Separated boundary value problems for second-order impulsive q -integro-difference equations

Chatthai Thaiprayoon; Jessada Tariboon; Sotiris K Ntouyas

doi:10.1186/1687-1847-2014-88

Research
Open Access

Separated boundary value problems for second-order impulsive q-integro-difference equations

Chatthai Thaiprayoon¹,
Jessada Tariboon¹Email author and
Sotiris K Ntouyas²

Advances in Difference Equations20142014:88

https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2014-88

Received: 3 December 2013
Accepted: 28 February 2014
Published: 17 March 2014

Abstract

This article studies the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a boundary value problem of nonlinear second-order impulsive $q_{k}$ -integro-difference equations with separated boundary conditions. Several new results are obtained by applying a variety of fixed point theorems. Some examples are presented to illustrate the results.

MSC:26A33, 39A13, 34A37.

Keywords

$q_{k}$ -derivative
$q_{k}$ -integral
impulsive $q_{k}$ -difference equation
existence
uniqueness
fixed point theorems

1 Introduction

In this paper, we study the separated boundary value problem for impulsive

q_{k}

-integro-difference equation of the following form:

{\begin{cases} D_{q_{k}}^{2} x (t) = f (t, x (t), (S_{q_{k}} x) (t)), t \in J : = [0, T], t \neq t_{k}, \\ Δ x (t_{k}) = I_{k} (x (t_{k})), k = 1, 2, \dots, m, \\ D_{q_{k}} x (t_{k}^{+}) - D_{q_{k - 1}} x (t_{k}) = I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})), k = 1, 2, \dots, m, \\ x (0) + D_{q_{0}} x (0) = 0, x (T) + D_{q_{m}} x (T) = 0, \end{cases}

(1.1)

where

0 = t_{0} < t_{1} < t_{2} < \dots < t_{k} < \dots < t_{m} < t_{m + 1} = T

,

f : J \times R^{2} \to R

,

(S_{q_{k}} x) (t) = \int_{t_{k}}^{t} ϕ (t, s) x (s) d_{q_{k}} s, t \in (t_{k}, t_{k + 1}], k = 0, 1, 2, \dots, m,

(1.2)

$ϕ : J \times J \to [0, \infty)$ is a continuous function, $I_{k}, I_{k}^{*} \in C (R, R)$ , $Δ x (t_{k}) = x (t_{k}^{+}) - x (t_{k})$ for $k = 1, 2, \dots, m$ , $x (t_{k}^{+}) = {lim}_{h \to 0} x (t_{k} + h)$ and $0 < q_{k} < 1$ for $k = 0, 1, 2, \dots, m$ .

The notions of $q_{k}$ -derivative and $q_{k}$ -integral on finite intervals were introduced in [1]. For a fixed $k \in N \cup {0}$ let $J_{k} : = [t_{k}, t_{k + 1}] \subset R$ be an interval and $0 < q_{k} < 1$ be a constant. We define $q_{k}$ -derivative of a function $f : J_{k} \to R$ at a point $t \in J_{k}$ as follows.

Definition 1.1 Assume

f : J_{k} \to R

is a continuous function and let

t \in J_{k}

. Then the expression

D_{q_{k}} f (t) = \frac{f (t) - f (q_{k} t + (1 - q_{k}) t_{k})}{(1 - q_{k}) (t - t_{k})}, t \neq t_{k}, D_{q_{k}} f (t_{k}) = lim_{t \to t_{k}} D_{q_{k}} f (t)

(1.3)

is called the $q_{k}$ -derivative of function f at t.

We say that f is

q_{k}

-differentiable on

J_{k}

provided

D_{q_{k}} f (t)

exists for all

t \in J_{k}

. Note that if

t_{k} = 0

and

q_{k} = q

in (1.3), then

D_{q_{k}} f = D_{q} f

, where

D_{q}

is the well-known q-derivative of the function

f (t)

defined by

D_{q} f (t) = \frac{f (t) - f (q t)}{(1 - q) t} .

(1.4)

In addition, we should define the higher $q_{k}$ -derivative of functions.

Definition 1.2 Let $f : J_{k} \to R$ be a continuous function, we call the second-order $q_{k}$ -derivative $D_{q_{k}}^{2} f$ provided $D_{q_{k}} f$ is $q_{k}$ -differentiable on $J_{k}$ with $D_{q_{k}}^{2} f = D_{q_{k}} (D_{q_{k}} f) : J_{k} \to R$ . Similarly, we define higher order $q_{k}$ -derivative $D_{q_{k}}^{n} : J_{k} \to R$ .

The $q_{k}$ -integral is defined as follows.

