Skip to main content

Theory and Modern Applications

On the dynamics of new 4D Lorenz-type chaos systems

Abstract

It is often difficult to obtain the bounds of the hyperchaotic systems due to very complex algebraic structure of the hyperchaotic systems. After an exhaustive research on a new 4D Lorenz-type hyperchaotic system and a coupled dynamo chaotic system, we obtain the bounds of the new 4D Lorenz-type hyperchaotic system and the globally attractive set of the coupled dynamo chaotic system. To validate the ultimate bound estimation, numerical simulations are also investigated. The innovation of this article lies in that the method of constructing Lyapunov-like functions applied to the Lorenz system is not applicable to this 4D Lorenz-type hyperchaotic system; moreover, one Lyapunov-like function cannot estimate the bounds of this 4D Lorenz-type hyperchaos system. To sort this out, we construct three Lyapunov-like functions step by step to estimate the bounds of this new 4D Lorenz-type hyperchaotic system successfully.

1 Introduction

In 1963, Lorenz et al. found the famous Lorenz chaotic system, which can be described by the following autonomous differential equations [1]:

$$\textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{dx}{dt} = \sigma ( y - x ), \\ \frac{dy}{dt} = \rho x - y - xz, \\ \frac{dz}{dt} = xy - rz. \end{cases} $$

Since then, chaotic systems have been extensively studied, such as the Rössler system [2], Chua’s circuit [3], the Chen system [4], the Lü system [57], the hyperchaos Lorenz system [8], the Shimizu-Morioka system [9], the Liu system [10]. Various complex dynamical behaviors of chaotic systems are studied due to its various applications in the field of population dynamics, electric circuits, cryptology, fluid dynamics, lasers, engineering, stock exchanges, chemical reactions, etc. [1132].

In the recent years, motivated by different applications, much work has been reported in constructing the new chaotic and hyperchaotic models [2, 10, 19, 22]. On the one hand, the hyperchaos theory is still a new field of research. On the other hand, there is no general method to obtain hyperchaotic systems. Compared with chaotic systems, hyperchaotic systems have at least two positive Lyapunov exponents and, therefore, their lowest dimension is four. To generate a hyperchaotic system, it is essential to increase the system dimension [33]. Hyperchaotic systems can be obtained by adding one more state variable to a three-dimensional chaotic system [33]. In 2009, Li et al. constructed a new chaotic system based on the Lorenz chaotic system [22]:

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{dx}{dt} = a ( y - x ), \\ \frac{dy}{dt} = xz - y, \\ \frac{dz}{dt} = b - xy - cz. \end{cases} $$
(1)

According to the chaotic system (1), by introducing a linear feedback controller w in the first equation, and adding a first-order nonlinear differential state equation with respect to w, one gets a new 4D Lorenz-type chaotic system as follows:

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{dx}{dt} = a ( y - x ) - ew, \\ \frac{dy}{dt} = xz - hy, \\ \frac{dz}{dt} = b - xy - cz, \\ \frac{dw}{dt} = ky - dw, \end{cases} $$
(2)

where x, y, z and w are state variables and a, b, c, d, e, h are positive parameters of system (2).

The Lyapunov exponents of the dynamical system (2) are calculated numerically for the parameter values \(a = 5\), \(b = 20\), \(c = 1\), \(d = 0.1\), \(k = 0.1\), \(e = 20.6\), \(h = 1\) with the initial state \(( x_{0},y_{0},z_{0},w_{0} ) = ( 3.2,8.5,3.5,2.0 )\). System (2) has Lyapunov exponents as \(\lambda_{\mathrm{LE}_{1}} = 0.24\), \(\lambda_{\mathrm{LE}_{2}} = 0.23\), \(\lambda_{\mathrm{LE}_{3}} = 0\), \(\lambda_{\mathrm{LE}_{4}} = - 7.56\) and the Lyapunov dimension is 3.06 for the parameters listed above (see Refs. [27] and [28] for a detailed discussion of Lyapunov exponents of strange attractors in dynamical systems). This means system (2) is really a dissipative system, and the Lyapunov dimension of system (2) is fractional. Thus, system (2) has two positive Lyapunov exponents and the strange attractor, which means the new system (2) can exhibit a variety of interesting and complex chaotic behavior. System (2) has a hyperchaotic attractor, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Figure 1
figure 1

Chaotic attractors of system ( 2 ) in 3D spaces with \(\pmb{a = 5}\) , \(\pmb{b = 20}\) , \(\pmb{c = 1}\) , \(\pmb{d = 0.1}\) , \(\pmb{k = 0.1}\) , \(\pmb{e = 20.6}\) , \(\pmb{h = 1}\) and the initial state \(\pmb{( x_{0},y_{0},z_{0},w_{0} ) = ( 3.2,8.5,3.5,2.0 )}\) .

