Figure 5

Sign of maximum Lyapunov exponent for system ( 3 ) around \(\pmb{E_{2}}\) . (a) Sign of maximum Lyapunov exponents of system (3) covering \(\delta\in[0.5, 1.1]\), \(\beta\in [0.8, 1.25]\), and \(r = 2\), \(K = 1.2\), \(d = 0.25\), \(\alpha= 0.9\). (b) Sign of maximum Lyapunov exponents covering \(\delta\in[1.1, 1.74]\), \(\beta \in[1.0, 1.25]\) (red ‘*’ = positive, blue ‘o’ = negative). The initial value is \((x_{0}, y_{0}) = (0.29, 1.62)\).