Skip to main content

Theory and Modern Applications

Asymptotical stability of a nonlinear non-differentiable dynamic system in microbial continuous cultures

Abstract

In this paper, we consider a nonlinear non-differentiable dynamic system in microbial continuous cultures involving all possible metabolic pathways of the inhibition mechanisms of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde onto the cell growth and the transport systems of glycerol and 1,3-PD across the cell membrane. First, the existence of the equilibrium point of the system proved. And by numerical calculation, the equilibrium point of the system is obtained. Subsequently, we derive the local bounded properties of the Jacobian, tensor and Hessian matrices of the system. Finally, the local asymptotical stability of the system at equilibrium point is proved.

1 Introduction

The bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) by Klebsiella pneumoniae is particularly attractive to industry because of renewable feedbacks and potential uses of 1,3-PD [1]. Especially continuous culture is of interest because of its high productivity, stable product quality and high automation.

In recent years, many efforts have been made to understand and express, in mathematical terms, the above mentioned bioconversion. The original model was proposed by Zeng et al. [2, 3], in which the concentrations of biomass, glycerol and products (1,3-PD, acetate and ethanol) in reactor were considered. In addition, ignoring the influence of acetate and ethanol on the fermentation process, Xiu et al. [4] discussed the multiplicity of a three-dimensional dynamical system. Based on the model, Xiu et al. [5] proposed a five-dimensional one later. On the basis of models, Sun [6] developed and re-constructed an eight-dimensional dynamic system considering intracellular substances: 3-hydroxy propionaldehyde (3-HPA), 1,3-PD and glycerol, which is more reasonable to describe the consumption of substrates and the formation of products.

With the development of fermentation models, there has been a lot of theoretical and numerical research about these models considering the extracellular substances, such as parameter identification works [7–11]. Since the continuous fermentation proceeds under a steady state (that is, a little change of the initial conditions would not cause a great change of the solutions), the existence of an equilibrium solution and the stability analysis are necessary to evaluate a model describing the continuous fermentation. The stability of equilibrium solutions suggests that proper operating conditions could be chosen to obtain the expected productions’ concentrations. However, the stability results are seldom discussed for the complexity of the mathematical models. Li et al. [12] mainly discussed the stability of the three-dimensional system by introducing its linearization. Ye et al. [13] examined the existence of equilibrium points and proposed an efficient method to calculate the equilibrium points of the five-dimensional model in continuous fermentations. Wang et al. [14] discussed the stability of an eight-dimensional system taking the changes of concentrations of intracellular substances into consideration. Chen and Gao [15, 16] studied positive linear systems with the common linear copositive Lyapunov functions and presented four algorithms to compute common infinity-norm Lyapunov functions. Choi et al. [17, 18] characterized the h-stability for nonlinear difference systems. Wang et al. [19] introduced the h-stability for differential systems with different initial time and formulated the stability criteria. However, especially for the eight-dimensional system being in consideration of both the inhibition mechanisms of 3-HPA onto the cell growth and the transport systems of glycerol and 1,3-PD across the cell membrane, the properties of the system and the stability analysis are scarcely discussed.

In this paper, we consider a nonlinear non-differentiable dynamic system in microbial continuous culture, develop Ye’s [13] method to derive the existence of equilibrium points, and present its local asymptotically stability for the eight-dimensional nonlinear dynamical system presented in [8]. Different from the system of [14], the eight-dimensional dynamic system considers all possible metabolic pathways of the inhibition mechanisms of 3-HPA onto the cell growth and the transport systems of glycerol and 1,3-PD across the cell membrane, and it is a non-differentiable system; especially, we construct differentiable domains to derive the local bounded properties of the Jacobian, tensor and Hessian matrices of the system and the local asymptotically stability on these differentiable domains under some conditions. Numerical experiments are carried out using the parameter values of [8] to evaluate the validity of the theoretical work.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the nonlinear non-differentiable dynamic system and present the existence of the equilibrium point of the system. By numerical calculation, the equilibrium point of the system is obtained. The local asymptotically stability of Jacobian and Hessian matrices of the system on differential domains are derived in Section 3. We present the local asymptotical stability under some conditions of the system at equilibrium point. Final conclusions follow in Section 4.

2 Nonlinear non-differentiable dynamical system and existence of the equilibrium point

In consideration of the fact that both the inhibition mechanisms of 3-HPA onto the cell growth and the transport systems of glycerol and 1,3-PD across the cell membrane are still unclear, we consider the nonlinear non-differentiable system of [8]

$$\begin{aligned} \textstyle\begin{cases} \dot{x}(t)=F(x(t),u), \quad t \in[0,T], \\ x(0)=x_{0}. \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$
(1)

Here \(x(t)=(x_{1}(t),x_{2}(t),\ldots,x_{8}(t))^{T} \in\mathbb{R}^{8}\). \(x_{1}(t)\) is biomass concentrations whose unit is \(g\cdot L^{-1}\); \(x_{2}(t),\ldots, x_{8}(t)\) are concentrations of extracellular glycerol, extracellular 1,3-PD, acetate, ethanol, intracellular glycerol, intracellular 3-HPA, and intracellular 1,3-PD at time t, respectively, whose units are \(\mathrm{mmol}\cdot L^{-1}\); \(x_{0}=(x_{01},x_{02},\ldots,x_{08})^{T} \in \mathbb{R}^{8}\); t is time, \(T>0\) is the terminal time, \([0,T]\) denotes the interval of reaction time, and the unit is the hour. \(u=(u_{1},\ldots,u_{21})^{T}\in\mathbb{R}_{+}^{21}\) is the control variable. To simply notation, set \(\mathbb{I}_{n}=\{1,2,\ldots,n\}\), \(n\in\mathbb{Z}^{+}\); and we denote \(x(t)\) as x, if there is no confusion. \(x_{0}\) is the initial state. \(F(x,u) =(f_{1}(x,u),f_{2}(x,u),\ldots,f_{8}(x,u))^{T}\) is the reaction rate, and its components are