Figure 2
figure 2

Chaotic attractor of system ( 2 ) in \(\pmb{yOz}\) plane with \(\pmb{a = 5}\) , \(\pmb{b = 20}\) , \(\pmb{c = 1}\) , \(\pmb{d = 0.1}\) , \(\pmb{k = 0.1}\) , \(\pmb{e = 20.6}\) , \(\pmb{h = 1}\) and the initial state \(\pmb{( x_{0},y_{0},z_{0},w_{0} ) = ( 3.2,8.5,3.5,2.0 )}\) .

In this paper, all the simulations are carried out by using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method with time-step \(h = 0.01\).

A coupled dynamo system can be described by the following differential equations with appropriate normalization of variables [29, 30]:

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{dx_{1}}{dt} = - u_{1}x_{1} + x_{2}w_{1}, \\ \frac{dx_{2}}{dt} = - u_{2}x_{2} + x_{1}w_{2}, \\ \frac{dw_{1}}{dt} = q_{1} - \varepsilon_{1}w_{1} - x_{1}x_{2}, \\ \frac{dw_{2}}{dt} = q_{2} - \varepsilon_{2}w_{2} - x_{1}x_{2}, \end{cases} $$
(3)

where \(w_{1}\) and \(w_{2}\) represent the angular velocities of the rotors of two dynamos, \(x_{1}\) and \(x_{2}\) represent the currents of two dynamos, \(q_{1}\) and \(q_{2}\) are the torques applied to the rotors, \(u_{1}\), \(u_{2}\), \(\varepsilon_{1}\) and \(\varepsilon_{2}\) are positive parameters representing dissipative effects of the disk dynamo system (3).

When \(u_{1} = 0.001\), \(u_{2} = 0.0002\), \(q_{1} = 0.19\), \(q_{2} = 0.21\), \(\varepsilon_{1} = 0.15\), \(\varepsilon_{2} = 0.15\) with the initial state \(( x_{1} ( 0 ),x_{2} ( 0 ),w_{1} ( 0 ),w_{2} ( 0 ) ) = ( 3.2,8.5,3.5,2.0 )\), system (3) has a chaotic attractor, as shown in Figure 3 (also see [29]).

Figure 3
figure 3

Chaotic attractors of system ( 3 ) in 3D spaces with \(\pmb{u_{1} = 0.001}\) , \(\pmb{u_{2} = 0.0002}\) , \(\pmb{q_{1} = 0.19}\) , \(\pmb{q_{2} = 0.21}\) , \(\pmb{\varepsilon_{1} = 0.15}\) , \(\pmb{\varepsilon_{2} = 0.15}\) and the initial state \(\pmb{( x_{1} ( 0 ),x_{2} ( 0 ),w_{1} ( 0 ),w_{2} ( 0 ) ) = ( 3.2,8.5,3.5,2.0 )}\) .

When \(u_{1} = 0.2\), \(u_{2} = 0.5\), \(q_{1} = 5.9\), \(q_{2} = 9.15\), \(\varepsilon_{1} = 0.5\), \(\varepsilon_{2} = 0.1\) with the initial state \(( x_{1} ( 0 ),x_{2} ( 0 ),w_{1} ( 0 ),w_{2} ( 0 ) ) = ( 2.2,2.0,10.5,20 )\), system (3) has a chaotic attractor, as shown in Figure 4 (also see [29])

Figure 4
figure 4

Chaotic attractors of system ( 3 ) in 3D spaces with \(\pmb{u_{1} = 0.2}\) , \(\pmb{u_{2} = 0.5}\) , \(\pmb{q_{1} = 5.9}\) , \(\pmb{q_{2} = 9.15}\) , \(\pmb{\varepsilon_{1} = 0.5}\) , \(\pmb{\varepsilon_{2} = 0.1}\) and the initial state \(\pmb{( x_{1} ( 0 ),x_{2} ( 0 ),w_{1} ( 0 ),w_{2} ( 0 ) ) = ( 2.2,2.0,10.5,20 )}\) .

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The invariant sets of chaotic systems (2) and (3) are analyzed in Section 2. In Section 3, ultimate bound sets for the chaotic attractors in (2) and (3) are studied using Lyapunov stability theory. To validate the ultimate bound estimation, numerical simulations are also provided. Finally, the conclusions are drawn in Section 4.

2 Invariance analysis for the chaotic attractors in (2) and (3)

The positive z-axis is invariant under the flow generated by system (2), that is to say, z-axis is positively invariant under the flow generated by system (2). However, this is not the case on the positive x-axis, y-axis and w-axis for system (2). \(x_{1}\)-axis, \(x_{2}\)-axis, \(w_{1}\)-axis and \(w_{2}\)-axis are all not positively invariant under the flow generated by system (3).

