Skip to main content

Theory and Modern Applications

Delay-lower-bound-based adaptive fuzzy memory control for uncertain nonlinear systems with state and input delays

Abstract

This paper is concerned with the problem of adaptive fuzzy control for a class of uncertain nonlinear strict-feedback systems. The considered systems contain uncertain state delay and input delay simultaneously. By utilizing the mean value theorem, the unknown time-delayed functions related to all state variables are dealt with. A novel adaptive filter is designed to eliminate the effect of the time-varying input delay. Based on the backstepping technique, a delay-lower-bound-based adaptive fuzzy memory control scheme is developed. It is proved that the proposed adaptive memory control method can guarantee that all the signals in the closed-loop system are bounded and the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin. A simulation example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

1 Introduction

Over the past decades, adaptive control has become a mature and well-established research area within control systems society. Especially, the adaptive backstepping control technique as a powerful tool has received attractive attention for controlling strict-feedback nonlinear systems. This technique has a number of advantages over the conventional approaches, such as dealing with those nonlinear systems without satisfying the matching condition, providing a promising way to improve the transient performance of adaptive systems by tuning the design parameters. Recently, various considerable and significant results on adaptive backstepping control for nonlinear systems have been reported in [1–6], and the references therein. Among them, [1, 4–6] investigated the adaptive backstepping control technique for single-input and single-out (SISO) nonlinear systems, [2, 3] studied for multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems. Recently, approximation-based adaptive fuzzy control has been developed to deal with the control problem of nonlinear systems with unknown nonlinear functions [7–9]. Reference [7] tried to consider a class of stochastic pure-feedback nonlinear systems with unknown hysteresis by utilizing adaptive fuzzy control method. Reference [8] developed a fuzzy adaptive control approach for nonlinear systems with unknown control gain sign. The backstepping control technique has become one of the most popular design methods for a large class of nonlinear systems. In [10–12], the adaptive fuzzy backstepping control method is applied to deal with switched nonlinear systems. Although the backstepping-based adaptive technique has been used widely and developed extensively, there exists the issue of ‘explosion of complexity’ in the design process. In order to avoid the problem, dynamic surface control (DSC) technique was first introduced in [13]. The DSC technique was utilized to eliminate the problem of explosion of complexity by introducing a first-order filter at each step of the traditional backstepping approach [14, 15]. Among them, [14] investigated adaptive dynamic surface control method for nonlinear systems with an unknown dead zone in pure feedback form. Reference [15] proposed adaptive fuzzy backstepping dynamic surface control for uncertain nonlinear systems based on filters. More recently, the DSC approach has been further developed in [16, 17].

Time delays are often found in various engineering systems, such as electrical networks, microwave oscillators, nuclear reactors, etc. It is well known that time delays may destroy the stability or affect the performance of control systems. Therefore, the investigation of the stability and control design of nonlinear time-delay systems is a challenging and meaningful issue, and has received a great deal of attention in the control community in recent years. In order to deal with the stability analysis and controller design for time-delay systems, the common methods for nonlinear systems are to construct the Lyapunov-Razumikhin functions [18, 19] or appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals [20–24]. In [25], the adaptive robust tracking control problem is considered for an Euler-Lagrange system possessing second-order dynamics. In [26], an adaptive fuzzy predictive sliding mode control is presented for nonlinear systems with uncertain dynamics and unknown input delay. In [27], the robust control problem is investigated for a class of uncertain T-S fuzzy systems. Then to improve the transient performance of adaptive systems by tuning the design parameters, by further combining appropriately Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals with adaptive backstepping technique, adaptive control method is developed for uncertain nonlinear strict-feedback systems with time delays [28–30]. Reference [28] has developed an observer-based adaptive fuzzy control scheme for a class of nonlinear time-delay systems, and [30] tried to solve the time-delay problem in face of a class of perturbed strict-feedback nonlinear systems. Among them, the main idea is to develop the adaptive memoryless controllers, which utilizes appropriately Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals to compensate for the unknown time-delay terms [29]. Although much progress has been made for the time-delay systems in the adaptive control field, some challenging difficulties still remain. The main difficulties lie in two folds: First, how to develop adaptive backstepping control scheme for nonlinear strict-feedback systems with time delays by relaxing the restrictions of the time-delayed functions with all state variables. Second, how to design adaptive memory-reliable controller with less conservative for a class of nonlinear delay systems.

In the last several years, for the study of stabilization of time-delay systems, both controllers with or without memory were proposed; see [31–34]. The memoryless controllers have feedback of the current state only, and they are designed to guarantee the delay-independent stability of the closed-loop systems. Although the memoryless controllers [31, 32] are easy to implement, they tend to be conservative. In contrast, the memory controllers have a feedback including not only the current states but also the past ones. Hence, it is obvious that the memory controller is less conservative and may achieve a better performance than the memoryless case [34, 35]. Nevertheless, the memory control schemes are only developed for linear time-delay systems [33, 34]. To the best of our knowledge, there are few results for the case where an adaptive fuzzy memory controller is designed for uncertain nonlinear strict-feedback systems with state and input delays.

Motivated by the aforementioned observations, in this paper, the problem of adaptive fuzzy memory control is investigated for a class of uncertain nonlinear strict-feedback systems with state and input delays. Fuzzy logic systems are utilized to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions, and hyperbolic tangent function is introduced to avoid the controller singularity problem. Compared with the existing work, the main advantages of the proposed control scheme are as follows: (i) By using the mean value theorem, delay-lower-bound states are separated from delayed state functions. Based on delay-lower-bound states, a novel adaptive fuzzy memory controller is developed. In contrast with the previous memoryless control approach [30, 36–38], by exploiting the history information of states, therefore, the proposed controller is prone to be less conservative. (ii) Time-varying input delay is considered in this paper. By constructing a novel adaptive filter, the effects from input delay are compensated. Note that in existing results [39–41], the considered delayed input is always time-invariant. Hence the considered systems in this paper are more general and more practical.

Utilizing the mean value theorem, the unknown time-delayed functions related to all state variables are dealt with. A novel adaptive filter is constructed to eliminate the effect of time-varying input delay. For the analysis of stability, a priori knowledge of the bound on the control is put forward. Fuzzy logic systems are utilized to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions, and hyperbolic tangent function is introduced to avoid the controller singularity problem. Combining an adaptive control methodology with the backstepping technique, a delay-lower-bound-based adaptive fuzzy memory controller by considering the history information of states is designed. Finally, the proposed adaptive control scheme can guarantee that all the signals in the closed-loop system are bounded and the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, some preliminaries are presented and the problem is formulated. Adaptive fuzzy memory control design and stability analysis are given in Section 3. A simulation study for a practical example verifies the main results in Section 4. Finally, we conclude this paper in Section 5.

2 Preliminaries and problem statement

2.1 System description

Consider a class of uncertain nonlinear strict-feedback systems with state and input delays in the following form:

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} \dot{x}_{1}=x_{2}+f_{1}(x_{1})+h_{1}(x_{1}(t-\tau_{1})), \\ \dot{x}_{i}=x_{i+1}+f_{i}(\underline{x}_{i})+h_{i}(\underline{x}_{i}(t-\tau_{i})),\quad i=2,\ldots,n-1, \\ \dot{x}_{n}=u(t-\tau_{0}(t))+f_{n}(\underline{x}_{n})+h_{n}(\underline{x}_{n}(t-\tau_{n})), \\ y=x_{1}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$
(1)

where \(x=\underline{x}_{n}\) = \([x_{1},\ldots,x_{n}]^{T}\in\mathrm{R}^{n}\) and \(y \in\mathrm{R}\) are state vectors and the control output, respectively. \(u(t-\tau_{0}(t)) \in \mathrm{R}\) is the control input, \(\tau_{0}(t)\) is the time-varying input delay. \(\underline{x}_{i} = [x_{1},\ldots,x_{i}]^{T}\in\mathrm{R}^{i}\) (\(i=1,\ldots,n\)). \(\underline{x}_{i}(t-\tau_{i}) = [ x_{1}(t-\tau_{1}), x_{2}(t-\tau _{2}),\ldots, x_{i}(t-\tau_{i})]^{T}\in\mathrm{R}^{i}\) are the delayed state vectors, \(\tau_{i}\) are unknown delays. \(f_{i}(\cdot) : \mathrm{ R}^{i}\rightarrow \mathrm{R} \) are the unknown smooth nonlinear functions, and \(h_{i}(\cdot) : \mathrm{R}^{i}\rightarrow \mathrm{R}\) are the unknown smooth nonlinear time-delay functions satisfying \(h_{i}(0)=0\). Here states are assumed to be measurable because this paper focuses on uncertain time delays in state and input.

The control objective presented in this paper will design an adaptive fuzzy memory controller to guarantee that all the signals in the closed-loop system are bounded and the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin.

To facilitate the control system design, the following assumptions are proposed.

Assumption 1

Assume that \(\tau_{i}\) (\(i=1,\ldots,n\)) are unknowns that satisfy

$$ 0< \tau_{m}\leq\tau_{i}\leq\tau_{M}, $$
(2)

where \(\tau_{m}\) and \(\tau_{M}\) are constants. \(\tau_{m}\) is the lower bound of the delay and \(\tau_{M}\) is the upper bound.