$$\begin{aligned} &f_{1}(x,u)=\bigl(\mu(x)-0.27\bigr)x_{1}, \end{aligned}$$
(2)
$$\begin{aligned} &f_{2}(x,u)=0.27(435-x_{2})-q_{2}(x)x_{1}, \end{aligned}$$
(3)
$$\begin{aligned} &f_{3}(x,u)= q_{3}(x)x_{1}-0.27x_{3}, \end{aligned}$$
(4)
$$\begin{aligned} &f_{4}(x,u)=q_{4}(x)x_{1}-0.27x_{4}, \end{aligned}$$
(5)
$$\begin{aligned} &f_{5}(x,u)=q_{5}(x)x_{1}-0.27x_{5}, \end{aligned}$$
(6)
$$\begin{aligned} &f_{6}(x,u)=\frac{1}{u_{7}}\biggl[\frac {u_{8}x_{2}}{x_{2}+u_{9}}+u_{10}(x_{2}-x_{6}) \mathrm{\delta }(x_{2}-x_{6})-\biggl(2.2+ \frac{\mu(x)}{0.0082}+28.58\frac {x_{2}}{x_{2}+11.43}\biggr)\biggr] \\ &\phantom{f_{6}(x,u)=}{}-\mu(x) x_{6}, \end{aligned}$$
(7)
$$\begin{aligned} &f_{7}(x,u)=\frac{u_{11}x_{6}}{ 0.53[1+\frac{x_{7}}{u_{13}}\mathrm{\delta}(x_{7}-u_{14})]+x_{6}}-\frac {u_{15}x_{7}}{0.14+x_{7}+\frac{x_{7}^{2}}{u_{17}}\mathrm{\delta}(x_{7}-u_{18})} -\mu(x) x_{7}, \end{aligned}$$
(8)
$$\begin{aligned} & f_{8}(x,u)=\frac{u_{15}x_{7}}{ 0.14+x_{7}+\frac{x_{7}^{2}}{u_{17}}\mathrm{\delta }(x_{7}-u_{18})}-\frac{u_{19}x_{8}}{x_{8}+u_{20}}-u_{21}(x_{8}-x_{3}) \mathrm {\delta}(x_{8}-x_{3})-\mu(x) x_{8}. \end{aligned}$$
(9)

Here \(\delta(x)\) is indicator function, \(\mu(x)\) is the specific cellular growth rate, due to the influence of 3-HPA, it can be expressed as

$$\begin{aligned} \mu(x):=\frac{0.67x_{2}}{x_{2}+0.28}\biggl(1-\frac {x_{7}}{x_{U7}}\biggr) \prod_{i=2}^{5}\biggl(1-\frac{x_{i}}{x_{Ui}} \biggr). \end{aligned}$$
(10)

Here \(x_{Ui}=\max_{t\in[0,T]}\{x_{i}(t)\}\), \(i\in\mathbb{I}_{8}\). \(q_{2}(x)\) is the specific consumption rate of extracellular glycerol, \(q_{3}(x),q_{4}(x)\) and \(q_{5}(x)\) are the specific formation rates of 1,3-PD, acetate and ethanol, which are defined by

$$\begin{aligned} &q_{2}(x):=\frac {u_{1}x_{2}}{x_{2}+u_{2}}+u_{3}(x_{2}-x_{6}) \mathrm{\delta }(x_{2}-x_{6}), \end{aligned}$$
(11)
$$\begin{aligned} &q_{3}(x):=\frac {u_{4}x_{8}}{x_{8}+u_{5}}+u_{6}(x_{8}-x_{3}) \mathrm{\delta }(x_{8}-x_{3}), \end{aligned}$$
(12)
$$\begin{aligned} &q_{4}(x):=-0.97+33.07\mu(x)+5.74 \frac {x_{2}}{x_{2}+85.71}, \end{aligned}$$
(13)
$$\begin{aligned} &q_{5}(x):=5.26+11.66\mu(x). \end{aligned}$$
(14)

According to the actual fermentation process and Ref. [8], some assumptions are presented.

Assumption 2.1

For the control variable \(u=(u_{1},\ldots,u_{21})^{T}\in\mathbb {R}^{21}\), there exist \(0< u_{Li}< u_{Ui}\), such that \(u_{Li}\leq u\leq u_{Ui}\), \(i\in\mathbb{I}_{21}\). That is,

$$\begin{aligned} &u_{1}\in[30,70], \qquad u_{2}\in[1,5],\qquad u_{3}\in[100,5{,}000],\\ & u_{4}\in [10,100],\qquad u_{5}\in[1,10],\\ &u_{6}\in[20,30],\qquad u_{7}\in[5,10],\qquad u_{8}\in[40,70],\\ & u_{9}\in [0.5,3],\qquad u_{10}\in[100,5{,}000],\\ &u_{11}\in[1,50],\qquad u_{12}\in[100,300],\qquad u_{13}\in [100,300],\\ & u_{14}\in[0.1,5],\qquad u_{15}\in[1,50],\\ &u_{16}\in[0.01,2],\qquad u_{17}\in[0.01,2],\qquad u_{18}\in[0.1,5],\\ & u_{19}\in [0.5,20],\qquad u_{20}\in[1,30],\\ &u_{21}\in[1,100]. \end{aligned}$$

Assumption 2.2

For the lower bound and upper bound of the state variable \(x(t)\) are

$$\begin{aligned} &x_{L}=[0.01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]^{T}, \\ &x_{U}=[15,2{,}039,939.5,1{,}026,360.9,2{,}039,12.6,939.5]^{T}. \end{aligned}$$

So the admissible set of the state vector is

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{W}_{a}\triangleq[x_{L},x_{U}]=\prod _{i=1}^{8}[x_{Li},x_{Ui}]. \end{aligned}$$

Assumption 2.3

Let \(f_{7}(x,u)=0\) and \(f_{8}(x,u)=0\), we can find two expressions of \(x_{7}\) and \(x_{8}\). Take note that \(x_{7}=F_{7}(x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5},x_{6},u)>0\) and \(x_{8}=F_{8}(x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5},x_{7},u)>0\).

Assumption 2.4

For any \(x\in\mathcal{W}_{a}\) and \(u\in\prod_{i=1}^{21}[u_{Li},u_{Ui}]\), define

$$\begin{aligned} &y_{1}(x_{2},u):=\frac{0.27}{q_{2}(x_{2})}(435-x_{2}), \end{aligned}$$
(15)
$$\begin{aligned} &y_{3}(x_{2},u):= \frac{q_{3}(x_{2})}{q_{2}(x_{2})}(435-x_{2}), \end{aligned}$$
(16)
$$\begin{aligned} &y_{4}(x_{2},u):=\frac{q_{4}(x_{2})}{q_{2}(x_{2})}(435-x_{2}), \end{aligned}$$
(17)
$$\begin{aligned} &y_{5}(x_{2},u):=\frac{q_{5}(x_{2})}{q_{2}(x_{2})}(435-x_{2}), \end{aligned}$$
(18)
$$\begin{aligned} &y_{6}(x_{2},u):=\frac{1}{u_{7}\mu(x_{2})+u_{10}\mathrm{\delta }(x_{2}-x_{6})}\biggl[u_{8} \frac{x_{2}}{x_{2}+u_{9}}+u_{10}x_{2}\mathrm{\delta }(x_{2}-x_{6}) \\ &\phantom{y_{6}(x_{2},u):=}{} -\biggl(2.2+\frac{\mu(x_{2})}{0.0082} +28.58\frac{x_{2}}{x_{2}+11.43}\biggr)\biggr], \end{aligned}$$
(19)
$$\begin{aligned} &y_{7}(x_{2},u):=F_{7}\bigl(x_{2},y_{3}(x_{2}),y_{4}(x_{2}),y_{5}(x_{2}),y_{6}(x_{2}),u \bigr), \end{aligned}$$
(20)
$$\begin{aligned} & y_{8}(x_{2},u):=F_{8}\bigl(x_{2},y_{3}(x_{2}),y_{4}(x_{2}),y_{5}(x_{2}),y_{7}(x_{2}),u \bigr). \end{aligned}$$
(21)

