vec{x},\tau )+\varepsilon f\bigl(u(\vec{x},t)\bigr) \Biggr)\,d\tau . $$

We will show that F is the contraction mapping. Let us consider that, for any \(u,v\in C(\overline{\varOmega }\times [0,T])\),

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert Fu(\vec{x},t)-Fv(\vec{x},t) \bigr\vert =& \Biggl\vert \frac{1}{ \varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t}(t-\tau )^{\alpha -1} \Biggl(\eta \sum_{i=1} ^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{2\beta }u( \vec{x},\tau )+\varepsilon f\bigl(u(\vec{x}, \tau )\bigr) \Biggr)\,d\tau \\ &{}-\frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )} \int _{0}^{t}(t-\tau )^{\alpha -1} \Biggl( \eta \sum_{i=1}^{n}D_{x_{i}}^{2\beta }v( \vec{x},\tau )+\varepsilon f\bigl(v( \vec{x},\tau )\bigr) \Biggr)\,d\tau \Biggr\vert \\ \leq& \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )}(\eta L_{4}+\varepsilon L_{5}) \int _{0}^{t}(t- \tau )^{\alpha -1} \bigl\vert u(\vec{x},\tau )-v(\vec{x},\tau ) \bigr\vert \,d\tau \\ \leq& \frac{1}{\varGamma (\alpha )}(\eta L_{4}+\varepsilon L_{5})M_{2}T \Vert u-v \Vert . \end{aligned}$$

From the assumption of the theorem, this applies that F is the contraction mapping. By the Banach fixed point theorem, we can conclude that the fractional multi-dimensional Burgers equation (2) with initial condition (3) has a unique continuous solution u for any \((\vec{x},t)\in \overline{\varOmega }\times [0,T]\). □

5 Convergence analysis and error estimation

The convergence of HPM to solution for the fractional Burgers equation and error estimation of HPM are given by the following two theorems.

Theorem 5.1

Let \(v_{n}(\vec{x},t)\) be the function in a Banach space \(C(\overline{\varOmega }\times [0,T])\) defined by Equation (10) for any \(n\in \mathbb{N}\). The infinite series \(\sum_{k=0} ^{\infty }v_{k}(\vec{x},t)\) converges to the solution u of Equation (2) if there exists a constant \(0<\zeta <1\) such that \(v_{n}(\vec{x},t)\leq \zeta v_{n-1}(\vec{x},t)\) for all \(n\in \mathbb{N}\).

Proof

We define that \(\{S_{n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty }\) is the sequence of the partial sums of the series \(\sum_{k=0}^{\infty }v_{k}( \vec{x},t)\) as

$$\begin{aligned}& S_{0} = v_{0}(\vec{x},t), \\& S_{1} = v_{0}(\vec{x},t)+v_{1}(\vec{x},t), \\& S_{2} = v_{0}(\vec{x},t)+v_{1}( \vec{x},t)+v_{2}(\vec{x},t), \\& \vdots \\& S_{n} = v_{0}(\vec{x},t)+v_{1}( \vec{x},t)+v_{2}(\vec{x},t)+\cdots +v _{n}(\vec{x},t). \end{aligned}$$

We will show that \(\{S_{n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty }\) is a Cauchy sequence in the Banach space \(C(\overline{\varOmega }\times [0,T])\). For all \(n,m\in \mathbb{N}\) with \(n\geq m\), we have

$$\begin{aligned} \vert S_{n}-S_{m} \vert \leq & \vert S_{n}-S_{n-1} \vert + \vert S_{n-1}-S _{n-2} \vert +\cdots + \vert S_{m+1}-S_{m} \vert \\ \leq & \zeta ^{n} \Vert v_{0} \Vert + \zeta ^{n-1} \Vert v_{0} \Vert + \zeta ^{n-2} \Vert v_{0} \Vert +\cdots + \zeta ^{m+1} \Vert v_{0} \Vert \\ =&\zeta ^{m+1} \biggl(\frac{1-\zeta ^{n-m}}{1-\zeta } \biggr) \Vert v_{0} \Vert . \end{aligned}$$
(11)