Assumption 2

The input delay satisfies the following restrictions:

$$ \tau_{0}(t)=\tau+\overline{\tau}(t), $$
(3)

where \(|\overline{\tau}(t)|<\varsigma\), \(\tau_{0}(t)>0\), \(\tau>0\). Ï„ is a known constant and Ï‚ is an unknown small constant.

Assumption 3

The desired reference signal \(y_{r}\) and its derivatives \(\dot{y}_{r}\), \(\ddot{y}_{r}\) are bounded, i.e., there exists a compact set \(Y = \{ (y_{r},\dot{y}_{r}, \ddot{y}_{r}): y_{r}^{2}+\dot{y}_{r}^{2}+\ddot{y}_{r}^{2}\leq Y_{R}\}\), where \(Y_{R}\) is a positive constant.

Assumption 4

[39]

Assume that a priori knowledge of the bound on the control is proposed and the finite integral of past control values is bounded by a known constant, i.e., \(\int_{t-\tau}^{t}u(s)\,ds\leq u_{0}\).

Since \(h_{i}\) (\(i=1,\ldots,n\)) are sufficiently smooth functions, one can obtain by using the mean value theorem

$$ h_{i}\bigl({\underline{x}}_{i}(t- \tau_{i})\bigr)=h_{i}\bigl({\underline{x}}_{i}(t- \tau _{m})\bigr)+N_{i}\bigl[{\underline{x}}_{i}(t- \tau_{i})- {\underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr], $$
(4)

where \(N_{i}=\frac{\partial h_{i}}{\partial{\underline{x}}_{i}}\) (\({\underline{x}}_{i}\in\Pi(X_{0})\)) is unknown constant matrix and satisfies \(\|N_{i}\| \leq L_{i}\), in which \(L_{i}\) is a well-known positive constant and \(\Pi (X_{0})\) is a compact set. \(\|\cdot\|\) denotes the 2-norm of a vector. Thus, the system (1) can be rewritten as

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} \dot{x}_{1}=x_{2}+f_{1}(x_{1})+h_{1}(x_{1}(t-\tau_{m}))+N_{1}[x_{1}(t-\tau _{1})-x_{1}(t-\tau_{m})], \\ \dot{x}_{i}=x_{i+1}+f_{i}({\underline{x}}_{i})+h_{i}({\underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau_{m}))+N_{i}[{\underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau_{i})-{\underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau _{m})], \quad 1=2,\ldots,n-1, \\ \dot{x}_{n}=u(t-\tau_{0}(t))+f_{n}(\underline{x}_{n})+h_{n}({\underline{x}}_{n}(t-\tau_{m}))+N_{n}[{\underline{x}}_{n}(t-\tau_{n})-{\underline{x}}_{n}(t-\tau _{m})], \\ y=x_{1}. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$
(5)

2.2 Fuzzy logic systems

Due to the uncertainty of the considered system, the fuzzy logic system (FLS) is introduced. Construct a fuzzy logic system with the following form of If-then rules:

\(R^{i}\)::

If \(x_{1}\) is \(F^{i}_{1} \) and \(x_{2} \) is \(F^{i}_{2}\) and … and \(x_{n}\) is \(F^{i}_{q}\), then y is \(B^{i}\), \(i=1,2,\ldots,\iota\),

where \(x=[x_{1},\ldots,x_{n}]^{T}\) and y are the fuzzy logic system input and output, respectively. The fuzzy sets \(F^{i}_{j} \) and \(B^{i}\), associated with the fuzzy functions \(\mu_{F^{i}_{j}}(x_{j})\) and \(\mu_{B^{i}}(y)\), respectively. ι is the rules number. Through the singleton function, the center average defuzzification and product inference [29], the FLS can be formulated as

$$ y\bigl(x(t)\bigr) = \frac{\sum^{\iota}_{i=1} \overline{y}_{i}\prod^{q}_{j=1}\mu _{F^{i}_{j}}(x_{j})}{\sum^{\iota}_{i=1}(\prod^{q}_{j=1}\mu_{F^{i}_{j}}(x_{j}))}, $$
(6)

where \(\overline{y}_{i} = \max_{y\in R}\mu_{B^{i}}(y)\).

Let \(\varphi_{i} = \frac{\prod^{q}_{j=1}\mu_{F^{i}_{j}}(x_{j})}{\sum^{\iota}_{i=1}(\prod^{q}_{j=1}\mu_{F^{i}_{j}}(x_{j}))}\), and denote \(\theta=[ \overline{y}_{1},\overline{y}_{2},\ldots,\overline{y}_{\iota}]^{T}=[\theta_{1},\theta_{2},\ldots,\theta_{\iota}]^{T} \) and \(\varphi ^{T}(x)=[\varphi_{1}(x),\ldots,\varphi_{\iota}(x)]\), then FLS (6) can be rewritten as \(y(x)=\theta^{T}\varphi(x)\).

Lemma 1

[42]

Let \(f(x)\) be a continuous function defined on a compact set Ω. Then for any constant \(\varepsilon>0\), there exists an FLS such as

$$ \sup_{x\in\Omega}\bigl\vert f(x)-\theta^{T} \varphi(x)\bigr\vert \leq\varepsilon. $$
(7)

By Lemma 1, fuzzy logic systems are universal approximators, i.e., the y can approximate any smooth function on a compact set, thus we can assume that the nonlinear terms and the time-delay terms in (5) can be approximated by

$$ \hat{f}_{i}(\underline{x}_{i}| \theta_{i})=\theta^{T}_{i}\varphi _{i}( \underline{x}_{i}),\qquad \hat{h}_{i}(\underline{ x}_{\tau_{m}}|\theta_{i})=\theta^{T}_{i} \varphi _{i}(\underline{x}_{\tau_{m}}),\quad i=1,\ldots,n, $$
(8)

where \(\underline{x}_{\tau_{m}}\) denotes \(\underline{x}(t-\tau_{m})\).

Also the fuzzy minimum approximation errors \(\varepsilon_{i}\) and \(\delta _{i}\) are defined as \(\varepsilon_{i}=f_{i}(\underline{x}_{i})-\hat{f}_{i}(\underline {x}_{i}|\theta_{fi})\), \(\delta_{i}=h_{i}(\underline{ x}_{\tau_{i}})- \hat{h}_{i}(\underline{ x}_{\tau _{i}}|\theta_{hi})\), \(1\leq i\leq n\), where \(\varepsilon_{i}\) satisfies \(|\varepsilon_{i}|\leq\varepsilon_{i}^{*}\), and \(\varepsilon_{i}^{*}\) is an unknown constant and \(\delta_{i}\) satisfies \(|\delta_{i}|\leq\delta_{i}^{*}\), and \(\delta_{i}^{*}\) is an unknown constant.

The system (5) can be rewritten as

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} \dot{x}_{1}= x_{2}+\theta_{f1}^{T}\varphi_{1}(x_{1})+\varepsilon_{1}+\theta _{h1}^{T}\varphi_{1}( x_{1}(t-\tau_{m}))+\delta_{1}+N_{1}[x_{1}(t-\tau _{1})-x_{1}(t-\tau_{m})], \\ \dot{x}_{i}= x_{i+1}+\theta_{fi}^{T}\varphi_{i}({\underline{x}}_{i})+\varepsilon_{i}+\theta_{hi}^{T}\varphi_{i}( {\underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau _{m}))+\delta_{i}+N_{i}[{\underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau_{i})-{\underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau _{m})], \\ \quad i=2,\ldots,n-1, \\ \dot{x}_{n}= u(t-\tau_{0}(t))+\theta_{fn}^{T}\varphi_{n}(\underline{x}_{n})+\varepsilon_{n}+\theta_{hn}^{T}\varphi_{n}(\underline{x}_{n}(t-\tau _{m}))+\delta_{n} \\ \hphantom{\dot{x}_{n}={}}{}+N_{n}[{\underline{x}}_{n}(t-\tau_{n})-{\underline{x}}_{n}(t-\tau _{m})], \\ y= x_{1}. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$
(9)

2.3 Adaptive filter design

Construct a filter with adaptive parameter

$$ \dot{\phi}=A\phi+Ky+\hat{\Theta}_{f}+\hat{ \Theta}_{h}+E _{n}u(t-\tau), $$
(10)

where

$$\begin{aligned}& \phi=[\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{n}]^{T} , \qquad A= \left [ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}c@{\quad}c@{\quad}c@{}} -k_{1} \\ \vdots& I_{n-1} \\ -k_{n} & \cdots& 0 \end{array}\displaystyle \right ] , \qquad K =[k_{1}, \ldots,k_{n}]^{T} , \\& \hat{\Theta}_{f}=\bigl[\hat{\theta}_{f1}^{T} \varphi _{1}(x_{1}),\ldots, \hat{\theta}_{fn}^{T} \varphi_{n}(\underline{x}_{n})\bigr]^{T} ,\qquad \hat{\Theta}_{h}=\bigl[\hat{\theta}_{h1}^{T} \varphi_{1}(x_{\tau_{1}}),\ldots, \hat{\theta}_{hn}^{T} \varphi_{n}(\underline{x}_{\tau_{n}})\bigr]^{T} , \end{aligned}$$

and

$$E_{n}=[0,0,\ldots,1]^{T} . $$

A is a Hurwitz matrix. \(\hat{\theta}_{f_{i}}\) is the estimate of \(\theta_{f_{i}}\), \(\hat{\theta} _{h_{i}}\) is the estimate of \(\theta_{h_{i}}\). Thus, for any a given \(Q^{T}=Q>0\), there exists a positive definite matrix \(P^{T}=P>0\) such that \(A^{T}P +PA=-Q\). Define \(x=\phi+e\), where \(e=[e_{1},\ldots,e_{n}]\) is the filtered tracking error and satisfies \(|e|\leq e^{*}\).