Here

$$\begin{aligned} &\mu(x_{2})=\frac{0.67x_{2}}{x_{2}+0.28}\biggl(1-\frac {x_{2}}{x_{U2}}\biggr) \biggl(1-\frac{x_{7}}{x_{U7}}\biggr)\prod_{i=3}^{5} \biggl(1-\frac{q_{i}(x_{2})}{\mu(x_{2})x_{Ui}}(435-x_{2})\biggr), \\ &q_{2}(x_{2})= u_{1}\frac {x_{2}}{x_{2}+u_{2}}+u_{3}(x_{2}-x_{6}) \mathrm{\delta}(x_{2}-x_{6}), \\ &q_{3}(x_{2})=u_{4}\frac{x_{8}}{x_{8}+u_{5}}+u_{6} \biggl(x_{8}-\frac {q_{3}(x_{2})}{\mu(x_{2})}(435-x_{2})\biggr) \mathrm{ \delta}\biggl(x_{8}-\frac{q_{3}(x_{2})}{\mu(x_{2})}(435-x_{2})\biggr), \\ &q_{4}(x_{2})=-0.97+33.07\mu(x_{2})+5.74 \frac{x_{2}}{x_{2}+85.71}, \\ &q_{5}(x_{2})=5.26+11.66\mu(x_{2}). \end{aligned}$$

For \(x_{2}=435\), there exists \(\tilde{u}\in\prod_{i=1}^{21}[u_{Li},u_{Ui}]\), such that \(y_{i}(435,\tilde{u})=0\), \(i\in\mathbb{I}_{8}\backslash\{2\}\).

On the basis of the above four assumptions, define the admissible set of the control vector to be

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{U}_{a}:={}&\Biggl\{ u\in \prod_{i=1}^{21}[u_{Li},u_{Ui}]\Big| \mbox{there exists } x_{2}\in[x_{L2},x_{U2}], \mbox{such that} \\ &{}\frac{0.67x_{2}}{x_{2}+0.28}\biggl(1-\frac{x_{2}}{2{,}039}\biggr) \biggl(1- \frac {y_{3}(x_{2},u)}{939.5}\biggr) \biggl(1-\frac{y_{4}(x_{2},u)}{ 1{,}026}\biggr)\\ &{}\times \biggl(1- \frac{y_{5}(x_{2},u)}{360.9}\biggr) \biggl(1-\frac {y_{7}(x_{2},u)}{12.6}\biggr)-0.27=0, \\ &{} \mbox{and } x_{Lj}\leq y_{j}\leq x_{Uj}, j\in \mathbb{I}_{8}\backslash\{2\}\Biggr\} . \end{aligned}$$

Therefore, we can obtain the properties of \(F(x,u)\) on the basis of Ref. [8].

Property 2.1

Suppose that Assumptions 2.1-2.4 hold and \(F(x,u)\in\mathbb{R}^{8}\) is defined by equations (2)-(14), then \(F(x,u)\) is Lipschitz continuous for any \((x,u)\in\mathcal{W}_{a}\times\mathcal{U}_{a}\), and satisfies the linear growth condition.

Property 2.2

According to Property 2.1, we can see that, for any \(u\in\mathcal {U}_{a}\), there exists one unique solution satisfying system (1) and denote it as \(x(t)=x(t,u)\).

On the basis of the above four assumptions and the two properties, the next theorem is concerned with the existence of equilibrium point of system (1).

Theorem 2.1

Suppose that Assumptions 2.1-2.4 hold and \(F(x,u)\) is defined by equations (2)-(14), then, for any \(u\in\mathcal{U}_{a}\), there exists at least one equilibrium point \(\bar{x}\in\mathcal{W}_{a}\) of system (1).

Proof

For any \(x_{2}\in[x_{L2},x_{U2}]=[0,2{,}039]\) and \(u\in\mathcal {U}_{a}\), define

$$\begin{aligned} H(x_{2},u):={}&\frac{0.67x_{2}}{x_{2}+0.28}\biggl(1-\frac{x_{2}}{2{,}039}\biggr) \biggl(1-\frac {y_{3}(x_{2},u)}{939.5}\biggr) \biggl(1-\frac{y_{4} (x_{2},u)}{1{,}026}\biggr) \\ &{}\times \biggl(1- \frac{y_{5}(x_{2},u)}{360.9}\biggr) \biggl(1-\frac {y_{7}(x_{2},u)}{12.6}\biggr)-0.27. \end{aligned}$$
(22)

Taking \(x_{2}=0\) of equation (22), we have \(H(0,u)=-0.27<0\). According to Assumption 2.2, we have \(435\in[0,2{,}039]\). Thus taking \(x_{2}=435\) of equation (22), from Assumption 2.4, we can see that there exist \(\tilde{u}\in\prod_{i=1}^{21}[u_{Li},u_{Ui}]\), such that \(y_{i}(435,\tilde{u})=0\), \(i\in\mathbb{I}_{8}\backslash\{2\}\). Then we have

$$\begin{aligned} H(435,u)=\frac{0.67\times435}{435+0.28}\biggl(1-\frac {435}{2{,}039}\biggr)-0.27 \doteq0.256723>0. \end{aligned}$$

From Property 2.1, we know \(H(x_{2},u)\) is continuous on \([0,2{,}039]\), so it is continuous on \([0,435]\). According to the intermediate value theorem and the definition of \(\mathcal{U}_{a}\), there exists at least \(u^{*}\in\mathcal{U}_{a}\) and one point \(\bar{x}_{2}\in(0,435)\), such that \(H(\bar{x}_{2},u^{*})=0\). And \(x_{L2}=0<435<x_{U2}\), so \(\bar {x}_{2}\in(x_{L2},x_{U2})\). Substituting \(\bar{x}_{2}\) into equations (15)-(21), we can see that \(y_{1}(\bar{x}_{2},u^{*}):= \bar{x}_{1}\), \(y_{3}(\bar{x}_{2},u^{*}):= \bar{x}_{3}\), \(y_{4}(\bar{x}_{2},u^{*}):= \bar{x}_{4}\), \(y_{5}(\bar{x}_{2},u^{*}):= \bar{x}_{5}\), \(y_{6}(\bar{x}_{2},u^{*}):= \bar{x}_{6}\), \(y_{7}(\bar{x}_{2},u^{*}):= \bar{x}_{7}\), and \(y_{8}(\bar{x}_{2},u^{*}):=\bar{x}_{8}\) are positive. Therefore we obtain an equilibrium point \(\bar{x}:=(\bar {x}_{1},\ldots,\bar{x}_{8})^{T}\in \mathcal{W}_{a}\) of system (1). □

