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On the solutions of a max-type system of difference equations with period-two parameters
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2018, Article number: 358 (2018)
Abstract
In this paper, we study the following max-type system of difference equations:
where \(A_{n},B_{n}\in(0, +\infty)\) are periodic sequences with period 2 and the initial values \(x_{-1},y_{-1},x_{-2},y_{-2}\in (0,+\infty)\). We show that every solution of the above system is eventually periodic.
1 Introduction
Our purpose in this paper is to study eventual periodicity of the following max-type system of difference equations:
where \(A_{n},B_{n}\in\mathbf{R}_{+}\equiv(0,+\infty)\) are periodic sequences with period 2 and the initial values \(x_{-2},y_{-2}, x_{-1}, y_{-1}\in \mathbf{R}_{+}\).
In [1], Fotiades and Papaschinopoulos studied the following max-type system of difference equations:
with \(A,B\in\mathbf{R}_{+}\) and showed that every positive solution of (1.2) is eventually periodic.
In [2], we studied the eventually periodic solutions of the following max-type system of difference equations:
where \(A,B\in{\mathbf{R}}_{+}\), \(k\in{\mathbf{N}}\equiv\{1,2,\ldots\}\) and the initial values \(x_{-k},y_{-k},x_{-k+1},y_{-k+1}, \ldots, x_{-1}, y_{-1}\in{\mathbf{R}}_{+}\).
Recently, there has been a great interest in studying max-type systems of difference equations. In 2012, Stević in [3] obtained in an elegant way the general solution to the following max-type system of difference equations:
for the case \(x_{0},y_{0}\geq A>0\) and \(y_{0}/x_{0}\geq\max\{A,1/A\}\). The solvability of various systems of difference equations has reattracted some recent interest, see, e.g., [4–6] and the references therein.
In 2016, we in [7] studied the following max-type system of difference equations:
where \(A,B\in{\mathbf{R}}_{+}\), \(m,r,t\in{\mathbf{N}}\) and the initial values \(x_{-d},y_{-d},x_{-d+1},y_{-d+1}, \ldots, x_{-1}, y_{-1}\in{\mathbf{\mathbf{R}}}_{+}\) with \(d=\max\{m,r,t\}\) and showed that every positive solution of (1.5) is eventually periodic with period 2m.
When \(m=r=t=1\) and \(A=B\), (1.5) reduces to the max-type system of difference equations
In 2015, the authors of [8] obtained the general solution of system (1.6).
Motivated by papers [9, 10], in 2014, Stević et al. in [11] investigated the following max-type system of difference equations:
where \(s,l,m_{j},t_{j},k^{(j)}_{i_{j},h}\in{\mathbf{N}}\) (\(j,h\in \{1,2,\ldots,l\}\)), \((\sigma(1),\ldots,\sigma(l))\) is a permutation of \((1,\ldots,l)\) and \(f_{ji_{j}}:\mathbf{R}_{+}^{l}\times {\mathbf{N}}_{0}\longrightarrow\mathbf{R}_{+}\) (\(j\in \{1,\ldots,l\}\) and \(i_{j}\in\{1,\ldots,m_{j}\}\)). They showed that every positive solution of (1.7) is eventually periodic with period sT for some \(T\in\mathbf{N}\) if \(f_{ji_{j}}\) satisfy some conditions.
For some results of some properties of many max-type difference equations and systems, such as eventual periodicity, the boundedness character, and attractivity, see, e.g., [12–30] and the related references therein.
2 Main results and proofs
In this section, we study the eventual periodicity of positive solutions of system (1.1). Write \(x_{2n}=p_{n},x_{2n+1}=q_{n},y_{2n}=s_{n},y_{2n+1}=t_{n}\) for any \(n\in {\mathbf{N}}_{0}\). Then system (1.1) reduces to the system
where \(A_{0},A_{1},B_{0},B_{1}\in {\mathbf{R}}_{+}\) and the initial values \(s_{-1},t_{-1}, p_{-1},q_{-1}\in{\mathbf{R}}_{+}\).
The following lemma will be used in the proofs of our main results.
Lemma 2.1
Let \(\{x_{n}\}_{n\geq-1}\) be a solution of the following equation:
with \(A,B\in {\mathbf{R}}_{+}\) and the initial value \(x_{-1}\in{\mathbf{R}}_{+}\). Then \(x_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2.
Proof
By (2.2) we see \(x_{n}x_{n-1}\geq B\) and \(x_{n}\geq A\) for \(n\in{\mathbf{N}}_{0}\) and for any \(n\geq2\),
Then, for every \(i\in\{0,1\}\), \(x_{2n+i}\) is eventually nonincreasing.