Remark 1

Several results have been developed for input-delayed nonlinear systems with exact time-delayed knowledge [43, 44], but few results examine the time-varying input delay problem for uncertain nonlinear systems. The considered system in this paper is with time-varying input delay. The adaptive filter is designed with exact time-delayed knowledge, regardless of the effect of the time-varying input delay.

3 Control design and stability analysis

3.1 Adaptive fuzzy memory control design

In this section, an adaptive fuzzy memory control scheme is designed by combining the backstepping method with the DSC technique, which can guarantee that all the signals in the closed-loop system are bounded and the tracking error is as small as desired.

First of all, the changes of the coordinates are designed as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& S_{1} = y-y_{r}, \\& S_{i} = x_{i}- x_{id}, \qquad \chi_{i} = x_{id}-\alpha_{i-1},\quad i= 2,\ldots,n-1, \\& S_{n} = \phi_{n}- x_{nd}+ \int_{t-\tau}^{t}u(s)\,ds, \qquad \chi_{n} = x_{nd}-\alpha _{n-1}, \end{aligned}$$
(11)

where \(S_{i}\) is called error surface; \(x_{id}\) is a state variable, which can be obtained through a first-order filter on the intermediate control function \(\alpha_{i-1}\) and \(\chi_{i}\) is called the output error of the first-order filter. Define the first-order filter as \(\rho_{i}\dot{x}_{id}+ x_{id}=\alpha_{i-1}\), \(x_{id}(0)=\alpha_{i-1}(0)\), \(i= 2,\ldots,n\).

Step 1: Consider the Lyapunov function candidate

$$ V_{1}=\frac{1}{2}S_{1}^{2}+ \frac{1}{2\gamma_{f1}}\tilde{\theta} ^{T}_{f1}\tilde{ \theta}_{f1} +\frac{1}{2\gamma_{h1}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h1} \tilde{\theta} _{h1}+\overline{V}_{1}, $$
(12)

where \(\gamma_{f1}\), \(\gamma_{h1}\) are positive design constants, \(\tilde{\theta}_{f1}=\theta_{f1}-\hat{\theta}_{f1}\), \(\tilde{\theta} _{h1}=\theta_{h1}-\hat{\theta}_{h1}\) and \(\overline{V}_{1}\) will be given later. The time derivative of \(V_{1}\) is

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V}_{1} =&S_{1}\dot{S}_{1}- \frac{1}{\gamma_{f1}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{f1}\dot {\hat{ \theta}}_{f1} -\frac{1}{\gamma_{h1}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h1} \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{h1} +\dot{\overline{V}}_{1} \\ =&S_{1}[\dot{x}_{1}-\dot{y}_{r}]- \frac{1}{\gamma_{f1}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{f1}\dot {\hat{ \theta}}_{f1} -\frac{1}{\gamma_{h1}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h1} \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{h1} +\dot{\overline{V}}_{1} \\ =&S_{1}\bigl[x_{2}+\theta^{T}_{f1} \varphi_{1}(x_{1})+\varepsilon_{1}+ \theta^{T}_{h1}\varphi _{1}\bigl( x_{1}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr)+\delta_{1} \\ &{}+N_{1} \bigl(x_{1}(t-\tau_{1})-x_{1}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr)-\dot{y}_{r}\bigr]- \frac{1}{\gamma_{f1}}\tilde{\theta} ^{T}_{f1}\dot{\hat{ \theta}}_{f1} -\frac{1}{\gamma_{h1}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h1} \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{h1} +\dot{\overline{V}}_{1} \\ =&S_{1}\bigl[S_{2}+\chi_{2}+ \alpha_{1}+\theta^{T}_{f1}\varphi_{1}(x_{1})+ \varepsilon _{1}+\theta^{T}_{h1} \varphi_{1}\bigl( x_{1}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr) \\ &{}+ \delta_{1}+N_{1}\bigl[x_{1}(t- \tau_{1})-x_{1}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr]-\dot{y}_{r}\bigr] -\frac{1}{\gamma_{f1}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{f1}\dot{\hat{ \theta}}_{f1} -\frac{1}{\gamma_{h1}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h1} \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{h1}+\dot {\overline{V}}_{1}. \end{aligned}$$
(13)

By using the Young inequality and the properties of norms, it follows that

$$ \begin{aligned} &S_{1}\varepsilon_{1}+S_{1} \delta_{1}\leq S^{2}_{1}+\frac{1}{2} \varepsilon ^{*2}_{1}+\frac{1}{2}\delta^{*2}_{1}, \\ &S_{1}N_{1}\bigl(x_{1}(t-\tau_{1})-x_{1}(t- \tau_{m})\bigr) \\ &\quad \leq\frac{1}{2}S_{1}^{2}+ \frac{1}{2}\Vert N_{1}\Vert ^{2}\bigl\Vert x_{1}(t-\tau_{1})-x_{1}(t-\tau_{m}) \bigr\Vert ^{2}, \\ &\quad \leq\frac{1}{2}S_{1}^{2}+L_{1}^{2} \bigl[x_{1}^{2}(t-\tau_{1})+x_{1}^{2}(t- \tau_{m})\bigr]. \end{aligned} $$
(14)

Choosing the nonnegative function as

$$ \overline{V}_{1}=e^{r_{1}(\tau_{M}-t)}L_{1}^{2} \biggl[ \int^{t}_{t-\tau _{1}}e^{r_{1}s}x_{1}^{2}(s) \,ds+ \int^{t}_{t-\tau_{m}}e^{r_{1}s}x_{1}^{2}(s) \,ds\biggr]. $$
(15)

The time derivative of \(\overline{V}_{1}\) is

$$ \dot{\overline{V}}_{1} \leq-r_{1} \overline{V}_{1}+2e^{r_{1}\tau_{M}}L_{1}^{2} x_{1}^{2}(t)-L_{1}^{2} \bigl[x_{1}^{2}(t-\tau_{1})+ x_{1}^{2}(t- \tau_{m})\bigr]. $$
(16)

By substituting (14), (16) into (13), one can obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V}_{1} \leq& S_{1} \biggl[S_{2}+\chi_{2}+\alpha_{1}+\hat{ \theta}^{T}_{f1}\varphi_{1}(x_{1})+\hat {\theta}^{T}_{h1}\varphi_{1}\bigl(x_{1}(t- \tau_{m})\bigr)-\dot{y}_{r}+\frac{H_{1}}{S_{1}}\biggr]+ \frac {3}{2}S_{1}^{2}+\frac{1}{2} \varepsilon_{1}^{2} \\ &{}+\frac{1}{2}\delta_{1}^{2}-r_{1} \overline{V}_{1} +\frac{1}{\gamma_{f1}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{f1} \bigl[\gamma_{f1}\varphi _{1}(x_{1})S_{1}- \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{f1}\bigr] \\ &{}+\frac{1}{\gamma_{h1}}\tilde{ \theta}^{T}_{h1}\bigl[\gamma_{h1}\varphi _{1}\bigl(x_{1}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr)S_{1}- \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{h1}\bigr], \end{aligned}$$
(17)

where \(H_{1}=2e^{r_{1}\tau_{M}}L_{1}^{2}x_{1}^{2}(t)\).

Remark 2

Note that \({H_{1}}/{S_{1}}\) is discontinuous at \(S_{1}=0\). Based on the property of the hyperbolic tangent function, i.e., \(\lim_{S_{1}\rightarrow0}\frac{\tanh^{2}(S_{1}/\varepsilon _{1})}{S_{1}}=0\), the function \(\tanh(S_{1}/\varepsilon _{1})\) is introduced to compensate for the singularity problem.

Design the intermediate control function \(\alpha_{1}\) as follows:

$$ \alpha_{1} =-c_{1}S_{1}-\hat{ \theta}^{T}_{f1}\varphi_{1}(x_{1})-\hat{ \theta} ^{T}_{h1}\varphi_{1}\bigl( x_{1}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr)+\dot{y}_{r}- \frac{16H_{1}}{S_{1}}\tanh^{2}\biggl(\frac {S_{1}}{\varepsilon _{1}}\biggr). $$
(18)

Choose the adaptive laws as follows:

$$ \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{f1} =\gamma_{f1} \varphi_{1}(x_{1})S_{1}-\sigma_{f1} \hat{\theta}_{f1},\qquad \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{h1}= \gamma_{h1}\varphi_{1}\bigl( x_{1}(t- \tau_{m})\bigr)S_{1}-\sigma _{h1}\hat{ \theta}_{h1}. $$
(19)

Substituting (18) and (19) into (17), it follows that

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V}_{1} \leq&-\biggl[c_{1}- \frac{3}{2}\biggr]S_{1}^{2}+ S_{1}[S_{2}+ \chi_{2}] +\frac{\sigma_{f1}}{\gamma_{f1}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{f1}{ \hat{\theta}}_{f1} +\frac{\sigma_{h1}}{\gamma_{h1}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h1}{ \hat{\theta}}_{h1} -r\overline{V}_{1}+\lambda_{1} \\ &{}+H_{1}\biggl[1-16\tanh^{2}\biggl(\frac{S_{1}}{\varepsilon _{1}} \biggr)\biggr], \end{aligned}$$
(20)

where \(\lambda_{1}=\frac{1}{2}\varepsilon^{*2}_{1}+\frac{1}{2}\delta^{*2}_{1}\).