Since it is difficult to find the accurate solution of nonlinear equations, we define a so-called approximate equilibrium solution in \(\mathcal{W}_{a}\), dependent on some steady accuracy ε. Let

$$\begin{aligned} &\mathcal{U}_{\mathrm{app}}:=\bigl\{ u\in\mathcal{U}_{a}| \bigl\Vert F(x,u) \bigr\Vert _{2}\leq \zeta,x\in\mathcal{W}_{a} \bigr\} , \\ &\mathcal{W}_{\mathrm{app}}:=\bigl\{ x\in\mathcal{W}_{a}| \bigl\Vert F(x,u) \bigr\Vert _{2}\leq \eta,u\in\mathcal{U}_{a} \bigr\} . \end{aligned}$$

Here ζ and η are very little positive real numbers. It is easy to see that \(\mathcal{W}_{\mathrm{app}}\neq\Phi\) and there exist \(\bar {x}\in\mathcal{W}_{a}\) and \(u^{*}\in\mathcal{U}_{a}\) such that \(\Vert F(\bar{x},u^{*}) \Vert _{2}\leq\varepsilon\). According to Ref. [8], the initial vector and \(u^{*}\) are chosen

$$\begin{aligned} &x^{(0)}=( 2.592063,3.005114,312.234314,78.247200,80.898071,2.920278,\\ &\phantom{x^{(0)}=} 0.973960,0.480131)^{T}, \\ &u^{*}= \begin{pmatrix} 64.2859,&2.28551,&100.008,&99.991,&1,&26.1141,&9.67773,\\ 40.1389,&72.97655,&336.545,&4.08171,&281.569,&171.374,&4.21562,\\ 3.6506,&1.9986,&0.0143828,&3.81709,&19.9962,&2.65421,&96.5665 \end{pmatrix}. \end{aligned}$$

Taking \(\varepsilon=10^{-10}\), we calculate the approximate equilibrium point of system (1) using Newton’s method. The approximate equilibrium point is

$$\begin{aligned} \bar{x}={}&( 2.601233,2.977254,312.176110,78.534049,81.006248,\\ &{}2.892513, 0.966451, 0.479418)^{T}. \end{aligned}$$

Because of the existence of the indicator function \(\delta(x)\), system (1) is not differentiable at \(\{x\in\mathcal{W}_{a}| x_{2}=x_{6}\}\) or \(\{x\in\mathcal{W}_{a}| x_{3}=x_{8}\}\) or \(\{x\in\mathcal{W}_{a}| x_{7}=u_{14}\}\) or \(\{x\in\mathcal {W}_{a}| x_{7}=x_{18}\}\), which makes it difficult to discuss the Jacobian matrix and Hessian matrix of \(F(x)\) for \(x\in\mathcal{W}_{a}\) and the stability of the approximate equilibrium point x̄ of system (1). Next we will show the local asymptotical stability of the equilibrium point x̄ of system (1) in a specified domain of \(\mathcal{W}_{a}\).

3 Asymptotical stability of nonlinear dynamical system

In this section, we will derive the stability of the nonlinear dynamic system (1). For any \(x\in\mathcal{W}_{a}\) and \(u\in\mathcal{U}_{a}\), simplify \(x(t,u^{*})\) as \(x(t)\) and \(F(x,u^{*})\) as \(F(x)\). That is,

$$\begin{aligned} F(x):= F\bigl(x,u^{*}\bigr)=\bigl(f_{1} \bigl(x,u^{*}\bigr),\ldots,f_{8}\bigl(x,u^{*} \bigr)\bigr)^{T}=\bigl(f_{1}(x),\ldots,f_{8}(x) \bigr)^{T}. \end{aligned}$$

Since \(F(x)\) is not differentiable at some sub-domains of \(\mathcal {W}_{a}\), first we will construct a domain of \(\mathcal{W}_{a}\) to derive the Jacobian matrix and Hessian matrix of \(F(x)\) and their bounded properties. Second, we will get the local asymptotical stability of the equilibrium point of system (1). For any \(x\in\mathcal{W}_{a}\), define

$$\begin{aligned} \bar{\delta}:=\max\bigl\{ \Vert x-\bar{x} \Vert | x\in\mathcal{W}_{a}, \delta_{i}(x)=\delta_{i}(\bar{x}), i\in \mathbb{I}_{4}\bigr\} , \end{aligned}$$
(23)

and a ball

$$\begin{aligned} \mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta}):= \bigl\{ x\in\mathbb{C}\bigl([0,T], \mathcal{W}_{a}\bigr)| \Vert x-\bar{x} \Vert \leq\bar {\delta}\bigr\} \subset\mathbb{C}\bigl([0,T],\mathbb{R}^{8}\bigr), \end{aligned}$$

it is obvious that \(\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta })\subseteq\mathbb{C}([0,T],\mathcal{W}_{a})\). Since \(x(t)\) is sufficiently smooth on \(\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta})\), \(\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta})\) is a non-empty compact set. In the next theorem, we will see that \(F(x,u)\) is twice continuously differentiable on \((x,u)\in\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta })\times\mathcal{U}_{a}\).

Theorem 3.1

Suppose that Assumptions 2.1-2.4 hold and \(F(x,u)\in\mathbb{R}^{8}\) is defined by equations (2)-(14), then \(F(x,u)\) is twice continuously differentiable on \((x,u)\in \mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta})\times\mathcal{U}_{a}\).

Proof

From equations (2)-(14) and the definition of \(\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar {x},\bar{\delta})\), we can see that there is a two-order partial derivative of \(F(x,u)\) on \((x,u)\in\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar {\delta})\times\mathcal{U}_{a}\), and all two-order partial derivatives are continuous on \((x,u)\in\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar {x},\bar{\delta})\times\mathcal{U}_{a}\). Thus the proof is completed. □

Next we will discuss the local asymptotical stability in \(\mathbb{\bar {B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta})\).

3.1 Local bounded properties of \(F'(x)\), \(F''(x)\) and \(f''_{k}(x)\)

Denote \(F'(x)\) be the Jacobian matrix of \(F(x)\), \(f''_{k}(x), k\in \mathbb{I}_{8}\) be the Hessian matrix of \(f_{k}(x), k\in\mathbb {I}_{8}\), \(F''(x)\) be the Hessian matrix of \(F(x)\). From Theorem 3.1, we can see that \(f_{k}(x),\frac{\partial f_{k}}{\partial x_{i}},\frac{\partial^{2} f_{k}}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}}\in\mathbb{C}^{2}(\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar {x},\bar{\delta}))\) for any \(i,j,k\in\mathbb{I}_{8}\), so the Jacobian matrix \(F'(x)\), the tensor \(F''(x)\) and the Hessian matrix \(f''_{k}(x)\) exist. To get the local asymptotical stability of the equilibrium point x̄ of system (1), in this section, we will derive the bounded properties of \(F'(x)\), \(F''(x)\) and \(f''_{k}(x),k\in\mathbb{I}_{8}\). For this purpose, the definitions of tensor and norm are shown first.