We claim that, for every \(i\in\{0,1\}\), \(x_{2n+i}\) is an eventually constant sequence. Assume on the contrary that for some \(i\in\{0,1\}\), \(x_{2n+i}\) is not an eventually constant sequence. Then there exists a sequence of positive integers \(k_{1}< k_{2}<\cdots\) such that, for any \(n\in{\mathbf{N}}\), we have
which implies \(x_{2k_{n+1}+i-1}>x_{2k_{n}+i-1}\) for any \(n\in{\mathbf{N}}\). This is a contradiction. Thus \(x_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2. The proof is complete. □
From (2.1) we see that it suffices to consider the eventual periodicity of positive solutions of the following system:
where \(A,B\in{\mathbf{R}}_{+}\) and the initial values \(u_{-1}, v_{-1}\in{\mathbf{R}}_{+}\). Let \(\{(u_{n},v_{n})\}_{n\geq-1}\) be a solution of (2.4). From (2.4) it immediately follows that, for any \(n\in{\mathbf{\mathbf{N}}}_{0}\),
and
and
Lemma 2.2
If there exist \(k,p\in{\mathbf{N}}\) such that \(u_{p+k}=u_{k}\) and \(v_{p+k}=v_{k}\), then \(u_{n+p}=u_{n}\) and \(v_{n+p}=v_{n}\) for any \(n\geq k\).
Proof
It is easy to see that
and
Assume that, for some \(N\in{\mathbf{N}}\), we have \(u_{k+p+N}=u_{k+N}\) and \(v_{k+p+N}=v_{k+N}\). Then
and
By mathematical induction, we see that \(u_{n+p}=u_{n}\) and \(v_{n+p}=v_{n}\) for any \(n\geq k\). The proof is complete. □
Proposition 2.1
If \(A> B\geq1\), then \(u_{n}=A\) eventually and \(v_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2. If \(B\geq A\geq1\), then \(v_{n}=B\) eventually and \(u_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2.
Proof
If \(A> B\geq1\), then by (2.5)–(2.7) we see that, for \(n\geq 2\),
Thus, for \(n\geq2\), we have \(u_{n}=A\) and
By Lemma 2.1 we see that \(v_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2.
If \(B\geq A\geq1\), then by (2.5)–(2.7) we see that, for \(n\geq 2\),
Thus, for \(n\geq2\), we have \(v_{n}=B\) and
By Lemma 2.1 we see that \(u_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2. The proof is complete. □
Proposition 2.2
If \(B\geq1>A\geq1/B\), then \(v_{n}=B\) eventually and \(u_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2. If \(1/A>B\geq1>A\), then \(v_{n}=B\) eventually and \(u_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2 or \(u_{n},v_{n}\) are eventually periodic with period 3.
Proof
Assume that \(B\geq1>A\geq1/B\). By (2.5)–(2.7) we see that, for \(n\geq1\),
since \(A/v_{n-1}\leq1\) and \(1/u_{n-1}\leq B\). By Lemma 2.1 we see that \(u_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2.
Assume that \(1/A>B\geq1>A\). Then by (2.5)–(2.7) we obtain
since \(A/v_{n-1}\leq1\).
If \(v_{n}=1/u_{n-1}\) eventually, then \(v_{n}u_{n-1}=1\) eventually and by (2.4) we have
since \(v_{n}v_{n-1}\geq B^{2}> A\). Thus from (2.9) it follows that
which implies that \(u_{n},v_{n}\) are eventually periodic with period 3.
If \(v_{n}=B\) eventually, then by (2.4) we have
By Lemma 2.1 we see that \(u_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2.
If there exists some \(k\in{\mathbf{ N}}\) such that
then by (2.4), (2.6), (2.8), and (2.10) it follows
By Lemma 2.2 we see that \(v_{n}=B\ (n\geq k+2)\) and \(u_{k+2n}=1/B\ (n\geq1)\) and \(u_{k+2n+1}=B^{2}\ (n\geq1)\), which implies that \(v_{n}=B\) eventually and \(u_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2. The proof is complete. □
Proposition 2.3
If \(A\geq1>B\), then \(u_{n}=A\) eventually and \(v_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2.
Proof
If \(A\geq1>B\geq1/A\), then by (2.5)–(2.7) we see that, for \(n\geq2\),
since \(1/v_{n-2}\leq A \) and \(B < u_{n-1}\). Thus from (2.4) it follows
By Lemma 2.1 we see that \(v_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2.
Now assume that \(1/B>A\geq1>B\). We claim that there exists a sequence of positive integers \(n_{1} < n_{2} < \cdots\) such that \(u_{n_{k}}=A\). Indeed, if \(u_{n}=v_{n-1}/u_{n-1}>A\) eventually, then
which implies \(1 \leq A^{3}< u_{n}u_{n-1}u_{n-2}=1\), a contradiction.
If \(u_{n}=A\) eventually, then by Lemma 2.1 we see that \(v_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2.
If there exists some \(k\in{\mathbf{ N}}\) such that
then \(v_{k}=u_{k+1}u_{k}> A^{2}\) and by (2.4) and (2.11) it follows
By Lemma 2.2 we see that \(u_{n}=A\ (n\geq k+2)\) and \(v_{k+2n-1}=1/A\ (n\geq1)\) and \(v_{k+2n}=A^{2}\ (n\geq1)\), which implies that \(u_{n}=A\) eventually and \(v_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2. The proof is complete. □
Proposition 2.4
If \(A< 1\) and \(B<1\), then \(u_{n}=A\) eventually and \(v_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2 or \(v_{n}=B\) eventually and \(u_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2 or \(u_{n},v_{n}\) are eventually periodic with period 3.