Step i (\(2 \leq i \leq n - 2\)): Consider the Lyapunov function candidate

$$ V_{i}=\frac{1}{2}S_{i}^{2}+ \frac{1}{2\gamma_{fi}}\tilde{\theta} ^{T}_{fi}\tilde{ \theta}_{fi} +\frac{1}{2\gamma_{hi}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{hi} \tilde{\theta} _{hi}+\frac{1}{2}\chi_{i}^{2}+ \overline{V}_{i}, $$
(21)

where \(\gamma_{fi}\), \(\gamma_{hi}\) are positive design constants, \(\tilde{\theta}_{fi}=\theta_{fi}-\hat{\theta}_{fi}\), \(\tilde{\theta} _{hi}=\theta_{hi}-\hat{\theta}_{hi}\), and \(\overline{V}_{i}\) will be given later. The time derivative of \(V_{i}\) is

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V}_{i} =&S_{i}\dot{S}_{i}- \frac{1}{\gamma_{fi}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{fi}\dot {\hat{ \theta}}_{fi} -\frac{1}{\gamma_{hi}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{hi} \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{hi}+\chi _{i}\dot{\chi}_{i} + \dot{\overline{V}}_{i} \\ =&S_{i}\bigl[S_{i+1}+\chi_{i+1}+ \alpha_{i}+\theta^{T}_{fi}\varphi_{i}({ \underline{x}}_{i})+\theta^{T}_{hi} \varphi_{i}\bigl({\underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau_{m}) \bigr)+\varepsilon _{i}+\delta_{i} \\ &{}+N_{i}\bigl({\underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau_{i})-{ \underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr)-\dot{x}_{id} \bigr] -\frac{1}{\gamma_{fi}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{fi}\dot{\hat{ \theta}}_{fi} -\frac{1}{\gamma_{hi}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{hi} \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{hi}+\chi _{i}\dot{\chi}_{i}+ \dot{\overline{V}}_{i}. \end{aligned}$$
(22)

By using the Young inequality and the properties of norms, it follows that

$$ \begin{aligned} &S_{i}\varepsilon_{i}+S_{i} \delta_{i}\leq S^{2}_{i}+\frac{1}{2} \varepsilon ^{*2}_{i}+\frac{1}{2}\delta^{*2}_{i}, \\ &S_{i}N_{i}\bigl({\underline{x}}_{i}(t- \tau_{i})-{\underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr) \\ &\quad \leq \frac {1}{2}S_{i}^{2}+\frac{1}{2}\Vert N_{i}\Vert ^{2}\bigl\Vert {\underline{x}}_{i}(t- \tau _{i})-{\underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr\Vert ^{2} \\ &\quad \leq\frac{1}{2}S_{i}^{2}+L_{i}^{2} \Sigma^{i}_{l=1}\bigl[x_{l}^{2}(t- \tau_{l})+x_{l}^{2}(t-\tau _{m})\bigr]. \end{aligned} $$
(23)

Choose the nonnegative function

$$ \overline{V}_{i}=e^{r_{i}(\tau_{M}-t)}L_{i}^{2} \sum^{i}_{l=1}\biggl[ \int^{t}_{t-\tau _{l}}e^{r_{l}s}x_{l}^{2}(s) \,ds+ \int^{t}_{t-\tau_{m}}e^{r_{l}s}x_{l}^{2}(s) \,ds\biggr]. $$
(24)

The time derivative of \(\overline{V}_{i}\) is

$$ \dot{\overline{V}}_{i} \leq-r_{i} \overline{V}_{i}+2e^{r_{i}\tau_{M}}L_{i}^{2}\sum ^{i}_{l=1} x_{l}^{2}(t)-L_{i}^{2} \sum^{i}_{l=1}\bigl[x_{l}^{2}(t- \tau_{l})+ x_{l}^{2}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr]. $$
(25)

Choose the intermediate control function \(\alpha_{i}\) and the adaptive laws as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& \alpha_{i} =-c_{i}S_{i}-\hat{\theta}^{T}_{fi} \varphi_{i}({\underline{x}}_{i})-\hat{\theta}^{T}_{hi} \varphi_{i}\bigl( {\underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau_{m}) \bigr)+\dot{x}_{id}-\frac {16H_{i}}{S_{i}}\tanh^{2}\biggl( \frac{S_{i}}{\varepsilon _{i}}\biggr)-S_{i-1}, \end{aligned}$$
(26)
$$\begin{aligned}& \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{fi} =\gamma_{fi}\varphi_{i}({ \underline{x}}_{i})S_{i}-\sigma _{fi}\hat{ \theta}_{fi}, \qquad \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{hi}=\gamma_{hi} \varphi_{i}\bigl({\underline{x}}_{i}(t-\tau _{m}) \bigr)S_{i}-\sigma_{hi}\hat{\theta}_{hi}, \end{aligned}$$
(27)

where \(H_{i}=2e^{r_{i}\tau_{M}}L_{i}^{2}\sum^{i}_{l=1}x_{l}^{2}(t)\). Substituting (23), (25)-(27) into (22), it follows that

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V}_{i} \leq&-\biggl[c_{i}-\frac{3}{2} \biggr]S_{i}^{2}+ S_{i}S_{i+1}+S_{i} \chi_{i+1} +\frac{\sigma_{fi}}{\gamma_{fi}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{fi}{ \hat{\theta}}_{fi} +\frac{\sigma_{hi}}{\gamma_{hi}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{hi}{ \hat{\theta}}_{hi} -r_{i}\overline{V}_{i}+ \lambda_{i} \\ &{}+H_{i}\biggl[1-16\tanh^{2}\biggl(\frac{S_{i}}{\varepsilon _{i}} \biggr)\biggr]+\chi_{i}\dot{\chi}_{i}, \end{aligned}$$
(28)

where \(\lambda_{i}=\frac{1}{2}\varepsilon^{*2}_{i}+\frac{1}{2}\delta^{*2}_{i}\).

Step \(n-1\): Consider the Lyapunov function candidate

$$ V_{n-1}=\frac{1}{2}S_{n-1}^{2}+ \frac{1}{2\gamma_{f_{n-1}}}\tilde{\theta} ^{T}_{f_{n-1}}\tilde{ \theta}_{f_{n-1}} +\frac{1}{2\gamma_{h_{n-1}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h_{n-1}} \tilde{\theta} _{h_{n-1}}+\frac{1}{2}\chi_{n-1}^{2}+ \overline{V}_{n-1}, $$
(29)

where \(\gamma_{f_{n-1}}\), \(\gamma_{h_{n-1}}\) are positive design constants, \(\tilde{\theta}_{f_{n-1}}=\theta_{f_{n-1}}-\hat{\theta} _{f_{n-1}}\), \(\tilde{\theta}_{h_{n-1}}=\theta_{h_{n-1}}-\hat{\theta} _{h_{n-1}}\), and \(\overline{V}_{n-1}\) will be given later. The time derivative of \(V_{n-1}\) is

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V}_{n-1} =&S_{n-1}\dot{S}_{n-1}- \frac{1}{\gamma_{f_{n-1}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{f_{n-1}}\dot{\hat{ \theta}}_{f_{n-1}} -\frac{1}{\gamma_{h_{n-1}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h_{n-1}} \dot{\hat{\theta} }_{h_{n-1}}+\chi_{n-1}\dot{\chi}_{n-1} + \dot{\overline{V}}_{n-1} \\ =&S_{n-1}\bigl[\phi_{n}+e_{n}+ \theta^{T}_{f_{n-1}}\varphi_{n-1}({\underline{x}}_{n-1})+ \theta^{T}_{h_{n-1}}\varphi_{n-1}\bigl( { \underline{x}}_{n-1}(t-\tau _{m})\bigr)+\varepsilon_{n-1} \\ &{}+\delta_{n-1}-\dot{x}_{n-1d}+N_{n-1}\bigl({ \underline{x}}_{n-1}(t-\tau _{n-1})-{\underline{x}}_{n-1}(t- \tau_{m})\bigr)\bigr] -\frac{1}{\gamma_{f_{n-1}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{f_{n-1}} \dot{\hat{\theta} }_{f_{n-1}} \\ &{}-\frac{1}{\gamma_{h_{n-1}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h_{n-1}}\dot{\hat{ \theta} }_{h_{n-1}}+\chi_{n-1}\dot{\chi}_{n-1}+\dot{ \overline{V}}_{n-1} \\ =&S_{n-1}\biggl[S_{n}+\chi_{n}+ \alpha_{n-1}- \int^{t}_{t-\tau}u(s)\,ds+e_{n}+\theta ^{T}_{f_{n-1}}\varphi_{n-1}({\underline{x}}_{n-1}) \\ &{}+\theta^{T}_{h_{n-1}}\varphi_{n-1}\bigl({ \underline{x}}_{n-1}(t-\tau _{m})\bigr)+\varepsilon_{n-1}+ \delta_{n-1}-\dot{x}_{n-1d}+N_{n-1}\bigl({ \underline{x}}_{n-1}(t-\tau_{n-1}) \\ &{}-{\underline{x}}_{n-1}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr)\biggr] - \frac{1}{\gamma_{f_{n-1}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{f_{n-1}}\dot{\hat{\theta} }_{f_{n-1}} -\frac{1}{\gamma_{h_{n-1}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h_{n-1}} \dot{\hat{\theta} }_{h_{n-1}} \\ &{}+\chi_{n-1}\dot{\chi}_{n-1}+\dot{\overline{V}}_{n-1}. \end{aligned}$$
(30)