Definition 3.1

Let \(n\in\mathbb{Z}^{+}\), \(G(x):\Omega\subseteq\mathbb {R}^{n}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{n}\) is sufficiently differentiable, where \(G(x)=(g_{1}(x),\ldots,g_{n}(x))^{T}\), \(x=(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})^{T}\). Define the Jacobian matrix \(G'(x)\) to be

$$\begin{aligned} G'(x):= \biggl[{\frac{\partial g_{i}(x)}{\partial x_{j}}} \biggr]_{ij}=\left [ \begin{matrix} {\frac{\partial g_{1}}{\partial x_{1}}}&{\cdots}&{\frac{\partial g_{1}}{\partial x_{n}}}\\ {\vdots}&&{\vdots}\\ {\frac{\partial g_{n}}{\partial x_{1}}}&{\cdots}&{\frac{\partial g_{n}}{\partial x_{n}}} \end{matrix} \right ]_{n\times n},\quad \forall i,j\in \mathbb{I}_{n}. \end{aligned}$$

Hessian matrix \(H_{k}G(x)\) is defined to be

$$\begin{aligned} H_{k}G(x)&:= \biggl[ {\frac{\partial^{2} g_{k}(x)}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}}} \biggr]_{ij}\\ &= \left [ \begin{matrix} {\frac{\partial^{2} g_{k}}{\partial x^{2}_{1}}}&{\cdots}&{\frac{\partial ^{2} g_{k}}{\partial x_{1}\,\partial x_{n}}}\\ {\vdots}&&{\vdots}\\ {\frac{\partial^{2} g_{k}}{\partial x_{n}\,\partial x_{1}}}&\cdots&{\frac{\partial^{2} g_{k}}{\partial x^{2}_{n}}} \end{matrix} \right ]_{n\times n},\quad \forall i,j,k \in\mathbb{I}_{n}, \end{aligned}$$

and the tensor \(G''(x)\) to be

$$\begin{aligned} G''(x)&:=\bigl(G'(x) \bigr)'=\left [ \begin{matrix} {H_{1}G(x)}\\ \vdots\\ {H_{n}G(x)} \end{matrix} \right ]\\ &=\left [ \begin{matrix} {[ {\frac{\partial^{2} g_{1}}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}}} ]_{ij}}\\ {\vdots}\\ {[{\frac{\partial^{2} g_{n}}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}}} ]_{ij}} \end{matrix} \right ]_{n^{2}\times n},\quad \forall i,j\in \mathbb{I}_{n}. \end{aligned}$$

Definition 3.2

Let \(n\in\mathbb{Z}^{+}\), vector \(x=(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n})^{T}\in \mathbb{R}^{n}\), matrix \(A=[a_{ij}]_{n\times n}\in\mathbb {R}^{n\times n}\), vector function \(y(t):\Omega \subseteq\mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{n}\), matrix function \(B(t):\Omega\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{n\times n}\), their norms are defined by

$$\begin{aligned} & \Vert x \Vert := \sum_{i=1}^{n} \vert x_{i} \vert , \\ & \Vert A \Vert := \max_{j\in\mathbb{I}_{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n} \vert a_{ij} \vert , \\ & \bigl\Vert y(t) \bigr\Vert := \max_{s\in\Omega} \bigl\Vert y(s) \bigr\Vert , \\ & \bigl\Vert B(t) \bigr\Vert := \max_{s\in\Omega} \bigl\Vert B(s) \bigr\Vert . \end{aligned}$$

Remark 3.1

From Definitions 3.1 and 3.2, we can see that the norms of \(G'(x)\), \(G''(x)\) and \(H_{k}G(x)\) are

$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl\Vert G'(x) \bigr\Vert =\max_{x\in\Omega} \max_{j\in\mathbb{I}_{n}}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \biggl\vert \frac{\partial g_{i}(x)}{\partial x_{j}} \biggr\vert , \\ & \bigl\Vert H_{k}G(x) \bigr\Vert =\max_{j\in\mathbb{I}_{n}} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \biggl\vert \frac {\partial^{2} g_{k}(x)}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}} \biggr\vert , \\ & \bigl\Vert G''(x) \bigr\Vert =\sum _{k=1}^{n} \bigl\Vert H_{k}G(x) \bigr\Vert =\sum_{k=1}^{n} \biggl\Vert \biggl[ \frac{\partial^{2} g_{k}(x)}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}} \biggr]_{ij} \biggr\Vert . \end{aligned}$$

Theorem 3.2

Suppose that the conditions of Theorem  3.1 hold, then \(F'(x)\), \(F''(x)\) and \(f''_{k}(x), k\in\mathbb{I}_{8}\), are bounded on \(x\in\mathbb {\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta})\), where δ̄ is defined by equation (23).

Proof

For any \(x\in\mathbb{B}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta})\), the Jacobian matrix \(F'(x)\) of \(F(x)\) is

$$\begin{aligned} &{F'(x)=\left [ \begin{matrix}\triangledown f_{1}(x)^{T}\\ \vdots\\ \triangledown f_{8}(x)^{T} \end{matrix} \right ]} \\ &\phantom{F'(x)}{=\left [ \begin{matrix} \mu(x)-0.27&x_{1}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{2}}&x_{1}\frac {\partial\mu}{\partial x_{3}}&x_{1}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{4}}&x_{1}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{5}}&0&x_{1}\frac {\partial\mu}{\partial x_{7}}&0\\ -q_{2}(x)&-0.27-x_{1}\frac{\partial q_{2}}{\partial x_{2}}&0&0&0&-x_{1}\frac{\partial q_{2}}{\partial x_{6}}&0&0\\ q_{3}(x)&0&-0.27&0&0&0&0&x_{1}\frac{\partial q_{3}}{\partial x_{8}}\\ q_{4}(x)&x_{1}\frac{\partial q_{4}}{\partial x_{2}}&x_{1}\frac{\partial q_{4}}{\partial x_{3}}&x_{1}\frac{\partial q_{4}}{\partial x_{4}}-0.27&x_{1}\frac{\partial q_{4}}{\partial x_{5}}&0&x_{1}\frac{\partial q_{4}}{\partial x_{7}}&0\\ q_{5}(x)&x_{1}\frac{\partial q_{5}}{\partial x_{2}}&x_{1}\frac{\partial q_{5}}{\partial x_{3}}&x_{1}\frac{\partial q_{5}}{\partial x_{4}}&x_{1}\frac{\partial q_{5}}{\partial x_{5}}-0.27&0&x_{1}\frac{\partial q_{5}}{\partial x_{7}}&0\\ 0&\frac{\partial f_{6}}{\partial x_{2}}&\frac{\partial f_{6}}{\partial x_{3}}&\frac{\partial f_{6}}{\partial x_{4}}&\frac{\partial f_{6}}{\partial x_{5}}&\frac{\partial f_{6}}{\partial x_{6}}&\frac{\partial f_{6}}{\partial x_{7}}&0\\ 0&-x_{7}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{2}}&-x_{7}\frac{\partial \mu}{\partial x_{3}}&-x_{7}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{4}}&-x_{7}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{5}}&\frac{\partial f_{7}}{\partial x_{6}}&\frac{\partial f_{7}}{\partial x_{7}}&0\\ 0&-x_{8}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{2}}&\frac{\partial f_{8}}{\partial x_{3}}&-x_{8}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{4}}&-x_{8}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{5}}&0&\frac{\partial f_{8}}{\partial x_{7}}&\frac{\partial f_{8}}{\partial x_{8}} \end{matrix} \right ].} \end{aligned}$$
(24)