3 Ultimate bound sets for the chaotic attractors in (2) and (3)

Recently, ultimate bound estimation of chaotic systems and hyperchaotic systems has been discussed in many research studies [7, 17, 20, 31]. It is well known that there is a bounded ellipsoid in \(R^{3}\) for the Lorenz system which all orbits of the Lorenz system will eventually enter for all positive parameters [20, 31]. The ultimate bound sets can be used in chaos control and synchronization [32]. Also, the ultimate bound sets can be employed for estimation of the fractal dimension of chaotic and hyperchaotic attractors, such as the Hausdorff dimension and the Lyapunov dimension [12, 34].

Motivated by the above discussion, we will investigate the bounds of the new 4D Lorenz-type hyperchaotic system (2) and the disk dynamo system (3) in this section. The main results are described by Theorem 1 and Theorem 2.

3.1 Ultimate bound sets for the chaotic attractors in system (2)

Theorem 1

Suppose that \(\forall a > 0\), \(h > 0\), \(c > 0\), \(d > 0\). Let \(( x ( t ),y ( t ),z ( t ),w ( t ) )\) be an arbitrary solution of system (2). Then the set

$$\Omega = \biggl\{ ( x,y,z,w ) \Big\vert x^{2} \le \frac{ ( ad + ke )^{2}R^{2}}{a^{2}d^{2}},y^{2} + z^{2} \le R^{2},w^{2} \le \frac{k^{2}R^{2}}{d^{2}} \biggr\} $$

is the ultimate bound set of chaotic system (2), where

$$R^{2} = \frac{b^{2}}{\theta c},\quad \theta = \min ( h,c ) > 0. $$

Proof

Define the function

$$f ( z ) = - cz^{2} + 2bz,\quad \forall c > 0. $$

Then we can get

$$\max_{z \in R}f ( z ) = \frac{b^{2}}{c}. $$

Construct the Lyapunov function

$$ V ( X ) = V ( y,z ) = y^{2} + z^{2}. $$
(4)

Computing the derivative of \(V ( y,z )\) along the trajectory of system (2), we have

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{dV ( y,z )}{dt} \bigg|_{\text{(2)}} &= 2y\frac{dy}{dt} + 2z \frac{dz}{dt} \\ &= 2y ( xz - hy ) + 2z ( b - xy - cz ) \\ &= - 2hy^{2} - 2cz^{2} + 2bz \\ &\le - hy^{2} - cz^{2} - hy^{2} - cz^{2} + 2bz \\ &\le - hy^{2} - cz^{2} - cz^{2} + 2bz \\ &\le - \theta V ( y,z ) + f ( z ) \\ &\le - \theta V ( y,z ) + \frac{b^{2}}{c} \\ &\le - \theta \biggl( V ( y,z ) - \frac{b^{2}}{\theta c} \biggr) \\ &= - \theta \bigl( V ( y,z ) - R^{2} \bigr). \end{aligned}$$

Integrating both sides of the above inequality yields

$$V \bigl( X ( t ) \bigr) \le V \bigl( X ( t_{0} ) \bigr)e^{ - \theta ( t - t_{0} )} + \int_{t_{0}}^{t} \theta R^{2}e^{ - \theta ( t - \tau )} \,d \tau = V \bigl( X ( t_{0} ) \bigr)e^{ - \theta ( t - t_{0} )} + R^{2} \bigl( 1 - e^{ - \theta ( t - t_{0} )} \bigr). $$

Thus, we can get the following inequality:

$$\bigl[ V \bigl( X ( t ) \bigr) - R^{2} \bigr] \le \bigl[ V ( X_{0} ) - R^{2} \bigr]e^{ - \theta ( t - t_{0} )}. $$

By the definition, taking the upper limit on both sides of the above inequality as \(t \to + \infty\) results in

$$ \mathop{\overline{\lim}}_{t \to + \infty} V ( y,z ) \le R^{2}. $$
(5)

From inequality (5), we can get

$$ \vert y \vert \le R,\qquad \vert z \vert \le R. $$
(6)

Let us define another function

$$g ( w ) = - dw^{2} + 2kR \vert w \vert ,\quad \forall d > 0. $$

Then we can get

$$\max_{w \in R}g ( w ) = \frac{k^{2}R^{2}}{d}. $$

Construct another Lyapunov function

$$ V_{1} ( w ) = w^{2}, $$
(7)

Computing the derivative of Lyapunov function (7) along the trajectory of system (2), we have