By using the Young inequality, the properties of the norms and Assumption 4, it follows that

$$ \begin{aligned} &S_{n-1}\biggl[- \int^{t}_{t-\tau}u(s)\,ds+e_{n}+ \varepsilon_{n-1}+\delta_{n-1}\biggr]\leq 2S^{2}_{n-1}+ \frac{1}{2}u_{0}^{2}+\frac{1}{2}e^{*2}_{n}+ \frac{1}{2}\varepsilon ^{*2}_{n-1}+\frac{1}{2} \delta^{*2}_{n-1}, \\ &S_{n-1}N_{n-1}\bigl({\underline{x}}_{n-1}(t- \tau_{n-1})-{\underline{x}}_{n-1}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr) \\ &\quad \leq\frac{1}{2}S_{n-1}^{2}+\frac{1}{2} \Vert N_{n-1}\Vert ^{2}\bigl\Vert {\underline{x}}_{n-1}(t- \tau_{n-1})-{\underline{x}}_{n-1}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr\Vert ^{2} \\ &\quad \leq\frac{1}{2}S_{n-1}^{2}+L_{n-1}^{2} \Sigma^{n-1}_{l=1}\bigl[x_{l}^{2}(t-\tau _{l})+x_{l}^{2}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr]. \end{aligned} $$
(31)

Remark 3

For the design of control and the analysis of the performance, it is always indispensable that a priori knowledge is introduced; see [39, 45]. Reference [39] tried to introduce a priori knowledge for the design of saturated control for an uncertain nonlinear system with input delay. A priori known tracking accuracy is proposed for the design of fuzzy-approximation-based global adaptive control in [45]. In this paper, for the a priori knowledge of the bound on the control one is required to develop an adaptive control methodology.

Choosing the nonnegative function

$$ \overline{V}_{n-1}=e^{r_{n-1}(\tau_{M}-t)}L_{n-1}^{2} \sum^{n-1}_{l=1}\biggl[ \int ^{t}_{t-\tau_{l}}e^{r_{l}s}x_{l}^{2}(s) \,ds+ \int^{t}_{t-\tau_{m}}e^{r_{l}s}x_{l}^{2}(s) \,ds\biggr]. $$
(32)

The time derivative of \(\overline{V}_{n-1}\) is

$$ \dot{\overline{V}}_{n-1} \leq-r_{n-1} \overline{V}_{n-1}+2e^{r_{n-1}\tau _{M}}L_{n-1}^{2}\sum ^{n-1}_{l=1} x_{l}^{2}(t)-L_{n-1}^{2} \sum^{n-1}_{l=1}\bigl[x_{l}^{2}(t- \tau_{l})+ x_{l}^{2}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr]. $$
(33)

Design the intermediate control function \(\alpha_{n-1}\) as follows:

$$\begin{aligned} \alpha_{n-1} =&-c_{n-1}S_{n-1}-\hat{ \theta}^{T}_{f_{n-1}}\varphi _{n-1}(x_{n-1})- \hat{\theta}^{T}_{h_{n-1}}\varphi_{n-1}\bigl( x_{n-1}(t-\tau _{n-1})\bigr)+\dot{x}_{n-1d} \\ &{}-\frac{16H_{n-1}}{S_{n-1}}\tanh^{2}\biggl(\frac {S_{n-1}}{\varepsilon _{n-1}} \biggr)-S_{n-2}-\frac{1}{2}S_{n-1}. \end{aligned}$$
(34)

Choose the adaptive laws as follows:

$$ \begin{aligned} &\dot{\hat{\theta}}_{f_{n-1}}= \gamma_{f_{n-1}}\varphi _{n-1}(x_{n-1})S_{n-1}- \sigma_{f_{n-1}}\hat{\theta}_{f_{n-1}}, \\ &\dot{\hat{\theta}}_{h_{n-1}}=\gamma_{h_{n-1}}\varphi_{n-1} \bigl( x_{n-1}(t-\tau_{n-1})\bigr)S_{n-1}- \sigma_{h_{n-1}}\hat{\theta}_{h_{n-1}}. \end{aligned} $$
(35)

Substituting (31), (33)-(35) into (30), it follows that

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V}_{n-1} \leq&-\biggl[c_{n-1}- \frac{3}{2}\biggr]S_{n-1}^{2}+ S_{n-1}S_{n}+S_{n-1} \chi_{n} +\frac{\sigma_{f_{n-1}}}{\gamma_{f_{n-1}}}\tilde{\theta} ^{T}_{f_{n-1}}{ \hat{\theta}}_{f_{n-1}} \\ &{}+\frac{\sigma_{h_{n-1}}}{\gamma_{h_{n-1}}}\tilde{\theta} ^{T}_{h_{n-1}}{\hat{ \theta}}_{h_{n-1}} -r_{n-1}\overline{V}_{n-1}+ \lambda_{n-1} \\ &{}+H_{n-1}\biggl[1-16\tanh^{2}\biggl( \frac {S_{n-1}}{\varepsilon _{n-1}}\biggr)\biggr]+\chi_{n-1}\dot{\chi}_{n-1}, \end{aligned}$$
(36)

where \(H_{n-1}=2e^{r_{n-1}\tau_{M}}L_{n-1}^{2}\sum^{n-1}_{l=1}x_{l}^{2}(t)\), \(\lambda_{n-1}=\frac{1}{2}u_{0}^{2}+\frac{1}{2}e^{*2}_{n}+\frac {1}{2}\varepsilon^{*2}_{n-1}+\frac{1}{2}\delta^{*2}_{n-1}\).

Step n: Consider the Lyapunov functional candidate

$$ V_{n}=\frac{1}{2}S_{n}^{2}+ \frac{1}{2\gamma_{f_{n}}}\tilde{\theta} ^{T}_{f_{n}}\tilde{ \theta}_{f_{n}} +\frac{1}{2\gamma_{h_{n}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h_{n}} \tilde{\theta} _{h_{n}}+\frac{1}{2}\chi_{n}^{2}, $$
(37)

where \(\gamma_{fn}\), \(\gamma_{hn}\) are positive design constants, \(\tilde{\theta}_{fn}=\theta_{fn}-\hat{\theta}_{fn}\), \(\tilde{\theta} _{hn}=\theta_{hn}-\hat{\theta}_{hn}\). The time derivative of \(V_{n}\) is

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V}_{n} =&S_{n}\dot{S}_{n}- \frac{1}{\gamma_{f_{n}}}\tilde{\theta} ^{T}_{f_{n}}\dot{\hat{ \theta}}_{f_{n}} -\frac{1}{\gamma_{h_{n}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h_{n}} \dot{\hat{\theta} }_{h_{n}}+\chi_{n}\dot{\chi}_{n} \\ =&S_{n}\bigl[\dot{\phi}_{n}-\dot{x}_{nd}+u(t)-u(t- \tau)\bigr] -\frac{1}{\gamma_{f_{n}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{f_{n}}\dot{ \hat{\theta}}_{f_{n}} -\frac{1}{\gamma_{h_{n}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h_{n}} \dot{\hat{\theta} }_{h_{n}}+\chi_{n}\dot{\chi}_{n} \\ =&S_{n}\bigl[-k_{n}\phi_{1}+k_{n}x_{1}+u(t- \tau)+{\hat{\theta}}^{T}_{f_{n}}\varphi _{n}({ \underline{x}}_{n})+{\hat{\theta}}^{T}_{h_{n}} \varphi_{n}\bigl({\underline{x}}_{n}(t-\tau_{m}) \bigr)-\dot{x}_{nd}+u(t) \\ &{}-u(t-\tau)\bigr] +S_{n}{\tilde{\theta}}^{T}_{f_{n}} \varphi_{n}({\underline{x}}_{n})+S_{n}{\tilde{ \theta}}^{T}_{h_{n}}\varphi_{n}\bigl({ \underline{x}}_{n}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr) -S_{n}{ \tilde{\theta}}^{T}_{f_{n}}\varphi_{n}({ \underline{x}}_{n}) \\ &{}-S_{n}{\tilde{\theta}}^{T}_{h_{n}} \varphi_{n}\bigl({\underline{x}}_{n}(t-\tau_{m}) \bigr) -\frac{1}{\gamma_{f_{n}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{f_{n}}\dot{\hat{ \theta}}_{f_{n}} -\frac{1}{\gamma_{h_{n}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h_{n}} \dot{\hat{\theta} }_{h_{n}}+\chi_{n}\dot{\chi}_{n}. \end{aligned}$$
(38)