Here

$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{2}}=\biggl(1-\frac {x_{7}}{12.6}\biggr)\biggl[\biggl(1- \frac{x_{2}}{2{,}039}\biggr)\frac{0.1876}{x_{2}+0.28}-\frac {0.28}{2{,}039(x_{2}+0.28) ^{2}}\biggr]\prod ^{5}_{i=3}\biggl(1-\frac{x_{i}}{x_{Ui}}\biggr), \\ &\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{3}}=-\frac{0.67x_{2}}{939.5(x_{2}+0.28)}\biggl(1-\frac {x_{7}}{12.6}\biggr) \biggl(1-\frac{x_{2}}{2{,}039}\biggr) \biggl(1-\frac{x_{4}}{ 1{,}026}\biggr) \biggl(1- \frac{x_{5}}{360.9}\biggr), \\ &\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{4}}=-\frac{0.67x_{2}}{1{,}026(x_{2}+0.28)}\biggl(1-\frac {x_{7}}{12.6}\biggr) \biggl(1-\frac{x_{2}}{2{,}039}\biggr) \biggl(1-\frac{x_{3}}{ 939.5}\biggr) \biggl(1- \frac{x_{5}}{360.9}\biggr), \\ &\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{5}}=-\frac{0.67x_{2}}{360.9(x_{2}+0.28)}\biggl(1-\frac {x_{7}}{12.6}\biggr)\prod ^{4}_{i=2}\biggl(1-\frac{x_{i}}{ x_{Ui}} \biggr), \\ &\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{7}}=-\frac{0.67x_{2}}{12.6(x_{2}+0.28)}\prod^{5}_{i=2} \biggl(1-\frac {x_{i}}{x_{Ui}}\biggr), \\ &\frac{\partial q_{2}}{\partial x_{2}}= \frac{u_{1}u_{2}}{(x_{2}+u_{2})^{2}}+ u_{3}\mathrm{ \delta}(x_{2}-x_{6}), \\ &\frac{\partial q_{2}}{\partial x_{6}}=-u_{3}\delta(x_{2}-x_{6}),\qquad \frac{\partial q_{3}}{\partial x_{3}}=-u_{6}\delta(x_{8}-x_{3}), \\ &\frac{\partial q_{3}}{\partial x_{8}}=\frac{u_{4}u_{5}}{(x_{8}+u_{5})^{2}}+u_{6}\delta (x_{8}-x_{3}), \\ &\frac{\partial q_{4}}{\partial x_{2}}=33.07\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{2}}+5.74\frac {85.71}{(x_{2}+85.71)^{2}}, \\ &\frac{\partial q_{4}}{\partial x_{i}}=33.07\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{i}}\quad (i=3,4,5,7), \\ &\frac{\partial q_{5}}{\partial x_{i}}=11.66\frac{\partial \mu}{\partial x_{i}}\quad (i=2,3,4,5,7), \\ &\frac{\partial f_{6}}{\partial x_{2}}=\frac{1}{u_{7}}\biggl[\frac {u_{8}u_{9}}{(x_{2}+u_{9})^{2}}+u_{10} \delta(x_{2}-x_{6})-\frac {1}{0.0082}\frac{\partial \mu}{\partial x_{2}}-28.58 \frac{11.43}{(x_{2}+11.43)^{2}}\biggr]-x_{6}\frac {\partial \mu}{\partial x_{2}}, \\ &\frac{\partial f_{6}}{\partial x_{i}}=-\biggl(\frac{1}{0.0082u_{7}}+x_{6}\biggr) \frac{\partial \mu}{\partial x_{i}} \quad (i=3,4,5,7), \\ &\frac{\partial f_{6}}{\partial x_{6}}=-\frac{u_{10}}{u_{7}}\delta(x_{2}-x_{6})- \mu(x), \\ &\frac{\partial f_{7}}{\partial x_{6}}=\frac{0.53u_{11}(1+\frac{x_{7}}{u_{13}}\delta (x_{7}-u_{14}))}{(0.53(1+\frac{x_{7}}{u_{13}}\delta (x_{7}-u_{14}))+x_{6})^{2}}, \\ &\frac{\partial f_{7}}{\partial x_{7}}=\frac{-0.53u_{11}x_{6}\delta(x_{7}-u_{14})}{u_{13}(0.53 (1+\frac{x_{7}}{u_{13}}\delta(x_{7}-u_{14}))+x_{6})^{2}}\\ &\phantom{\frac{\partial f_{7}}{\partial x_{7}}=}{}-\frac {u_{15}(0.14+x_{7}+\frac{x_{7}^{2}}{u_{17}}\delta (x_{7}-u_{18})-x_{7}(1+\frac{2}{u_{17}}\delta (x_{7}-u_{18})))}{(0.14+x_{7}+k_{13}\frac{x_{7}^{2}}{u_{16}}+\frac {x_{7}^{2}}{u_{17}}\delta(x_{7}-u_{18}))^{2}} \\ &\phantom{\frac{\partial f_{7}}{\partial x_{7}}=}{}-\mu(x)-x_{7}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{7}}, \\ &\frac{\partial f_{8}}{\partial x_{3}}=u_{21}\delta (x_{8}-x_{3})-x_{8} \frac{\partial \mu}{\partial x_{3}}, \\ &\frac{\partial f_{8}}{\partial x_{7}}=\frac{u_{15}(0.14+x_{7}+\frac{x_{7}^{2}}{u_{17}}\delta (x_{7}-u_{18})-\frac{2 x_{7}}{u_{17}}\delta (x_{7}-u_{18}))}{(0.14+x_{7}+\frac{x_{7}^{2}}{u_{17}}\delta (x_{7}-u_{18}))^{2}}-x_{8}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x_{7}}, \\ &\frac{\partial f_{8}}{\partial x_{8}}=-\frac{u_{19}u_{20}}{(x_{8}+u_{20})^{2}}-u_{21}\delta (x_{8}-x_{3})-\mu(x). \end{aligned}$$

And the tensor \(F''(x)\) of \(F(x)\) is

$$\begin{aligned} F''(x)=\left [ \begin{matrix} H_{1}F(x)\\ \vdots\\ H_{8}F(x) \end{matrix} \right ]=\left [ \begin{matrix} Hf_{1}(x)\\ \vdots\\ Hf_{8}(x) \end{matrix} \right ] =\left [ \begin{matrix} { [ \frac{\partial^{2} f_{1}}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}} ]_{ij}}\\ {\vdots}\\ {[\frac{\partial^{2} f_{8}}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}} ]_{ij}} \end{matrix} \right ]_{8^{2}\times8}, \end{aligned}$$
(25)

which can be viewed as a matrix of dimension \(8^{2}\times8\).