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{dV_{1} ( w )}{dt} \bigg|_{\text{(2)}} &= 2w\frac{dw}{dt} \\ &= 2w ( ky - dw ) \\ &= - 2dw^{2} + 2kyw \\ &\le - dw^{2} - dw^{2} + 2k \vert y \vert \vert w \vert \\ &\le - dw^{2} - dw^{2} + 2kR \vert w \vert \\ &\le - dw^{2} + g ( w ) \\ &\le - dw^{2} + \frac{k^{2}R^{2}}{d} \\ &\le - d \biggl( V_{1} ( w ) - \frac{k^{2}R^{2}}{d^{2}} \biggr). \end{aligned} $$

Similarly, taking the upper limit on both sides of the above inequality as \(t \to + \infty\), we can get

$$ \mathop{\overline{\lim}}_{t \to + \infty} V_{1} \bigl( w ( t ) \bigr) \le \frac{k^{2}R^{2}}{d^{2}}. $$
(8)

From inequality (8), we can get

$$ \vert w \vert \le \frac{kR}{d}. $$
(9)

Define another function

$$h ( x ) = - a \vert x \vert ^{2} + 2R \biggl( a + \frac{ek}{d} \biggr) \vert x \vert ,\quad \forall a > 0. $$

Then we can get

$$\max_{x \in R}h ( x ) = \frac{ ( ad + ke )^{2}R^{2}}{ad^{2}}. $$

Construct another Lyapunov function

$$ V_{2} ( x ) = x^{2}, $$
(10)

Computing the derivative of Lyapunov function (10) along the trajectory of system (2), we have

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{dV_{2} ( x )}{dt} \bigg|_{\text{(2)}} &= 2x\frac{dx}{dt} \\ &= 2x ( ay - ax - ew ) \\ &= - 2ax^{2} + 2axy - 2exw \\ &= - ax^{2} - ax^{2} + 2 ( ay - ew )x \\ &\le - ax^{2} - a \vert x \vert ^{2} + 2 \bigl( a \vert y \vert + e \vert w \vert \bigr) \vert x \vert \\ &\le - ax^{2} - a \vert x \vert ^{2} + 2R \biggl[ a + \frac{ek}{d} \biggr] \vert x \vert \\ &\le - ax^{2} + h ( x ) \\ &\le - ax^{2} + \frac{ ( ad + ke )^{2}R^{2}}{ad^{2}} \\ &\le - a \biggl( V_{2} ( x ) - \frac{ ( ad + ke )^{2}R^{2}}{a^{2}d^{2}} \biggr). \end{aligned} $$

Similarly, taking the upper limit on both sides of the above inequality as \(t \to + \infty\), we can obtain the following inequality:

$$ \mathop{\overline{\lim}}_{t \to + \infty} V_{2} \bigl( x ( t ) \bigr) \le \frac{ ( ad + ke )^{2}R^{2}}{a^{2}d^{2}}. $$
(11)

This completes the proof. □

Remark 1

(i) According to Theorem 1 in this paper, we can get

$$\Delta = \bigl\{ ( y,z ) \vert y^{2} + z^{2} \le R^{2} \bigr\} $$

is the ultimate bound set of \(y ( t )\), \(z ( t )\) of chaotic system (2), where

$$R^{2} = \frac{b^{2}}{\theta c},\quad \theta = \min ( h,c ) > 0. $$

When \(a = 5\), \(b = 20\), \(c = 1\), \(d = 0.1\), \(k = 0.1\), \(e = 20.6\), \(h = 1\), we can see that

$$\Delta = \bigl\{ ( y,z ) \vert y^{2} + z^{2} \le 20^{2} \bigr\} $$

is the ultimate bound set of \(y ( t )\), \(z ( t )\) of chaotic system (2).

In Figure 5, we give the localization of the chaotic attractor of system (2) formed by Δ.

Figure 5
figure 5

Localization of chaotic attractor of system ( 2 ) by Δ with \(\pmb{a = 5}\) , \(\pmb{b = 20}\) , \(\pmb{c = 1}\) , \(\pmb{d = 0.1}\) , \(\pmb{k = 0.1}\) , \(\pmb{e = 20.6}\) , \(\pmb{h = 1}\) and the initial state \(\pmb{( x_{0},y_{0},z_{0},w_{0} ) = ( 3.2,8.5,3.5,2.0 )}\) .

(ii) From Figure 5, we can see that the bounds estimate for the chaotic attractors of system (2) is conservative, we can get a smaller bound of chaotic attractors of system (2) with the help of the iteration theorem in [32] (see [32] for a detailed discussion of the bounds of chaotic systems).

3.2 Bounds for the chaotic attractors in system (3)

El-Gohary and Yassen studied the equilibrium points, chaotic attractors, limits cycles, chaos behaviors, and optimal control of system (3) in [29, 30]. We will investigate the globally attractive set of the chaotic system (3) here. We use the following generalized Lyapunov-like function:

$$ V_{\lambda,m} ( X ) = mx_{1}^{2} + \lambda x_{2}^{2} + m ( w_{1} + \lambda \eta )^{2} + \lambda ( w_{2} - m\eta )^{2}, $$
(12)

which is obviously positive definite and radially unbounded. Here, \(\lambda > 0\), \(m > 0\) and \(\eta \in R\) are arbitrary constants. Let \(X ( t ) = ( x_{1} ( t ),x_{2} ( t ),w_{1} ( t ),w_{2} ( t ) )\) be an arbitrary solution of system (3). We have the following results for system (3).