It follows from \(0<\zeta <1\) that we have that \(1-\zeta ^{n-m}<1\). Hence,

$$ \vert S_{n}-S_{m} \vert \leq \frac{\zeta ^{m+1}}{1-\zeta } \Vert u_{0} \Vert . $$
(12)

Since \(u_{0}(\vec{x},t)\) is bounded,

$$ \lim_{m\rightarrow \infty } \Vert S_{n} -S_{m} \Vert =0. $$
(13)

Thus, \(\{S_{n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty }\) is a Cauchy sequence in the Banach space \(C(\overline{\varOmega }\times [0,T])\); consequently, the solution \(\sum_{k=0}^{\infty }v_{k}(\vec{x},t)\) converges to u. □

Next, we give the theorem to truncate an inaccurate solution as follows.

Theorem 5.2

The maximum absolute error of the series solution, defined in Equation (10), is estimated as

$$ \Biggl\vert u(\vec{x},t)-\sum_{k=0}^{m}v_{k}( \vec{x},t) \Biggr\vert \leq \frac{\zeta ^{m+1}}{1-\zeta } \Vert v_{0} \Vert . $$

Proof

For \(n,m\in \mathbb{N}\) with \(n\geq m\), from Equation (11), we have

$$ \vert S_{n}-S_{m} \vert =\zeta ^{m+1} \biggl( \frac{1-\zeta ^{n-m}}{1- \zeta } \biggr) \Vert v_{0} \Vert . $$

By Theorem 5.1, we obtain that \(S_{n}\) converges to \(u(\vec{x},t)\) as \(n\rightarrow \infty \). So, the above equation becomes

$$ \bigl\vert u(\vec{x},t)-S_{m} \bigr\vert \leq \frac{\zeta ^{m+1}}{1-\zeta } \Vert v_{0} \Vert . $$

Since \(0<\zeta <1\), we obtain \(1-\zeta ^{n-m}<1\). Hence, the above inequality becomes

$$ \Biggl\vert u(\vec{x},t)-\sum_{k=0}^{m}v_{k}( \vec{x},t) \Biggr\vert \leq \frac{\zeta ^{m+1}}{1-\zeta } \Vert v_{0} \Vert . $$

The proof is completed. □

6 Application of HPM to the fractional multi-dimensional Burgers equations

Here, the approximate analytical solution of fractional one-, two-, and three-dimensional Burgers equation is established by the HPM technique. Throughout this section, we choose the function \(\tilde{u_{0}}(\vec{x},t)=0\).

Example 1

Consider the fractional one-dimensional Burgers equation: for any \((x,t)\in (0,1)\times (0,T]\),

$$ D_{t}^{\alpha }u(x,t)=-\varepsilon u(x,t){D_{x}^{\beta }}u(x,t)+ \eta {D_{x}^{2\beta }}u(x,t), $$
(14)

with an initial condition \(u(x,0)=x\) for any \(x \in [0,1]\).

From the HPM technique, the homotopy function v satisfies the following equation:

$$ D_{t}^{\alpha }v(x,t;p)=p\bigl[\eta {D_{x}^{2\beta }}v(x,t;p)-\varepsilon v(x,t;p){D_{x}^{\beta }}v(x,t;p) \bigr]. $$
(15)

