Figure 7

Time-series analysis for model (17) with parameter values \(\lambda = 10\), \(\mu = 0.1\), \(\beta = 0.5\), \(\gamma = 0.1\), \(h = 30\), and \(m = 1.8m^{\star }\). The solid horizontal lines correspond to the stable equilibria (\(\bar{E}_{3,0}\) for the higher line and \(\bar{E}_{3,2}\) for the lower line), while the dashed-dotted horizontal line corresponds to the unstable equilibrium \(\bar{E}_{3,1}\). The trajectory of solid curve signed with stars “” is produced with initial values \(X = 0.03\) and \(Y=0.94\), while that signed with pluses “” has initial data \(X = 0.0001\) and \(Y=0.999\). The sign-free solid trajectory curve is produced with initial conditions \(X = 0.1\) and \(Y=0.9\)