Theorem 2

Suppose that \(u_{1} > 0\), \(u_{2} > 0\), \(\varepsilon_{1} > 0\), \(\varepsilon_{2} > 0\), and let

$$L_{\lambda,m}^{2} = \frac{1}{\theta} \biggl[ \frac{m ( q_{1} + \lambda \eta \varepsilon_{1} )^{2}}{\varepsilon_{1}} + \frac{\lambda ( q_{2} - m\eta \varepsilon_{2} )^{2}}{\varepsilon_{2}} \biggr],\quad \theta = \min ( u_{1},u_{2}, \varepsilon_{1},\varepsilon_{2} ) > 0. $$

Then the estimation

$$ \bigl[ V_{\lambda,m} \bigl( X ( t ) \bigr) - L_{\lambda,m}^{2} \bigr] \le \bigl[ V_{\lambda,m} \bigl( X ( t_{0} ) \bigr) - L_{\lambda,m}^{2} \bigr]e^{ - \theta ( t - t_{0} )}. $$
(13)

holds for system (3), and thus \(\Omega_{\lambda,m} = \{ X \vert V_{\lambda,m} ( X ) \le L_{\lambda,m}^{2} \}\) is the globally exponential attractive set and positive invariant set of system (3), i.e., \(\overline{\lim}_{t \to + \infty} V_{\lambda,m} ( X ( t ) ) \le L_{\lambda,m}^{2}\).

Proof

Define the following functions:

$$ f ( w_{1} ) = - m\varepsilon_{1}w_{1}^{2} + 2mq_{1}w_{1},\qquad g ( w_{2} ) = - \lambda \varepsilon_{2}w_{2}^{2} + 2\lambda q_{2}w_{2}, $$
(14)

then we can get

$$\max_{w_{1} \in R}f ( w_{1} ) = \frac{mq_{1}^{2}}{\varepsilon_{1}},\qquad \max _{w_{2} \in R}g ( w_{2} ) = \frac{\lambda q_{2}^{2}}{\varepsilon_{2}}. $$

Differentiating the Lyapunov-like function \(V_{\lambda,m} ( X )\) in (12) with respect to time t along the trajectory of system (3) yields

$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{dV_{\lambda,m} ( X ( t ) )}{dt} \bigg|_{\text{(3)}}\\ &\quad = 2mx_{1} \frac{dx_{1}}{dt} + 2\lambda x_{2}\frac{dx_{2}}{dt} + 2m ( w_{1} + \lambda \eta )\frac{dw_{1}}{dt} + 2\lambda ( w_{2} - m\eta )\frac{dw_{2}}{dt} \\ &\quad = - 2mu_{1}x_{1}^{2} - 2\lambda u_{2}x_{2}^{2} - 2m\varepsilon_{1}w_{1}^{2} + 2m ( q_{1} - \lambda \eta \varepsilon_{1} )w_{1} - 2\lambda \varepsilon_{2}w_{2}^{2} \\ &\quad \quad {}+ 2 ( \lambda q_{2} + \lambda m\eta \varepsilon_{2} )w_{2} + 2\lambda m\eta ( q_{1} - q_{2} ) \\ &\quad \le - mu_{1}x_{1}^{2} - \lambda u_{2}x_{2}^{2} - m\varepsilon_{1} ( w_{1} + \lambda \eta )^{2} - \lambda \varepsilon_{2} ( w_{2} - m\eta )^{2} + f ( w_{1} ) \\ &\quad \quad {}+ g ( w_{2} ) + m\varepsilon_{1} \lambda^{2}\eta^{2} + \lambda \varepsilon_{2}m^{2} \eta^{2} + 2m\lambda \eta ( q_{1} - q_{2} ) \\ &\quad \le - \theta V_{\lambda,m} ( X ) + f ( w_{1} ) + g ( w_{2} ) + \bigl( m\varepsilon_{1}\lambda^{2} + \lambda \varepsilon_{2}m^{2} \bigr)\eta^{2} + 2m \lambda \eta ( q_{1} - q_{2} ) \\ &\quad \le - \theta V_{\lambda,m} ( X ) + \max_{w_{1} \in R}f ( w_{1} ) + \max_{w_{2} \in R}g ( w_{2} ) + \bigl( m \varepsilon_{1}\lambda^{2} + \lambda \varepsilon_{2}m^{2} \bigr)\eta^{2} + 2m\lambda \eta ( q_{1} - q_{2} ) \\ &\quad = - \theta V_{\lambda,m} ( X ) + \frac{mq_{1}^{2}}{\varepsilon_{1}} + \frac{\lambda q_{2}^{2}}{\varepsilon_{2}} + m\varepsilon_{1}\lambda^{2}\eta^{2} + \lambda \varepsilon_{2}m^{2}\eta^{2} + 2m\lambda \eta ( q_{1} - q_{2} ) \\ &\quad = - \theta V_{\lambda,m} ( X ) + \frac{m ( q_{1} + \lambda \eta \varepsilon_{1} )^{2}}{\varepsilon_{1}} + \frac{\lambda ( q_{2} - m\eta \varepsilon_{2} )^{2}}{\varepsilon_{2}} \\ &\quad = - \theta \bigl[ V_{\lambda,m} ( X ) - L_{\lambda,m}^{2} \bigr]. \end{aligned} $$