Take the actual control u as follows:

$$ u(t)=-c_{n}S_{n}+k_{n} \phi_{1}-k_{n}x_{1}-\hat{\theta}^{T}_{fn} \varphi_{n}({\underline{x}}_{n})-\hat{\theta}^{T}_{hn} \varphi_{n}\bigl( {\underline{x}}_{n}(t-\tau_{m}) \bigr)+\dot{x}_{nd}-S_{n-1}. $$
(39)

The adaptive laws are designed as

$$ \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{fn} =\gamma_{fn} \varphi_{n}({\underline{x}}_{n})S_{n}-\sigma _{fn}\hat{\theta}_{fn},\qquad \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{hn}= \gamma_{hn}\varphi_{n}\bigl({\underline{x}}_{n}(t- \tau _{m})\bigr)S_{n}-\sigma_{hn}\hat{ \theta}_{hn}. $$
(40)

By using the Young inequality, it follows that

$$ -S_{n}{\tilde{\theta}}^{T}_{f_{n}} \varphi_{n}({\underline{x}}_{n})-S_{n}{\tilde{ \theta}}^{T}_{h_{n}}\varphi_{n}\bigl({ \underline{x}}_{n}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr) \leq S_{n}^{2}+\frac{1}{2}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{f_{n}} \tilde{\theta} _{f_{n}}+\frac{1}{2}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h_{n}} \tilde{\theta}_{h_{n}}. $$
(41)

By substituting (39)-(41) into (38), one can obtain

$$ \dot{V}_{n}\leq-[c_{n}-1]S_{n}^{2}+ \frac{\sigma_{f_{n}}}{\gamma _{f_{n}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{f_{n}}{\hat{ \theta}}_{f_{n}} +\frac{\sigma_{h_{n}}}{\gamma_{h_{n}}}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h_{n}}{ \hat{\theta}}_{h_{n}}+\frac{1}{2}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{f_{n}} \tilde{\theta}_{f_{n}} +\frac{1}{2}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{h_{n}} \tilde{\theta}_{h_{n}}+\chi _{n}\dot{\chi}_{n}. $$
(42)

3.2 Stability analysis

Take the Lyapunov function for a stability analysis in the form of \(V=\sum^{n}_{i=1}V_{i}\) and its time derivative as

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V} =&\dot{V}_{1}+\sum ^{n-2}_{i=2}\dot{V}_{i}+\dot{V}_{n-1}+ \dot{V}_{n} \\ \leq&-\sum^{n}_{i=1}\biggl[c_{i}- \frac{3}{2}\biggr]S_{i}^{2}+\sum ^{n-1}_{i=1}S_{i}\chi _{i+1}+ \frac{1}{2}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{fn}\tilde{ \theta}_{fn} +\frac{1}{2}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{hn} \tilde{\theta}_{hn} +\sum^{n}_{i=1} \biggl[\frac{\sigma_{fi}}{\gamma_{fi}}\tilde{\theta} _{fi}^{T}\hat{ \theta}_{fi}+\frac{\sigma_{hi}}{\gamma_{hi}}\tilde{\theta}_{hi}^{T}\hat{\theta} _{hi}\biggr] \\ &{}+\sum^{n}_{i=2} \chi_{i}\dot{\chi}_{i}-\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}[r_{i} \overline{V}_{i}-\lambda_{i}] +\sum _{i=1}^{n-1}H_{i}\biggl[1-16 \tanh^{2}\biggl(\frac{S_{i}}{\varepsilon _{i}}\biggr)\biggr]. \end{aligned}$$
(43)

By the definitions of \(\chi_{i}\) (\(i=2,\ldots,n\)) and the first-order filters [46], it yields

$$ \dot{\chi}_{i}=-\frac{\chi_{i}}{\rho_{i}}-\dot{\alpha}_{i-1}. $$
(44)

From the definition and the boundedness of \(\alpha_{i}\), one can obtain \(|\dot{\alpha}_{i}|\leq\Phi_{i}(S_{1},\ldots,S_{i},\tilde{\theta} _{f1}, \ldots,\tilde{\theta}_{fi}, y_{r},\dot{y}_{r},\ddot{y}_{r},\tilde{\theta}_{h1},\ldots,\tilde{\theta} _{hi},\chi_{2},\ldots,\chi_{i})\), where \(\Phi_{i}\) (\(i=2,\ldots,n-1\)) are nonnegative continuous functions.

Given any ψ, the set \(C=\{(S_{1},\ldots,S_{i},\tilde{\theta} _{f1},\ldots,\tilde{\theta}_{fi}, y_{r},\dot{y}_{r},\ddot{y}_{r}, \tilde{\theta}_{h1},\ldots,\tilde{\theta}_{hi},\chi_{2},\ldots,\chi_{i})^{T}:\mathcal {V}<\psi\}\) is a compact set. Based on the compact set C and the compact set Y in Assumption 2, the continuous function \(\Phi_{i}\) has a maximum \(B_{i}\) on \(C\times Y\). It is easy to see that

$$ \dot{\chi}_{i}\leq-\frac{\chi_{i}}{\rho_{i}}+B_{i-1}. $$
(45)

Based on Young’s inequality, it follows that

$$ \begin{aligned} &S_{i}\chi_{i+1} \leq \frac{1}{2}S_{i}^{2}+\frac{1}{2} \chi^{2}_{i+1},\qquad \chi_{i} B_{i-1}\leq \frac{\chi^{2}_{i} B_{i-1}^{2}}{2\pi_{i}}+\frac{\pi_{i}}{2}, \\ &\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{fi}\hat{\theta}_{fi} =\tilde{ \theta}^{T}_{fi}\theta _{fi}-\tilde{ \theta}^{T}_{fi}\tilde{\theta}_{fi} \leq- \frac{1}{2}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{fi}\tilde{ \theta}_{fi}+\frac {1}{2}\theta^{T}_{fi} \theta_{fi},\qquad \tilde{\theta}^{T}_{hi}\hat{ \theta} _{hi}\leq-\frac{1}{2}\tilde{\theta}^{T}_{hi} \tilde{\theta}_{hi}+\frac {1}{2}\theta^{T}_{hi} \theta_{hi}. \end{aligned} $$
(46)

By substituting (45), (46) into (43), one can obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V} \leq&-\sum^{n}_{i=1}[c_{i}-{2}]S_{i}^{2}- \sum^{n}_{i=1}\biggl[\frac{\sigma _{fi}}{2\gamma_{fi}}- \frac{1}{2}\biggr]\tilde{\theta}_{fi}^{T}\tilde{ \theta}_{fi} -\sum^{n}_{i=1} \biggl[\frac{\sigma_{hi}}{2\gamma_{hi}}-\frac{1}{2}\biggr]\tilde{\theta}_{hi}^{T} \tilde{\theta}_{hi} \\ &{}-\sum^{n}_{i=2}\biggl[ \frac{1}{\rho_{i}}-\frac{B_{i-1}^{2}}{2\pi_{i}}-\frac {1}{2}\biggr] \chi_{i}^{2} -\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}r_{i} \overline{V}_{i}+\lambda+\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}H_{i} \biggl[1-16\tanh^{2}\biggl(\frac{S_{i}}{\varepsilon _{i}}\biggr)\biggr], \end{aligned}$$
(47)

where \(\lambda=\sum^{n-1}_{i=1}[\lambda_{i}+\frac{\pi_{i}}{2}]+\sum^{n}_{i=1}[\frac{\sigma_{fi}}{2\gamma_{fi}}\theta^{T}_{fi}\theta_{fi}+\frac {\sigma_{hi}}{2\gamma_{hi}}\theta^{T}_{hi}\theta_{hi}]\).

From (47), one can obtain

$$ \dot{V}\leq-cV+\lambda+\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}H_{i} \biggl[1-16\tanh^{2}\biggl(\frac {S_{i}}{\varepsilon _{i}}\biggr)\biggr], $$
(48)

where \(c=\min\{2[c_{i}-2],2\gamma_{fi}[\frac{\sigma_{fi}}{2\gamma _{fi}}-\frac{1}{2}],2\gamma_{hi}[\frac{\sigma_{hi}}{2\gamma_{hi}}-\frac {1}{2}],2[\frac{1}{\rho_{i}}-\frac{B_{i-1}^{2}}{2\pi_{i}}-\frac{1}{2}], r_{i}\}\).

For the proof of Theorem 1, the following lemma is introduced.

Lemma 2

For \(1\leq j\leq n-1\), consider the set \(G_{\varepsilon }\) by \(G_{\varepsilon }=\{S_{j}||S_{j}|< 0.2554\varepsilon _{j}\}\). Then, for \(S_{j}\notin G_{\varepsilon _{j}}\), the inequality \(1-16\tanh^{2}(S_{j}/\varepsilon _{j})< 0\) is satisfied.

Proof

By following the same line as in the stability analysis of [37], it can be shown that all the signals in the closed-loop systems are bounded, and the steady-state error can be made arbitrarily small. □

From the above design procedures and analysis, the following theorem is deduced.

Theorem 1

Consider the system (1) consisting of the adaptive laws (19), (27), (35), (40), the virtual control (18), (26), (34), and the actual controller (39). Under Assumptions 1-4, by using the above design procedures, for the bounded initial conditions, the boundedness of all the signals in the closed-loop system can be guaranteed by the proposed control scheme and the tracking error can converge to a small neighborhood of the origin.