The Hessian matrix of \(f_{k}(x), k\in\mathbb{I}_{8}\) is

$$\begin{aligned} f''_{k}(x)=Hf_{k}(x) = \biggl[ \frac{\partial^{2} f_{k}(x)}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}} \biggr]_{8\times8},\quad k\in\mathbb{I}_{8}. \end{aligned}$$

Since \(f_{k}(x),\frac{\partial f_{k}}{\partial x_{i}},\frac{\partial ^{2} f_{k}}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}}\in\mathbb{C}^{2}(\mathbb {\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta}))\) for any \(i,j,k\in\mathbb {I}_{8}\), according to Definition 3.2 and \(\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar {x},\bar{\delta})\subset\mathbb{C}([0,T],\mathbb{R}^{8})\) is a non-empty compact set, \(\Vert f_{k}(x) \Vert , \vert \frac{\partial f_{k}}{\partial x_{i}} \vert \) and \(\vert \frac{\partial^{2} f_{k}}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}} \vert \) are bounded on \(\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar {\delta})\), whose bounds are defined by \(\widetilde{M}(>0)\). Then, for any \(x\in\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta})\),

$$\begin{aligned} &\bigl\Vert F'(x) \bigr\Vert =\max_{x\in\Omega}\max _{j\in \mathbb{I}_{8}}\sum_{i=1}^{8} \biggl\vert \frac{\partial f_{i}}{\partial x_{j}} \biggr\vert \leq 8\widetilde{M}, \\ &\bigl\Vert f''_{k}(x) \bigr\Vert = \biggl\Vert \biggl[\frac{\partial^{2} f_{k}}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}} \biggr]_{ij} \biggr\Vert = \max_{j\in \mathbb{I}_{8}}\sum_{i=1}^{8} \biggl\vert \frac{\partial^{2} f_{k}}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}} \biggr\vert \leq 8\widetilde{M}, \\ &\bigl\Vert F''(x) \bigr\Vert =\sum _{k=1}^{8} \bigl\Vert f''_{k}(x) \bigr\Vert \leq 64\widetilde{M}. \end{aligned}$$

Therefore, \(F'(x)\), \(F''(x)\) and \(f''_{k}(x), k\in\mathbb{I}_{8}\) are bounded for any \(x\in\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta})\). □

3.2 Local asymptotical stability of the equilibrium point

From Theorem 2.1, we obtain the equilibrium point x̄ of system (1) corresponding one \(u^{*}\in\mathbb{U}_{a}\). According to Property 2.1, expanding \(F(x)\) defined by equations (2)-(9) with a Taylor formula around \(x=\bar{x}\) and considering \(F(\bar{x})=(f_{1}(\bar {x}),\ldots,f_{8}(\bar{x}))^{T}=0\), we can get

$$\begin{aligned} f_{k}(x)=\triangledown f_{k}(\bar{x})^{T}(x- \bar{x})+\frac {1}{2}(x-\bar{x})^{T}f''_{k}( \xi) (x-\bar{x}),\quad k\in\mathbb{I}_{8}, \end{aligned}$$

where \(\exists\theta_{k}\in(0,1),k\in\mathbb{I}_{8}\), such that \(\xi=x+\theta_{k}(\bar{x}-x)\in\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar {\delta})\). \(\triangledown f_{k}(x)\) is the gradient of \(f_{k}(x)\) at x̄. \(f''_{k}(\xi)\) is the Hessian matrix at ξ. \(F'(\bar {x})=(\triangledown f_{1}(\bar{x}),\ldots, \triangledown f_{8}(\bar {x}))^{T}\) is the Jacobian matrix of \(F(x)\) at x̄ as defined by equation (24). Then system (1) can be approximately transformed into

$$\begin{aligned} \textstyle\begin{cases} \dot{x}_{k}(t)=\triangledown f_{k}(\bar{x})(x-\bar{x})+\frac {1}{2}(x-\bar{x})^{T}f''_{k}(\xi)(x-\bar{x}),\quad k\in\mathbb{I}_{8}, t \in[0,T], \\ x(0)=x_{0}. \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$
(26)

Obviously x̄ is the equilibrium point of system (26), and is also that of the following linear system:

$$\begin{aligned} \textstyle\begin{cases} \dot{x}_{k}(t)=\triangledown f_{k}(\bar{x})(x-\bar{x}),\quad k\in\mathbb {I}_{8}, t \in[0,T], \\ x(0)=x_{0}. \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$
(27)

To prove the local asymptotical stability of system (1), two lemmas are put forward.

Lemma 3.1

[20]

Suppose that \(\lambda_{i}\) is an eigenvalue of Jacobian matrix \(F'(\bar{x})=(\triangledown f_{1}(\bar{x}),\ldots, \triangledown f_{8}(\bar{x}))^{T}\), and each \(\lambda_{i}\) satisfies the condition \(\operatorname{Re}(\lambda_{i})<0\), then the equilibrium point \(x=\bar{x}\) of system (27) is asymptotically stable.

Lemma 3.2

[21]

Suppose that x̄ is an equilibrium point of a linear time-varying system (27) and asymptotically stable. If \(F'(\bar{x})\) is bounded, and the nonlinear perturbation term \(g_{k}(\bar{x},t)=\frac{1}{2}(x-\bar{x})^{T}f''_{k}(\xi)(x-\bar{x})\), \(\xi=x+\theta_{k}(\bar{x}-x)\in\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar {\delta})\), \(\theta_{k}\in(0,1),k\in\mathbb{I}_{8}\), satisfies

$$\lim_{ \Vert x-\bar{x} \Vert \rightarrow0}\sup_{t\geq0}\frac{ \Vert g_{k}(x-\bar {x},t) \Vert }{ \Vert x-\bar{x} \Vert }=0, $$

then the equilibrium point \(x=\bar{x}\) of the nonlinear system (26) is local asymptotically stable.

From Lemmas 3.1 and 3.2, it can be seen that we can use a linear approximate system to get the local asymptotically stable property of x̄.

Theorem 3.3

Suppose that the conditions of Theorem  2.1 hold, x̄ is an equilibrium point of system (1) corresponding \(u^{*}\in\mathcal {U}_{a}\); for any \(x\in\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta})\), then the equilibrium point x̄ of system (1) is local asymptotically stable on \(\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta})\).

Proof

From Theorem 3.1, we obtain the equilibrium point x̄ of system (1) corresponding \(u^{*}\in\mathbb{U}_{a}\). First, we will prove that the equilibrium point x̄ of the linear system (27) is asymptotically stable. We calculate eigenvalues of Jacobian matrix \(F'(\bar{x})\) to be

$$\begin{aligned} &\lambda_{1}=-3.0748, \qquad\lambda_{2}= -0.0568,\qquad \lambda_{3}= -0.0174,\qquad \lambda_{4}=-0.0069,\\ &\lambda_{5}= -0.0017 + 0.0017i,\qquad \lambda_{6}=-0.0017 -0.0017i,\\ & \lambda_{7}= -0.0027,\qquad \lambda_{8}=-0.0027. \end{aligned}$$

For any \(i\in\mathbb{I}_{8}\), we have \(\operatorname{Re}(\lambda_{i})<0\). Thus according to Lemma 3.1, we can see that the equilibrium point x̄ of the linear system (27) is asymptotically stable.