Substituting Equation (9) and the initial condition into Equation (15) and equating the coefficients with the corresponding power of p, the iterative procedure is given by

$$\begin{aligned}& {p^{0}} \mbox{:}\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }v_{0}(x,t)=0, \\& {p^{1}} \mbox{:}\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }v_{1}(x,t)= \eta D_{ x}^{2\beta }{v_{0}({ x},t)}- \varepsilon {v_{0}({ x},t)}D_{ x}^{\beta }{v_{0}({ x},t)}, \\& {p^{2}} \mbox{:}\quad D_{t}^{\alpha }v_{2}(x,t)= \eta D_{ x}^{2\beta }{v_{1}({ x},t)}- \varepsilon {v_{0}({ x},t)}D_{ x}^{\beta }{v_{1}({ x},t)}-\varepsilon {v_{1}({ x},t)}D_{ x}^{\beta }{v_{0}({ x},t)}, \\& \vdots \end{aligned}$$

and so on. It follows from the above equations and Equation (8) that we obtain

$$\begin{aligned}& v_{0}(x,t) = x, \\& \begin{aligned} v_{1}(x,t) &= J_{t}^{\alpha }\bigl[\eta D_{ x}^{2\beta }{v_{0}({ x},t)}- \varepsilon {v_{0}({ x},t)}D_{ x}^{\beta }{v_{0}({ x},t)}\bigr] \\ &= - \biggl\{ \frac{x^{1-\beta }\varepsilon t^{\alpha }}{\varGamma (2- \beta )\varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggr\} x, \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} v_{2}(x,t) &= J_{t}^{\alpha }\bigl[\eta D_{ x}^{2\beta }{v_{1}({ x},t)}- \varepsilon {v_{0}({ x},t)}D_{ x}^{\beta }{v_{1}({ x},t)}-\varepsilon {v_{1}({ x},t)}D_{ x}^{\beta }{v_{0}({ x},t)}\bigr] \\ &= \biggl\{ \frac{\varGamma (3-\beta )x^{2-2\beta }\varepsilon ^{2}t^{2 \alpha }}{\varGamma (3-2\beta )\varGamma (2\alpha +1)}+\frac{x^{2-2\beta } \varepsilon ^{2}t^{2\alpha }}{(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2}\varGamma (2\alpha +1)} \biggr\} x, \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} v_{3}(x,t) &= - \biggl\{ \frac{\varGamma (4-2\beta )\varGamma (3-\beta )x^{3- \beta }\varepsilon ^{3}t^{3\alpha }}{\varGamma (4-3\beta )\varGamma (3-2 \beta )\varGamma (3\alpha +1)}+ \frac{\varGamma (4-2\beta )x^{(}3-3\beta ) \varepsilon ^{3}t^{3\alpha }}{\varGamma (4-3\beta )(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2} \varGamma (3\alpha +1)} \\ &\quad {} +\frac{\varGamma (3-\beta )x^{3-3\beta }\varepsilon ^{3}t^{3\alpha }}{ \varGamma (2-\beta )\varGamma (3-2\beta )\varGamma (3\alpha +1)}+\frac{x^{3-3 \alpha }\varepsilon ^{3}t^{3\alpha }}{(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{3}\varGamma (3 \alpha +1)} \\ &\quad {} -\frac{\varGamma (3-\beta )\varGamma (2\alpha +1)x^{3-3\beta }\varepsilon ^{3}t^{3\alpha }}{(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2}\varGamma (3-2\beta )(\varGamma ( \alpha +1))^{2}\varGamma (3\alpha +1)} \biggr\} x, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

and so on. The remaining terms of the solution can be obtained in the same way. Thus, by the HPM technique, the approximate analytical solution u of problem (14) and the initial condition \(u(x,0)=x\) is