4 Simulation example

Example 1

(Numerical examples)

Consider the following uncertain nonlinear strict-feedback systems with state and input delays:

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} \dot{x}_{1}=x_{2}+f_{1}(x_{1})+h_{1}(x_{1}(t-\tau_{1})), \\ \dot{x}_{2}=u(t-\tau_{0}(t))+f_{2}(\underline{x}_{2})+h_{2}(\underline{x}_{2}(t-\tau_{2})), \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

where \(x_{1}\), \(x_{2}\) are the state variables, and \(y=x_{1}\) is the system’s output. The time delays are selected as \(\tau_{1}=3~\mbox{s}\), \(\tau_{2}=5~\mbox{s}\) and \(\tau_{0}(t)=0.16+0.1\sin(t)\). In order to illustrate the effectiveness of the method in the presence of different uncertainties, two cases of the system will be considered.

Case 1: \(f_{1}(x_{1})=0.1x_{1}e^{-0.5x_{1}^{2}}\cos(x_{1})0.1x_{1}e^{-0.5x_{1}^{2}}\cos (x_{1})\), \(f_{2}(x_{2})=x_{2}\sin\frac{2}{1+x_{1}^{2}}\), \(h_{1}(x_{1}(t-\tau_{1}))=\frac{x_{1}^{3}(t-\tau_{1})}{1+x_{1}^{2}(t-\tau_{1})}\), \(h_{2}(x_{2}(t-\tau_{2}))=\frac{x_{2}^{4}(t-\tau_{2})\sin(x_{2})}{1+x_{2}^{2}(t-\tau_{2})}\).

Case 2: \(f_{1}(x_{1})=0.2x_{1}\), \(f_{2}(x_{2})=0.2\sin(x_{1})+0.2\cos(t)\), \(h_{1}(x_{1}(t-\tau_{1}))=0.5x_{1}(t-\tau_{1})\), \(h_{2}(x_{2}(t-\tau _{2}))=0.8x_{1}^{2}(t-\tau_{2})\).

The given reference tracking signal is \(y_{r} =\sin(t)\). Choose the fuzzy membership functions as

$$ \mu_{F^{l}_{i}}({{x}}_{i})=\exp\biggl[-\frac{({{x}}_{i}-3+l)^{2}}{4}\biggr], \quad l=1,2,3,4,5. $$

Define the fuzzy basis functions as

$$ \varphi_{1,l}(x_{1})=\frac{\mu_{F^{l}_{1}}}{\Sigma^{5}_{k=1}\mu_{F^{k}_{1}}},\qquad \varphi _{2,l}( x_{1}, x_{2})=\frac{\mu_{F^{l}_{1}}\mu_{F^{l}_{2}}}{\Sigma^{5}_{k=1}\mu _{F^{l}_{1}}\mu_{F^{k}_{2}}},\quad l=1,2,3,4,5. $$

We can construct intermediate control function \(\alpha_{1}\) as follows:

$$ \alpha_{1}=-c_{1}S_{1}-\hat{ \theta}^{T}_{f1}\varphi_{1}(x_{1})-\hat{ \theta} ^{T}_{h1}\varphi_{1}\bigl( x_{1}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr)+\dot{y}_{r}- \frac{16H_{1}}{S_{1}}\tanh^{2}\biggl(\frac {S_{1}}{\varepsilon _{1}}\biggr), $$

the actual control u as follows:

$$ u(t)=-c_{2}S_{2}+k_{2}\phi_{1}-k_{2}x_{1}- \hat{\theta}^{T}_{f2}\varphi_{2}({ \underline{x}}_{2})-\hat{\theta}^{T}_{h2} \varphi_{2}\bigl( {\underline{x}}_{2}(t-\tau_{m}) \bigr)+\dot{x}_{2d}-S_{1}, $$

and the adaptive laws as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}& \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{f1} =\gamma_{f1}\varphi_{1}(x_{1})S_{1}- \sigma_{f1}\hat{\theta}_{f1},\qquad \dot{\hat{ \theta}}_{h1}=\gamma_{h1}\varphi_{1}\bigl( x_{1}(t-\tau_{m})\bigr)S_{1}-\sigma _{h1}\hat{\theta}_{h1}, \\& \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{f2} =\gamma_{f2}\varphi_{2}( { \underline{x}}_{2})S_{2}-\sigma _{f2}\hat{ \theta}_{f2},\qquad \dot{\hat{\theta}}_{h2}= \gamma_{h2}\varphi_{2}\bigl( {\underline{x}}_{2}(t- \tau _{m})\bigr)S_{2}-\sigma_{h2}\hat{ \theta}_{h2}. \end{aligned}$$

The initial conditions of states are chosen as \(x_{1}(0)=0.2\) and \(x_{2}(0)=0.2\), and the others initial values are chosen as zeros. Choose \(\tau_{m}=3~\mbox{s}\), \(\tau_{M}=5~\mbox{s}\).

The simulation results are shown in Figures 1-7.

Figure 1
figure 1

The trajectories of y and \(\pmb{y_{r}}\) .

Figure 1 shows the response trajectories of the control output y (state variable \(x_{1}\)) and the desired reference tracking signal \(y_{r}\). As can be seen, the control output y can track the reference signal \(y_{r}\) satisfactorily in the presence of different uncertainties.

To illustrate the merits of the proposed method, some simulation results are given for the adaptive memoryless control scheme in [37]. The control input signals u with our control and the method in [37] are shown in Figure 2 and the energy of the control inputs u are shown in Figure 3. Figures 4 and 5 show the trajectories of the tracking error \(S_{1}\) and the trajectory of the energy of the tracking error \(S_{1}\), respectively. It is obvious that the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin, and our proposed memory control methodology does achieve a better performance and requires less control energy than the method in [37].

Figure 2
figure 2

The trajectory of control u .

Figure 3
figure 3

The trajectories of the energy of u .

Figure 4
figure 4

The trajectory of \(\pmb{S_{1}}\) .

Figure 5
figure 5

The trajectories of the energy of \(\pmb{S_{1}}\) .

To further illustrate the effective of the proposed method, some simulation results are given without considering the compensation for the time-varying input delay. Figures 6 and 7 show the trajectory of the tracking error \(S_{1}\) and control u without compensating the input delay, respectively. Obviously, the input delay can make the systems unstable.

Figure 6
figure 6

The trajectory of \(\pmb{S_{1}}\) without compensating input delay.

Figure 7
figure 7

The trajectories of u without compensating input delay.

Example 2

(Practical example)

Consider the following practical example of a two-stage version of the reactors which are isothermal continuous stirred tanks reactors (CSTR) with delayed recycle streams [36, 38]. Assume that the state delays are bounded and the input delay is time-varying, and the output is \(y=x_{1}\). The system balance equation is

$$\begin{aligned}& \dot{x}_{1}(t) =-\frac{1}{\Theta_{1}}x_{1}(t)- \eta_{1}x_{1}(t)+\frac {1-R_{2}}{V_{1}}x_{2}(t)+h_{1} \bigl(x_{1}(t-\tau_{1})\bigr), \\& \dot{x}_{2}(t) =-\frac{1}{\Theta_{2}}x_{2}(t)- \eta_{1}x_{2}(t)+\frac {R_{1}}{V_{2}}x_{1}(t- \tau_{2})+\frac{F_{2}}{V_{2}}u\bigl(t-\tau_{0}(t) \bigr)+h_{2}\bigl(x_{1}(t-\tau_{2})\bigr), \end{aligned}$$

where \(x_{1}(t)\) and \(x_{2}(t)\) are the compositions, \(\Theta_{i}\) are the reactor residence times, \(\eta_{i}\) are the reaction constants, \(F_{2}\) is the feed rate, \(R_{i}\) are the recycle flow rates and \(V_{i}\) are reactor volumes, the functions \(h_{i}(t)\) are uncertain nonlinear functions with time delay. The parameters are taken from [36]: \(\Theta_{i}=2\), \(\eta_{i}=0.3\), \(R_{i}=0.5\), \(V_{i}=0.5\), \(F_{2}=0.5\), the nonlinear time-delay functions are selected as \(h_{1}=0.5\sin tx_{1}^{2}(t-\tau_{1})\), \(h_{2}=0.5\sin tx_{1}^{3}(t-\tau_{2})\) with \(\tau_{1}\), \(\tau_{2}\) being unknown time delays. The input delay is considered as \(\tau_{0}(t)=0.16+0.1\sin(t)\). The given reference tracking signal is \(y_{r} =\sin(t)\). We set the control parameters \(k_{1}=1\), \(k_{2}=1\), \(\rho _{2}=0.2\), \(c_{1}=2.1\), \(c_{2}=5\), \(\gamma_{f1}=\gamma_{f2}=\gamma_{h1}=\gamma _{h2}=4\), \(\sigma_{f1}=\sigma_{f2}=\sigma_{h1}=\sigma_{h2}=2\), \(\varepsilon _{1}=5\), \(r_{1}=0.1\), \(L_{1}=0.035\), \(\tau=0.16~\mbox{s}\).

We show the practical simulation results in Figures 8-11, from which it can be observed that the effectiveness of the proposed approach is confirmed in this paper.

Figure 8
figure 8

The trajectory of the control u .

Figure 9
figure 9

The trajectories of the energy of u .

Figure 10
figure 10

The trajectory of \(\pmb{S_{1}}\) .

Figure 11
figure 11

The trajectories of the energy of \(\pmb{S_{1}}\) .

