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Theory and Modern Applications

Table 4 Comparison of exact and numerical solutions for Example 4.2, \(M=20\)

From: Approximate solution of linear Volterra integro-differential equation by using cubic B-spline finite element method in the complex plane

x

exact solution

CBS-FEM

LBS-FEM

error(CBS-FEM)

error(LBS-FEM)

0.1

0.099666 + i0.010000

0.100291 + i0.009703

0.100194 + i0.010499

0.000691

0.000726

0.2

0.197323 + i0.039999

0.197895 + i0.039802

0.197735 + i0.040591

0.000605

0.000721

0.3

0.290919 + i0.089992

0.290960 + i0.089624

0.390736 + i0.090365

0.000369

0.000416

0.4

0.378328 + i0.159954

0.377536 + i0.159159

0.377240 + i0.159896

0.001121

0.001089

0.5

0.457304 + i0.249826

0.455567 + i0.248503

0.455192 + i0.249227

0.002182

0.002195

0.6

0.525453 + i0.359482

0.522883 + i0.357628

0.522414 + i0.358351

0.003167

0.003242

0.7

0.580197 + i0.488693

0.577145 + i0.486461

0.576579 + i0.487178

0.003780

0.003921

0.8

0.618749 + i0.637088

0.615928 + i0.634747

0.615200 + i0.635499

0.003665

0.003888

0.9

0.638093 + i0.804098

0.636498 + i0.802167

0.635610 + i0.802937

0.002503

0.002740