$$\begin{aligned} u(x,t) =&x- \biggl\{ \frac{x^{1-\beta }\varepsilon t^{\alpha }}{\varGamma (2-\beta )\varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggr\} x \\ &{}+ \biggl\{ \frac{\varGamma (3-\beta )x^{2-2\beta }\varepsilon ^{2}t^{2 \alpha }}{\varGamma (3-2\beta )\varGamma (2\alpha +1)}+\frac{x^{2-2\beta } \varepsilon ^{2}t^{2\alpha }}{(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2}\varGamma (2\alpha +1)} \biggr\} x \\ &{}- \biggl\{ \frac{\varGamma (4-2\beta )\varGamma (3-\beta )x^{3-\beta } \varepsilon ^{3}t^{3\alpha }}{\varGamma (4-3\beta )\varGamma (3-2\beta ) \varGamma (3\alpha +1)} +\frac{\varGamma (4-2\beta )x^{(}3-3\beta ) \varepsilon ^{3}t^{3\alpha }}{\varGamma (4-3\beta )(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2} \varGamma (3\alpha +1)} \\ &{}+\frac{\varGamma (3-\beta )x^{3-3\beta }\varepsilon ^{3}t^{3\alpha }}{ \varGamma (2-\beta )\varGamma (3-2\beta )\varGamma (3\alpha +1)}+\frac{x^{3-3 \alpha }\varepsilon ^{3}t^{3\alpha }}{(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{3}\varGamma (3 \alpha +1)} \\ &{}-\frac{\varGamma (3-\beta )\varGamma (2\alpha +1)x^{3-3\beta }\varepsilon ^{3}t^{3\alpha }}{(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2}\varGamma (3-2\beta )(\varGamma ( \alpha +1))^{2}\varGamma (3\alpha +1)} \biggr\} x+\cdots . \end{aligned}$$

In the particular case, when we substitute \(\alpha =1\) and \(\beta =1\), the approximate solution of Equation (14) for this case is in the closed form:

$$ u(x,t)=x+(-\varepsilon t)x+(-\varepsilon t)^{2}x+(-\varepsilon t)^{3}x+(- \varepsilon t)^{4}x+\cdots =\frac{x}{1+\varepsilon t} $$

which is the same analytical solution as in [30].

Example 2

Consider the fractional two-dimensional Burgers equation: for any \((x,y,t)\in (0,1)\times (0,1)\times (0,T]\),

$$ D_{t}^{\alpha }u(x,y,t)=-\varepsilon u \bigl({D_{x}^{\beta }}u+{D_{y}^{ \beta }}u\bigr)+ \eta \bigl({D_{x}^{2\beta }}u+{D_{y}^{2\beta }}u \bigr) $$
(16)

with the initial condition \(u(x,y,0)=x+y\) for \((x,y) \in [0,1] \times [0,1]\).

Similar to the previous example, the values of \(v_{k}(x,y,t)\) are obtained solving from the iterative procedure with \(u(x,y,0)=x+y\) as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& v_{0}(x,y,t) = x+y, \\& v_{1}(x,y,t) = - \biggl\{ \frac{(x^{1-\beta }+y^{1-\beta })\varepsilon t^{\alpha }}{\varGamma (2-\beta )\varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggr\} (x+y), \\& \begin{aligned} v_{2}(x,y,t) & = \biggl\{ \frac{\varGamma (3-\beta )(x^{2-2\beta }+y^{2-2 \beta })\varepsilon ^{2}t^{2\alpha }}{\varGamma (3-2\beta )\varGamma (2- \beta )\varGamma (2\alpha +1)}+ \frac{2(xy)^{1-\beta }\varepsilon ^{2}t ^{2\alpha }}{(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2}\varGamma (2\alpha +1)} \\ &\quad {} +\frac{(x^{1-\beta }+y^{1-\beta })^{2}\varepsilon ^{2}t^{2\alpha }}{( \varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2}\varGamma (2\alpha +1)} \biggr\} (x+y), \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

and so on. Thus, the approximate analytical solution u of problem (16) is

$$\begin{aligned} u(x,y,t) =&(x+y)- \biggl\{ \frac{(x^{1-\beta }+y^{1-\beta })\varepsilon t^{\alpha }}{\varGamma (2-\beta )\varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggr\} (x+y) \\ &{}+ \biggl\{ \frac{\varGamma (3-\beta )(x^{2-2\beta }+y^{2-2\beta }) \varepsilon ^{2}t^{2\alpha }}{\varGamma (3-2\beta )\varGamma (2-\beta ) \varGamma (2\alpha +1)}+\frac{2(xy)^{1-\beta }\varepsilon ^{2}t^{2\alpha }}{(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2}\varGamma (2\alpha +1)} \\ &{}+\frac{(x^{1-\beta }+y^{1-\beta })^{2}\varepsilon ^{2}t^{2\alpha }}{( \varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2}\varGamma (2\alpha +1)} \biggr\} (x+y)+\cdots . \end{aligned}$$