Proof
Note
There are three cases to consider.
Case 1. Assume that \(u_{n}=A\). By Lemma 2.1 we see that \(v_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2.
Case 2. Assume that
Then by (2.7) it follows
If \(v_{n}=B\) eventually, then by Lemma 2.1 we see that \(u_{n}\) is eventually periodic with period 2.
If \(v_{n}=1/u_{n-1}>B\) eventually, then by (2.12) we have
which implies that \(u_{n},v_{n}\) are eventually periodic with period 3.
In the following, we assume that there exists some \(k\in {\mathbf{ N}}\) such that, for every \(n\geq k\),
Thus by (2.13) and (2.14) it follows
If \(v_{k+2}=B\geq u_{k}/B\), then by (2.13)–(2.16) we have
By Lemma 2.2 we see that \(u_{n+3}=u_{n}\) and \(v_{n+3}=v_{n}\ (n\geq k+2)\), which implies that \(u_{n},v_{n}\) are eventually periodic with period 3.
If \(v_{k+2}= u_{k}/B>B\), then by (2.13)–(2.16) we have
By Lemma 2.2 we see that \(u_{n+3}=u_{n}\) and \(v_{n+3}=v_{n}\ (n\geq k+2)\), which also implies that \(u_{n},v_{n}\) are eventually periodic with period 3.
Case 3. Assume that there exists some \(k\in{\mathbf{ N}}\) such that
Then \(v_{k}=u_{k+1}u_{k}>A^{2}\) and by (2.7) and (2.17) we have
and
If \(u_{k+2} =A\geq1/v_{k}\) and \(\sqrt{B}\geq A\geq B^{2}\), then by (2.4), (2.18), and (2.19) it follows
By Lemma 2.2 we see that \(u_{n+3}=u_{n}\) and \(v_{n+3}=v_{n}\ (n\geq k+2)\), which implies that \(u_{n},v_{n}\) are eventually periodic with period 3.
If \(u_{k+2} =A\geq1/v_{k}\) and \(\sqrt{B}>B^{2}> A \), then by (2.4), (2.18), and (2.19) it follows
By Lemma 2.2 we see that \(u_{n+3}=u_{n}\) and \(v_{n+3}=v_{n}\ (n\geq k+4)\), which implies that \(u_{n},v_{n}\) are eventually periodic with period 3.
If \(u_{k+2} =A\geq1/v_{k}\) and \(\sqrt{B}< A \), then by (2.4), (2.18), and (2.19) it follows
By Lemma 2.2 we see that \(u_{n+3}=u_{n}\) and \(v_{n+3}=v_{n}\ (n\geq k+2)\), which implies that \(u_{n},v_{n}\) are eventually periodic with period 3.
If \(u_{k+2} =1/v_{k}>A\geq Bv_{k}\), then by (2.4), (2.18), and (2.19) it follows
By Lemma 2.2 we see that \(u_{n+3}=u_{n}\) and \(v_{n+3}=v_{n}\ (n\geq k+2)\), which implies that \(u_{n},v_{n}\) are eventually periodic with period 3.
If \(u_{k+2} =1/v_{k}>A\) and \(A/B< v_{k}\leq1/B^{2}\), then by (2.4), (2.18), and (2.19) it follows
By Lemma 2.2 we see that \(u_{n+3}=u_{n}\) and \(v_{n+3}=v_{n}\ (n\geq k+2)\), which implies that \(u_{n},v_{n}\) are eventually periodic with period 3.
If \(u_{k+2} =1/v_{k}>A\) and \(v_{k}> 1/B^{2}\), then \(A< B^{2}\) and by (2.4), (2.18), and (2.19) it follows
By Lemma 2.2 we see that \(u_{n+3}=u_{n}\) and \(v_{n+3}=v_{n}\ (n\geq k+4)\), which implies that \(u_{n},v_{n}\) are eventually periodic with period 3. The proof is complete. □
Combining (2.1) with (2.3), from Propositions 2.1–2.4 we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.1
Let \(\{(x_{n},y_{n})\}_{n\geq-2}\) be a positive solution of (1.1). Then \(x_{n}\) and \(y_{n}\) are eventually periodic with periods \(T_{x}\) and \(T_{y}\), respectively, and \(T_{x},T_{y}\in\{2,4,6,12\}\).
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions.
Funding
The research was supported by NNSF of China (11761011) and NSF of Guangxi (2016GXNSFBA380235, 2016GXNSFAA380286) and YMTBAPP of Guangxi Colleges (2017KY0598) and PIT of Guangxi University of Finance and Economics.
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Su, G., Sun, T. & Qin, B. On the solutions of a max-type system of difference equations with period-two parameters. Adv Differ Equ 2018, 358 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-018-1826-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-018-1826-1