Next we will derive that the equilibrium point x̄ of system (26) is local asymptotically stable. From Theorem 3.2, we have \(f''_{k}(\xi)\) is bounded in \(\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar{x},\bar{\delta })\subset\mathbb{C}([0,T],\mathbb{R}^{8})\). According to Definition 3.2, we consider the following limit:

$$\begin{aligned} \lim_{ \Vert x-\bar{x} \Vert \rightarrow0}\sup_{t\geq0}\frac{1}{2} \frac{ \Vert (x(t)-\bar{x})^{T}f''_{k}(\xi)(x(t)-\bar{x}) \Vert }{ \Vert x(t)-\bar{x} \Vert }=\lim_{ \Vert x-\bar{x} \Vert \rightarrow 0}\sup_{t\geq0} \frac{1}{2} \bigl\Vert f''_{k} \bigr\Vert \cdot \bigl\Vert x(t)-\bar{x} \bigr\Vert =0. \end{aligned}$$

Moreover, \(F'(\bar{x})\) is bounded in \(\mathbb{\bar{B}}(\bar {x},\bar{\delta})\) according to Theorem 3.2, and the equilibrium point x̄ of the linear system (27) is asymptotically stable. Therefore, from Lemma 3.2, the equilibrium point x̄ of system (26) is local asymptotically stable. That is, the equilibrium point x̄ of system (1) is local asymptotically stable. □

Remark 3.2

Euler method is performed with the step \(\frac{1}{3{,}600}\) hour. The terminal time is taken \(T=100\) hour. Figure 1 shows the change of every sub-vector of the state vector \(x(t)\) with \(t\in[0,100]\). From this figure, we can conclude that every curve is stable.

Figure 1
figure 1

Change of the state variable \(\pmb{x(t)}\) with \(\pmb{t\in[0,100]}\) .

4 Conclusions

In this work, we have considered the stability of a nonlinear non-differentiable dynamic system in a microbial continuous culture. The existence of the equilibrium point has been derived. Because of its non-differentiable property, we have constructed a differentiable domain, in which the stability of the system has been derived. The local bounded properties of the Jacobian, tensor and Hessian matrices of the system have been proved. A numerical experiment has been performed to evaluate its effectiveness.

References

  1. Biebl, H, Menzel, K, Zeng, A, Deckwer, W: Microbial production of 1,3-propanediol. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52(3), 289-297 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Zeng, A, Ross, A, Biebl, H, Tag, C, Günzel, B, Deckwer, W: Multiple product inhibition and growth modeling of clostridium butyricum and Klebsiella pneumoniae in glycerol fermentation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44(8), 902-911 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Zeng, A, Deckwer, W: A kinetic model for substrate and energy consumption of microbial growth under substrate-sufficient conditions. Biotechnol. Prog. 11(1), 71-79 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Xiu, Z, Zeng, A, Deckwer, W: Multiplicity and stability analysis of microorganisms in continuous culture: effects of metabolic overflow and growth inhibition. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 57(3), 251 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Xiu, Z, Zeng, A, Li, A: Mathematical modeling of kinetics and research on multiplicity of glycerol bioconversion to 1,3-propanediol. J. Dalian Univ. Technol. 40, 428-433 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Sun, YQ, Qi, WT, Teng, H, Xiu, ZL, Zeng, AP: Mathematical modeling of glycerol fermentation by Klebsiella pneumoniae: concerning enzyme-catalytic reductive pathway and transport of glycerol and 1,3-propanediol across cell membrane. Biochem. Eng. J. 38(1), 22-32 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Gao, C, Feng, E, Wang, Z, Xiu, Z: Parameters identification problem of the nonlinear dynamical system in microbial continuous cultures. Appl. Math. Comput. 169(1), 476-484 (2005)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhai, J, Ye, J, Wang, L, Feng, E, Yin, H, Xiu, Z: Pathway identification using parallel optimization for a complex metabolic system in microbial continuous culture. Nonlinear Anal., Real World Appl. 12(5), 2730-2741 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Gong, Z: A multistage system of microbial fed-batch fermentation and its parameter identification. Math. Comput. Simul. 80(9), 1903-1910 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Yuan, J, Wang, L, Xie, J, Zhang, X, Feng, E, Yin, H, Xiu, Z: Modelling and parameter identification of a nonlinear enzyme-catalytic time-delayed switched system and its parallel optimization. Appl. Math. Model. 40(19-20), 8276-8295 (2016)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  11. Liu, C, Gong, Z, Teo, K, Sun, J, Caccetta, L: Robust multi-objective optimal switching control arising in 1,3-propanediol microbial fed-batch process. Nonlinear Anal. Hybrid Syst. 25, 1-20 (2017)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Li, X, Feng, E, Xiu, Z: Stability analysis of equilibrium for microorganisms in continuous culture. Appl. Math. J. Chin. Univ. Ser. B 20(4), 377-383 (2005)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Ye, J, Feng, E, Lian, H, Xiu, Z: Existence of equilibrium points and stability of the nonlinear dynamical system in microbial continuous cultures. Appl. Math. Comput. 207(2), 307-318 (2009)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang, S, Feng, E: Stability of nonlinear microbial bioconversion system concerning glycerol’s active transport and 1,3-pd’s passive transport. Nonlinear Anal., Real World Appl. 11(5), 3501-3511 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Chen, Z, Gao, Y: On common linear copositive Lyapunov functions for pairs of stable positive linear systems. Nonlinear Anal. Hybrid Syst. 3(4), 467-474 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen, Z, Gao, Y: The computation of common infinity-norm Lyapunov functions for linear switched systems. J. Inf. Comput. Sci. 6(4), 261-268 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Choi, SK, Goo, YH, Koo, N: Variationally stable difference systems. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 256(2), 587-605 (2001)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Choi, SK, Goo, YH, Koo, N: Variationally asymptotically stable difference systems. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2007(1), 035378 (2007)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang, P, Liu, X: h-stability for differential systems relative to initial time difference. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2013, Article ID 827482 (2013)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Liao, X: Theory Method and Application of Stability. Huazhong Univ. of Technology Press, Wuhan (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hu, Y: Nonlinear Control Systems Theory and Applications. National Defense Industry Press, Beijing (2002)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their constructive and valuable suggestions. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 11371164 and No. 11171050.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jiajia Lv.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lv, J., Pang, L. & Feng, E. Asymptotical stability of a nonlinear non-differentiable dynamic system in microbial continuous cultures. Adv Differ Equ 2017, 256 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-017-1288-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-017-1288-x

Keywords