In the special case, when \(\alpha =1\) and \(\beta =1\), the approximate analytical solution of Equation (16) with the initial condition \(u(x,y,0)=x+y\) is of the following form:

$$ u(x,y,t)=(x+y)+(-2\varepsilon t) (x+y)+(-2\varepsilon t)^{3}(x+y)+ \cdots =\frac{x+y}{1+2\varepsilon t} $$

which is the same analytical solution as in [30].

Example 3

Consider the fractional three-dimensional Burgers equation: for any \((x,y, z,t)\in (0,1)\times (0,1)\times (0,1)\times (0,T]\),

$$ D_{t}^{\alpha }u(x,y,z,t)=-\varepsilon u \bigl({D_{x}^{\beta }}u+{D_{y}^{ \beta }}u+{D_{z}^{\beta }}u \bigr)+\eta \bigl({D_{x}^{2\beta }}u+{D_{y}^{2\beta }}u+D_{z}^{2\beta }u \bigr) $$
(17)

with the initial condition \(u(x,y,z,0)=x+y+z\) for \((x,y,z) \in [0,1] \times [0,1] \times [0,1]\). Similar to Example 2, the values of \(v_{k}(x,y,z,t)\) are obtained solving from the iterative procedure with \(u(x,y,z,0)=x+y+z\) as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& v_{0}(x,y,z,t) = x+y+z, \\& v_{1}(x,y,z,t) = - \biggl\{ \frac{(x^{1-\beta }+y^{1-\beta }+z^{1- \beta })\varepsilon t^{\alpha }}{\varGamma (2-\beta )\varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggr\} (x+y+z), \\& \begin{aligned} v_{2}(x,y,z,t) &= \biggl\{ \frac{\varGamma (3-\beta )(x^{2-2\beta }+y^{2-2 \beta }+z^{2-2\beta })\varepsilon ^{2}t^{2\alpha }}{\varGamma (3-2\beta ) \varGamma (2-\beta )\varGamma (2\alpha +1)} \\ &\quad {} +\frac{(x^{1-\beta }(y^{1-\beta }+z^{1-\beta })+y^{1-\beta }(x^{1- \beta }+z^{1-\beta })+z^{1-\beta }(x^{1-\beta }+y^{1-\beta })) \varepsilon ^{2}t^{2\alpha }}{(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2}\varGamma (2\alpha +1)} \\ &\quad {} +\frac{(x^{1-\beta }+y^{1-\beta }+z^{1-\beta })^{2}\varepsilon ^{2}t ^{2\alpha }}{(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2}\varGamma (2\alpha +1)} \biggr\} (x+y+z), \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

and so on. Hence, the approximate analytical solution u of problem (17) with the initial condition \(u(x,y,z,0)=x+y+z\) is

$$\begin{aligned} u(x,y,z,t) =&(x+y+z)- \biggl\{ \frac{(x^{1-\beta }+y^{1-\beta }+z^{1- \beta })\varepsilon t^{\alpha }}{\varGamma (2-\beta )\varGamma (\alpha +1)} \biggr\} (x+y+z) \\ &{}+ \biggl\{ \frac{\varGamma (3-\beta )(x^{2-2\beta }+y^{2-2\beta }+z^{2-2 \beta })\varepsilon ^{2}t^{2\alpha }}{\varGamma (3-2\beta )\varGamma (2- \beta )\varGamma (2\alpha +1)} \\ &{}+\frac{(x^{1-\beta }(y^{1-\beta }+z^{1-\beta })+y^{1-\beta }(x^{1- \beta }+z^{1-\beta })+z^{1-\beta }(x^{1-\beta }+y^{1-\beta })) \varepsilon ^{2}t^{2\alpha }}{(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2}\varGamma (2\alpha +1)} \\ &{}+\frac{(x^{1-\beta }+y^{1-\beta }+z^{1-\beta })^{2}\varepsilon ^{2}t ^{2\alpha }}{(\varGamma (2-\beta ))^{2}\varGamma (2\alpha +1)} \biggr\} (x+y+z)+ \cdots . \end{aligned}$$