Thus, we have

$$\bigl[ V_{\lambda,m} \bigl( X ( t ) \bigr) - L_{\lambda,m}^{2} \bigr] \le \bigl[ V_{\lambda,m} \bigl( X ( t_{0} ) \bigr) - L_{\lambda,m}^{2} \bigr]e^{ - \theta ( t - t_{0} )} $$

and

$$\mathop{\overline{\lim}}_{t \to + \infty} V_{\lambda,m} \bigl( X ( t ) \bigr) \le L_{\lambda,m}^{2} $$

which clearly shows that \(\Omega_{\lambda,m} = \{ X \vert V_{\lambda,m} ( X ) \le L_{\lambda,m}^{2} \}\) is the globally exponential attractive set and positive invariant set of system (3).

The proof is complete. □

Remark 2

(i) In particular, let us take \({m} = 1\) in Theorem 2, we can get the results that obtained in [35]. The results presented in Theorem 2 contain the existing results in [35] as special cases.

(ii) Let us take \(u_{1} = 0.2\), \(u_{2} = 0.5\), \(q_{1} = 5.9\), \(q_{2} = 9.15\), \(\varepsilon_{1} = 0.5\), \(\varepsilon_{2} = 0.1\), \(\lambda = 1\), \(m = 1\), and \(\eta = 0\), then we can see that

$$ \Omega_{1,1} = \bigl\{ ( x_{1},x_{2},w_{1},w_{2} ) \vert x_{1}^{2} + x_{2}^{2} + ( w_{1} )^{2} + ( w_{2} )^{2} \le 95.2^{2} \bigr\} $$
(15)

is the globally exponential attractive set and positive invariant set of system (3) according to Theorem 2. Figure 6 shows chaotic attractors of system (3) in the \(( x_{1},x_{2},w_{2} )\) space defined by \(\Omega_{1,1}\). Figure 7 shows chaotic attractors of system (3) in the \(( x_{1},x_{2},w_{1} )\) space defined by \(\Omega_{1,1}\). Figure 8 shows chaotic attractors of system (3) in the \(( x_{1},w_{1},w_{2} )\) space defined by \(\Omega_{1,1}\). Figure 9 shows chaotic attractors of system (3) in the \(( x_{2},w_{1},w_{2} )\) space defined by \(\Omega_{1,1}\).

Figure 6
figure 6

Chaotic attractors of ( 3 ) in the \(\pmb{( x_{1},x_{2},w_{2} )}\) space defined by \(\pmb{\Omega_{1,1}}\) with \(\pmb{u_{1} = 0.2}\) , \(\pmb{u_{2} = 0.5}\) , \(\pmb{q_{1} = 5.9}\) , \(\pmb{q_{2} = 9.15}\) , \(\pmb{\varepsilon_{1} = 0.5}\) , \(\pmb{\varepsilon_{2} = 0.1}\) and the initial state \(\pmb{( x_{1} ( 0 ),x_{2} ( 0 ),w_{1} ( 0 ),w_{2} ( 0 ) ) = ( 2.2,2.0,10.5,20 )}\) .

Figure 7
figure 7

Chaotic attractors of ( 3 ) in the \(\pmb{( x_{1},x_{2},w_{1} )}\) space defined by \(\pmb{\Omega_{1,1}}\) with \(\pmb{u_{1} = 0.2}\) , \(\pmb{u_{2} = 0.5}\) , \(\pmb{q_{1} = 5.9}\) , \(\pmb{q_{2} = 9.15}\) , \(\pmb{\varepsilon_{1} = 0.5}\) , \(\pmb{\varepsilon_{2} = 0.1}\) and the initial state \(\pmb{( x_{1} ( 0 ),x_{2} ( 0 ),w_{1} ( 0 ),w_{2} ( 0 ) ) = ( 2.2,2.0,10.5,20 )}\) .