5 Conclusion

In this paper, a delay-lower-bound-based adaptive fuzzy memory control scheme has been proposed for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with unknown time delays in state and input. By utilizing the mean value theorem, the unknown time-delay functions with all state variable have been dealt with. A novel adaptive filter has been designed to eliminate the effect of time-varying input delay. Based on a backstepping technique, a delay-lower-bound-dependent adaptive fuzzy memory controller has been designed. It is analyzed that the proposed control scheme guarantees that all the signals in the closed-loop system are bounded and the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin. A practical simulation example also demonstrates the theoretical results. Further investigation should include more practical and general systems such as large-scale nonlinear systems and pure-feedback systems, and discrete-time systems.

References

  1. Yu, Y, Zhong, YS: Robust backstepping output tracking control for SISO uncertain nonlinear systems with unknown virtual control coefficients. Int. J. Control 83, 1182-1192 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Grinits, EV, Bottura, CP: Adaptive neural-based backstepping control of uncertain MIMO nonlinear systems. In: IJCNN ’06 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, pp. 4468-4475. IEEE Press, New York (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Chen, B, Lin, C, Liu, X, Liu, K: Adaptive fuzzy tracking control for a class of MIMO nonlinear systems in nonstrict-feedback form. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 45, 2744-2755 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Liu, YJ, Tong, SC: Adaptive fuzzy control for a class of unknown nonlinear dynamical systems. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 263, 49-70 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhai, D, An, L, Li, J Zhang, Q: Simplified filtering-based adaptive fuzzy dynamic surface control approach for non-linear strict-feedback systems. IET Control Theory Appl. 10, 493-503 (2016)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhai, D, An, L, Li, J Zhang, Q: Adaptive fuzzy fault-tolerant control with guaranteed tracking performance for nonlinear strict-feedback systems. Fuzzy Sets Syst. (2015). doi:10.1016/j.fss.2015.10.006

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  7. Wang, F, Liu, Z, Zhang, Y, Chen, CLP: Adaptive fuzzy control for a class of stochastic pure-feedback nonlinear systems with unknown hysteresis. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 24, 140-152 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Boulkroune, A: A fuzzy adaptive control approach for nonlinear systems with unknown control gain sign. Neurocomputing 179, 318-325 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Zhai, D, Xi, C, An, L, Dong, J, Zhang, Q: Prescribed performance switched adaptive dynamic surface control of switched nonlinear systems with average dwell time. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst. (2016). doi:10.1109/TSMC.2016.2571338

    Google Scholar 

  10. Zheng, X, Zhao, X, Li, R, Yin, Y: Adaptive neural tracking control for a class of switched uncertain nonlinear systems. Automatica 168, 320-326 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Li, Y, Sui, S, Tong, S: Adaptive fuzzy control design for stochastic nonlinear switched systems with arbitrary switchings and unmodeled dynamics. IEEE Trans. Cybern. (2016). doi:10.1109/TCYB.2016.2518300

    Google Scholar 

  12. Li, Y, Tong, S: Adaptive fuzzy output-feedback stabilization control for a class of switched non-strict-feedback nonlinear systems. IEEE Trans. Cybern. (2016). doi:10.1109/TCYB.2016.2536628

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wang, D, Huang, J: Neural network-based adaptive dynamic surface control for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems in strict-feedback form. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 16, 195-202 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhang, TP, Ge, SS: Adaptive dynamic surface control of nonlinear systems with unknown dead zone in pure feedback form. Automatica 44, 1895-1903 (2008)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Li, Y, Li, T, Tong, S: Adaptive fuzzy output feedback dynamic surface control of interconnected nonlinear pure-feedback systems. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 14, 138-149 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Yoo, SJ: Adaptive-observer-based dynamic surface tracking of a class of mobile robots with nonlinear dynamics considering unknown wheel slippage. Nonlinear Dyn. 81, 1611-1622 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu, YJ, Tang, L, Tong, SC, Chen, CLP: Adaptive NN controller design for a class of nonlinear MIMO discrete-time systems. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 26, 1007-1018 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  18. Cao, YY, Frank, PM: Stability analysis and synthesis of nonlinear time-delay systems via linear Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 124, 213-229 (2001)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. Jankovic, M: Control Lyapunov-Razumikhin function and robust stabilization of time-delay systems. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 46, 1048-1060 (2001)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Mahboobi Esfanjani, R, Nikravesh, SKY: Stabilising predictive control of nonlinear time-delay systems using control Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals. IET Control Theory Appl. 3, 1395-1400 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. Kharitonov, VL, Zhabko, AP: Lyapunov-Krasovskii approach to the robust stability analysis of time-delay systems. Automatica 39, 15-20 (2003)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhai, D, Li, J, Zhang, Q: Fault detection for singular multiple time-delay systems with application to electrical circuit. J. Franklin Inst. 351, 5411-5436 (2014)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang, YE, Sun, XM, Wu, BW: Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals for switched nonlinear input delay systems under asynchronous switching. Automatica 61, 126-133 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Li, Y, Tong, S, Li, T: Hybrid fuzzy adaptive output feedback control design for uncertain MIMO nonlinear systems with time-varying delays and input saturation. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 24, 841-853 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Roy, S, Kar, IN: Adaptive robust tracking control of a class of nonlinear systems with input delay, Nonlinear Dyn. 85, 1127-1139 (2016)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  26. Khazaee, M, Markazi, AH, Omidi, E: Adaptive fuzzy predictive sliding control of uncertain nonlinear systems with bound-known input delay, ISA Trans. 59, 314-324 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Hua, CC, Wang, QG, Guan, XP: Robust adaptive controller design for nonlinear time-delay systems via T-S fuzzy approach. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 17, 901-909 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Yousef, HA, Hamdy, M, Wu, BW: Observer-based adaptive fuzzy control for a class of nonlinear time-delay systems. Int. J. Autom. Comput. 10, 275-280 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhai, D, An, L, Li, J Zhang, Q: Delay-dependent adaptive dynamic surface control for nonlinear strict-feedback delayed systems with unknown dead zone. J. Franklin Inst. 353, 279-302 (2016)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  30. Wang, M, Chen, B, Shi, P: Adaptive neural control for a class of perturbed strict-feedback nonlinear time-delay systems. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern., Part B, Cybern. 38, 721-730 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Yan, XG, Spurgeon, SK, Edwards, C: Memoryless static output feedback sliding mode control for nonlinear systems with delayed disturbances. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 59, 1906-1912 (2014)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  32. Cacace, F, Conte, F, Germani, A: Memoryless approach to the LQ and LQG problems with variable input delay. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 61, 216-221 (2016)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  33. Ye, D, Yang, GH: Adaptive reliable \(H_{\infty}\) control for linear time-delay systems via memory state feedback. IET Control Theory Appl. 1, 713-721 (2007)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  34. Azuma, T, Ikeda, K, Kondo, T, Uchida, K: Memory state feedback control synthesis for linear systems with time delay via a finite number of linear matrix inequalities. Comput. Electr. Eng. 28, 217-228 (2002)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  35. Park, JH, Kwon, O: On guaranteed cost control of neutral systems by retarded integral state feedback. Appl. Math. Comput. 165, 393-404 (2005)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  36. Wen, Y, Ren, X, Shi, P: Observer-based fuzzy adaptive control for non-linear time-varying delay systems with unknown control direction. IET Control Theory Appl. 4, 2757-2769 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  37. Yin, S, Shi, P, Yang, H: Adaptive fuzzy control of strict-feedback nonlinear time-delay systems with unmodeled dynamics. IEEE Trans. Cybern. (2015). doi:10.1109/TCYB.2015.2457894

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hua, C, Guan, X, Shi, P: Robust backstepping control for a class of time delayed systems. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 50, 894-899 (2005)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  39. Fischer, N, Dani, A, Sharma, N, Dixon, WE: Saturated control of an uncertain nonlinear system with input delay. Automatica 49, 1741-1747 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  40. Yousef, HA, Hamdy, M, Wu, BW, Abdesselem, B: Adaptive fuzzy backstepping tracking control for strict-feedback systems with input delay. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. (2016). doi:10.1109/TFUZZ.2016.2567457

    Google Scholar 

  41. Apostol, TM: Mathematical Analysis. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Wang, H, Chen, B, Liu, X, Liu, K, Lin, C: Robust adaptive fuzzy tracking control for pure-feedback stochastic nonlinear systems with input constraints. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 43, 2093-2104 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Krstic, M: On compensating long actuator delays in nonlinear control. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 53, 1684-1688 (2008)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  44. Mazenc, F, Bliman, P: Backstepping design for time-delay nonlinear systems. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 51, 149-154 (2006)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  45. Wu, J, Chen, W, Li, J: Fuzzy-approximation-based global adaptive control for uncertain strict-feedback systems with a priori known tracking accuracy. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 273, 1-25 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  46. Tong, SC, Li, YM, Feng, G, Li, TS: Observer-based adaptive fuzzy backstepping dynamic surface control for a class of MIMO nonlinear systems. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 41, 1124-1135 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shuni Song.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Song, S., Liu, J. & Liu, D. Delay-lower-bound-based adaptive fuzzy memory control for uncertain nonlinear systems with state and input delays. Adv Differ Equ 2016, 261 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-016-0975-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-016-0975-3

Keywords