For the case \(\alpha =1\) and \(\beta =1\), the analytical solution u is given by

$$\begin{aligned} u(x,y,z,t) =&(x+y+z)+(-3\varepsilon t) (x+y+z)+(-3\varepsilon t)^{2}(x+y+z)+ \cdots \\ =&\frac{(x+y+z)}{1+3\varepsilon t} \end{aligned}$$

which is the same as in [30].

7 Conclusion

In this article, we consider the fractional n-dimensional Burgers equation based on the Caputo-type fractional derivative with the initial condition. We show the existence and uniqueness of the fractional n-dimensional Burgers equation by using the Banach fixed point theorem. After that, we show the approximate analytical solution of the fractional Burgers equation in 1, 2, and 3 dimensions by the HPM technique. It is indicated that the HPM process is simple, easy, and effective.

References

  1. Al-rabtah, A., Erturk, V.S., Momani, S.: Solutions of a fractional oscillator by using differential transform method. Comput. Math. Appl. 59(3), 1356–1362 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Biazar, J., Eslami, M.: A new homotopy perturbation method for solving systems of partial differential equations. Comput. Math. Appl. 62(1), 225–234 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Biazar, J., Eslami, M., Aminikhah, H.: Application of homotopy perturbation method for systems of Volterra integral equations of the first kind. Chaos Solitons Fractals 42(5), 3020–3026 (2009)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Biazar, J., Ghazvini, H.: Exact solutions for nonlinear Burgers’ equation by homotopy perturbation method. Numer. Methods Partial Differ. Equ. 25(4), 833–842 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Biazar, J., Ghazvini, H., Eslami, M.: He’s homotopy perturbation method for systems of integro-differential equations. Chaos Solitons Fractals 39(3), 1253–1258 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Burgers, J.M.: The Non-Linear Diffusion Equation: Asymptotic Solutions and Statistical Problems. Spinger, New York (1974)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Cartea, A., del-Castillo-Negrete, D.: Fractional diffusion models of option prices in markets with jumps. Phys. A, Stat. Mech. Appl. 374(2), 749–763 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Cole, J.D.: On a quasi-linear parabolic equation occurring in aerodynamics. Q. Appl. Math. 9(3), 225–236 (1951)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Das, A.: Detailed study of complex flow fields of aerodynamical configurations by using numerical methods. Sadhana 19(3), 361–399 (1994)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Du, M., Wang, Z., Hu, H.: Measuring memory with the order of fractional derivative. Sci. Rep. 3(1), 3431 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Dutta, P., Saha, S.K., Nandi, N.: Numerical study on flow separation in 90 pipe bend under high Reynolds number by \(k-\varepsilon \) modelling. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol. 19(2), 904–910 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  12. El-Sayed, A.M.A., Elsaid, A., Hammad, D.: A reliable treatment of homotopy perturbation method for solving the nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation of arbitrary (fractional) orders. J. Appl. Math. 2012, Article ID 581481 (2012)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Fletcher, C.A.J.: Generating exact solutions of the two-dimensional Burgers’ equations. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 3(3), 213–216 (1983)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Gomez S., C.A.: A note on the exact solution for the fractional Burgers equation. Int. J. Pure Appl. Math. 93(2), 229–232 (2014)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Hilfer, R.: Applications of Fractional Calculus in Physics. World Scientific, Singapore (2000)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Kulish, V.V., Lage, J.L.: Application of fractional calculus to fluid mechanics. J. Fluids Eng. 124(3), 803 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kythe, P.K., Puri, P., Schaferkotter, M.R.: Partial Differential Equations and Mathematica. CRC Press, Boca Raton (1997)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Lombard, B., Matignon, D., Le Gorrec, Y.: A fractional Burgers equation arising in nonlinear acoustics: theory and numerics. IFAC Proc. Vol. 43(23), 406–411 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Matinfar, M., Saeidy, M., Eslami, M.: Solving a system of linear and nonlinear fractional partial differential equations using homotopy perturbation method. Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 14(7–8), 471–478 (2013)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Mohyud-Din, S.T., Noor, M.A.: Homotopy perturbation method for solving partial differential equations. Z. Naturforschung A 64(3–4), 157–170 (2009)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Momani, S.: Non-perturbative analytical solutions of the space- and time-fractional Burgers equations. Chaos Solitons Fractals 28(4), 930–937 (2006)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. Muller, A., Kopera, M.A., Marras, S., Wilcox, L.C., Isaac, T., Giraldo, F.X.: Strong scaling for numerical weather prediction at petascale with the atmospheric model NUMA. Int. J. High Perform. Comput. Appl. 33(2), 411–426 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Oldham, K.B., Spanier, J.: The Fractional Calculus: Theory and Applications of Differentiation and Integration to Arbitrary Order. Academic Press, San Diego (1974)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Podlubny, I.: Fractional Differential Equation. Academic Press, San Diego (1999)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. Saad, K.M., Al-Sharif, E.H.: Analytical study for time and time-space fractional Burgers’ equation. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2017, 300 (2017)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Sarwar, S., Zahid, M.A., Iqbal, S.: Mathematical study of fractional-order biological population model using optimal homotopy asymptotic method. Int. J. Biomath. 9(6), 1650081 (2016)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. Sivastava, V.K., Tamsir, M., Ashutosh: Generating exact solution of three dimensional coupled unsteady nonlinear generalized viscous Burgers’ equations. Int. J. Math. Sci. 5(3), 1–13 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Staron, L., Lagree, P.Y., Popinet, S.: Continuum simulation of the discharge of the granular silo. Eur. Phys. J. E 37(1), 5 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sweilam, N.H., Khader, M.M.: Exact solutions of some coupled nonlinear partial differential equations using the homotopy perturbation method. Comput. Math. Appl. 58(11–12), 2134–2141 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. Taghizadeh, N., Akbari, M., Ghelichzadeh, A.: Exact solution of Burgers equations by homotopy perturbation method and reduced differential transformation method. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 5(5), 580–589 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Tarasov, V.E.: Generalized memory: fractional calculus approach. Fractal Fract. 2(4), 23 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Zakariya, Y., Afolabi, Y., Nuruddeen, R., Sarumi, I.: Analytical solutions to fractional fluid flow and oscillatory process models. Fractal Fract. 2(2), 18 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Zugliano, A., Artoni, R., Santomaso, A., Primavera, A.: Numerical simulation of granular solids’ behaviour: interaction with gas. In: Milan: Proc. of the COMSOL Conference (2009)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, contract no. KMUTMB-61-GOV-03-44, and this research was partially supported by the Centre of Excellence in Mathematics, PERDO, Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Thailand.

Funding

This research was funded by King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, contract no. KMUTMB-61-GOV-03-44, and this research was partially supported by the Centre of Excellence in Mathematics, PERDO, Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Thailand.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

PSr and PSa developed the Burgers equation. WS and PSa proposed the research idea for solving the modified Burgers equation. PSr wrote this paper. All authors contributed to editing and revising the manuscript. All author read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Panumart Sawangtong.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sripacharasakullert, P., Sawangtong, W. & Sawangtong, P. An approximate analytical solution of the fractional multi-dimensional Burgers equation by the homotopy perturbation method. Adv Differ Equ 2019, 252 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-019-2197-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-019-2197-y

Keywords