Figure 8
figure 8

Chaotic attractors of ( 3 ) in the \(\pmb{( x_{1},w_{1},w_{2} )}\) space defined by \(\pmb{\Omega_{1,1}}\) with \(\pmb{u_{1} = 0.2}\) , \(\pmb{u_{2} = 0.5}\) , \(\pmb{q_{1} = 5.9}\) , \(\pmb{q_{2} = 9.15}\) , \(\pmb{\varepsilon_{1} = 0.5}\) , \(\pmb{\varepsilon_{2} = 0.1}\) and the initial state \(\pmb{( x_{1} ( 0 ),x_{2} ( 0 ),w_{1} ( 0 ),w_{2} ( 0 ) ) = ( 2.2,2.0,10.5,20 )}\) .

Figure 9
figure 9

Chaotic attractors of ( 3 ) in the \(\pmb{( x_{2},w_{1},w_{2} )}\) space defined by \(\pmb{\Omega_{1,1}}\) with \(\pmb{u_{1} = 0.2}\) , \(\pmb{u_{2} = 0.5}\) , \(\pmb{q_{1} = 5.9}\) , \(\pmb{q_{2} = 9.15}\) , \(\pmb{\varepsilon_{1} = 0.5}\) , \(\pmb{\varepsilon_{2} = 0.1}\) and the initial state \(\pmb{( x_{1} ( 0 ),x_{2} ( 0 ),w_{1} ( 0 ),w_{2} ( 0 ) ) = ( 2.2,2.0,10.5,20 )}\) .

(iii) From Figures 6-9, we can see that the bounds estimate for the chaotic attractors of system (3) is conservative, we can get a smaller bound of chaotic attractors of system (3) with the help of the iteration theorem in [32] (see [32] for a detailed discussion of the bounds of chaotic systems).

4 Conclusions

This paper presents a new 4D autonomous hyperchaotic system based on Lorenz chaotic system and another coupled dynamo chaotic system. By means of Lyapunov stability theory as well as optimization theory, the bounds of the new 4D autonomous hyperchaotic system and the coupled dynamo chaotic system are estimated. To show the ultimate bound region, numerical simulations are provided.

References

  1. Lorenz, EN: Deterministic nonperiodic flow. J. Atmos. Sci. 20, 130-141 (1963)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Rössler, O: An equation for hyperchaos. Phys. Lett. A 2-3, 155-157 (1979)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Chua, L, Komura, M, Matsumoto, T: The double scroll family. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. 33, 1072-1118 (1986)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Chen, G, Ueta, T: Yet another chaotic attractor. Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos 9, 1465-1466 (1999)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Lü, J, Chen, G: A new chaotic attractor coined. Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos 12, 659-661 (2002)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Leonov, GA, Kuznetsov, NV: On differences and similarities in the analysis of Lorenz, Chen, and Lu systems. Appl. Math. Comput. 256, 334-343 (2015)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhang, FC, Liao, XF, Zhang, GY: On the global boundedness of the Lü system. Appl. Math. Comput. 284, 332-339 (2016)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang, XY, Wang, MJ: A hyperchaos generated from Lorenz system. Physica A 387(14), 3751-3758 (2008)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Leonov, GA: General existence conditions of homoclinic trajectories in dissipative systems. Lorenz, Shimizu-Morioka, Lu and Chen systems. Phys. Lett. A 376, 3045-3050 (2012)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang, XY, Wang, MJ: Dynamic analysis of the fractional-order Liu system and its synchronization. Chaos 17(3), 033106 (2007)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. Leonov, GA, Kuznetsov, NV, Mokaev, TN: Homoclinic orbits, and self-excited and hidden attractors in a Lorenz-like system describing convective fluid motion. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 224(8), 1421-1458 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kuznetsov, NV, Mokaev, TN, Vasilyev, PA: Numerical justification of Leonov conjecture on Lyapunov dimension of Rössler attractor. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 19, 1027-1034 (2014)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  13. Leonov, GA, Kuznetsov, NV: Hidden attractors in dynamical systems. From hidden oscillations in Hilbert-Kolmogorov, Aizerman, and Kalman problems to hidden chaotic attractor in Chua circuits. Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos Appl. Sci. Eng. 23, 1330002 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Leonov, GA, Kuznetsov, NV, Kiseleva, MA, Solovyeva, EP, Zaretskiy, AM: Hidden oscillations in mathematical model of drilling system actuated by induction motor with a wound rotor. Nonlinear Dyn. 77, 277-288 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Liu, HJ, Wang, XY, Zhu, QL: Asynchronous anti-noise hyper chaotic secure communication system based on dynamic delay and state variables switching. Phys. Lett. A 375, 2828-2835 (2011)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Elsayed, EM: Solutions of rational difference system of order two. Math. Comput. Model. 55, 378-384 (2012)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhang, FC, Mu, CL, Zhou, SM, Zheng, P: New results of the ultimate bound on the trajectories of the family of the Lorenz systems. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., Ser. B 20(4), 1261-1276 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang, YQ, Wang, XY: A symmetric image encryption algorithm based on mixed linear-nonlinear coupled map lattice. Inf. Sci. 273, 329-351 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang, XY, Song, JM: Synchronization of the fractional order hyperchaos Lorenz systems with activation feedback control. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 14(8), 3351-3357 (2009)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhang, FC, Zhang, GY: Further results on ultimate bound on the trajectories of the Lorenz system. Qual. Theory Dyn. Syst. 15(1), 221-235 (2016)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang, FC, Liao, XF, Zhang, GY, Mu, CL: Dynamical analysis of the generalized Lorenz systems. J. Dyn. Control Syst. 23(2), 349-362 (2017)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. Li, XF, Chlouverakis, KE, Xu, DL: Nonlinear dynamics and circuit realization of a new chaotic flow: a variant of Lorenz, Chen and Lü. Nonlinear Anal., Real World Appl. 10, 2357-2368 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhang, FC, Liao, XF, Zhang, GY: Qualitative behaviors of the continuous-time chaotic dynamical systems describing the interaction of waves in plasma. Nonlinear Dyn. 88(3), 1623-1629 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kuznetsov, NV, Kuznetsova, OA, Leonov, GA, Vagaytsev, VI: Hidden attractor in Chua’s circuits. In: ICINCO 2011-Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics, pp. 27-283 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Elsayed, EM: Dynamics and behavior of a higher order rational difference equation. J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl. 9(4), 1463-1474 (2016)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Elsayed, EM: On the solutions and periodic nature of some systems of difference equations. Int. J. Biomath. 7(6), 1450067 (2014)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. Frederickson, P, Kaplan, JL, Yorke, ED, Yorke, JA: The Liapunov dimension of strange attractors. J. Differ. Equ. 49(2), 185-207 (1983)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  28. Wolf, A, Swift, JB, Swinney, HL, Vastano, JA: Determining Lyapunov exponents from a time series. Physica D 16, 285-317 (1985)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  29. Gohary, AE, Yassen, R: Chaos and optimal control of a coupled dynamo with different time horizons. Chaos Solitons Fractals 41, 698-710 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. Gohary, AE, Yassen, R: Adaptive control and synchronization of a coupled dynamo system with uncertain parameters. Chaos Solitons Fractals 29, 1085-1094 (2006)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  31. Leonov, GA: Bounds for attractors and the existence of homoclinic orbits in the Lorenz system. J. Appl. Math. Mech. 65, 19-32 (2001)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  32. Zhang, FC, Shu, YL, Yang, HL: Bounds for a new chaotic system and its application in chaos synchronization. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 16(3), 1501-1508 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  33. Zarei, A, Tavakoli, S: Hopf bifurcation analysis and ultimate bound estimation of a new 4-D quadratic autonomous hyper-chaotic system. Appl. Math. Comput. 291, 323-339 (2016)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  34. Pogromsky, A, Nijmeijer, H: On estimates of the Hausdorff dimension of invariant compact sets. Nonlinearity 13(3), 927-945 (2000)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  35. Jian, JG, Zhao, ZH: New estimations for ultimate boundary and synchronization control for a disk dynamo system. Nonlinear Anal. Hybrid Syst. 9, 56-66 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Fuchen Zhang is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11501064), the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grant No. KJ1500605), the Research Fund of Chongqing Technology and Business University (Grant No. 2014-56-11), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2016M590850) and the Program for University Innovation Team of Chongqing (Grant No. CXTDX201601026). Xiaofeng Liao is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFB0800601), in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61472331). Da Lin is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61640223), the Open Project Program of the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems (Grant No. 20160106), the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2016JY0179), the Innovation Group Build Plan for the Universities of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 15TD0024), the Youth Science and Technology Innovation Group of Sichuan Provincial (Grant No. 2015TD0022), the High-level Innovative Talents Plan of Sichuan University of Science and Engineering (2014), the Key project of Artificial Intelligence Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2016RZJ02) and the Talents Project of Sichuan University of Science and Engineering (Grant No. 2015RC50). We thank professors Min Xiao in the College of Automation, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications and Gaoxiang Yang at the Department of Mathematics and Statistics of Ankang University for their help with us. The authors wish to thank the editors and reviewers for their conscientious reading of this paper and their numerous comments for improvement which were extremely useful and helpful in modifying the paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fuchen Zhang.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, G., Zhang, F., Liao, X. et al. On the dynamics of new 4D Lorenz-type chaos systems. Adv Differ Equ 2017, 217 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-017-1280-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-017-1280-5

Keywords