Definition 1.3 Assume

f : J_{k} \to R

is a continuous function. Then the

q_{k}

-integral is defined by

\int_{t_{k}}^{t} f (s) d_{q_{k}} s = (1 - q_{k}) (t - t_{k}) \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} q_{k}^{n} f (q_{k}^{n} t + (1 - q_{k}^{n}) t_{k})

(1.5)

for

t \in J_{k}

. Moreover, if

a \in (t_{k}, t)

then the definite

q_{k}

-integral is defined by

\begin{array}{rcl} \int_{a}^{t} f (s) d_{q_{k}} s & = & \int_{t_{k}}^{t} f (s) d_{q_{k}} s - \int_{t_{k}}^{a} f (s) d_{q_{k}} s \\ = & (1 - q_{k}) (t - t_{k}) \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} q_{k}^{n} f (q_{k}^{n} t + (1 - q_{k}^{n}) t_{k}) \\ - (1 - q_{k}) (a - t_{k}) \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} q_{k}^{n} f (q_{k}^{n} a + (1 - q_{k}^{n}) t_{k}) . \end{array}

Note that if $t_{k} = 0$ and $q_{k} = q$ , then (1.5) reduces to q-integral of a function $f (t)$ , defined by $\int_{0}^{t} f (s) d_{q} s = (1 - q) t \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} q^{n} f (q^{n} t)$ for $t \in [0, \infty)$ .

For the basic properties of $q_{k}$ -derivative and $q_{k}$ -integral we refer to [1].

The book by Kac and Cheung [2] covers many of the fundamental aspects of the quantum calculus. In recent years, the topic of q-calculus has attracted the attention of several researchers and a variety of new results can be found in the papers [3–15] and the references cited therein.

Impulsive differential equations serve as basic models to study the dynamics of processes that are subject to sudden changes in their states. Recent development in this field has been motivated by many applied problems, such as control theory, population dynamics and medicine. For some recent works on the theory of impulsive differential equations, we refer the interested reader to the monographs [16–18].

In this paper we prove an existence and uniqueness result for the impulsive boundary value problem (1.1) by using Banach’s contraction mapping principle and three existence results by applying Schaefer’s, Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorems and the Leray-Schauder Nonlinear Alternative. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In Section 2 we present an auxiliary lemma which is used to convert the impulsive boundary value problem (1.1) into an equivalent integral equation. The main results are given in Section 3, while examples illustrating the results are presented in Section 4.

2 An auxiliary lemma

Let $J = [0, T]$ , $J_{0} = [t_{0}, t_{1}]$ , $J_{k} = (t_{k}, t_{k + 1}]$ for $k = 1, 2, \dots, m$ . Let $P C (J, R)$ = { $x : J \to R : x (t)$ is continuous everywhere except for some $t_{k}$ at which $x (t_{k}^{+})$ and $x (t_{k}^{-})$ exist and $x (t_{k}^{-}) = x (t_{k})$ , $k = 1, 2, \dots, m$ }. $P C (J, R)$ is a Banach space with the norm ${∥ x ∥}_{P C} = sup {| x (t) |; t \in J}$ .

We now consider the following linear case:

{\begin{cases} D_{q_{k}}^{2} x (t) = h (t), t \in J, t \neq t_{k}, \\ Δ x (t_{k}) = I_{k} (x (t_{k})), k = 1, 2, \dots, m, \\ D_{q_{k}} x (t_{k}^{+}) - D_{q_{k - 1}} x (t_{k}) = I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})), k = 1, 2, \dots, m, \\ x (0) + D_{q_{0}} x (0) = 0, x (T) + D_{q_{m}} x (T) = 0, \end{cases}

(2.1)

where $h : J \to R$ is a continuous function.

Lemma 2.1 The unique solution of problem (2.1) is given by

\begin{aligned} x (t) = & (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k} (x (t_{k}))) \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} h (s) d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k}))) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \int_{t_{m}}^{T} h (s) d_{q_{m}} s \\ + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k} (x (t_{k}))) \\ + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} h (s) d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k}))) (t - t_{k}) + \int_{t_{k}}^{t} \int_{t_{k}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{k}} r d_{q_{k}} s, \end{aligned}

(2.2)

with $\sum_{i = a}^{b} (\cdot) = 0$ for $a > b$ .

Proof Taking the

q_{0}

-integral for the first equation of (2.1), for

t \in J_{0}

, we have

D_{q_{0}} x (t) = D_{q_{0}} x (0) + \int_{0}^{t} h (s) d_{q_{0}} s,

(2.3)

which leads to

D_{q_{0}} x (t_{1}) = D_{q_{0}} x (0) + \int_{0}^{t_{1}} h (s) d_{q_{0}} s .

(2.4)

For

t \in J_{0}

we get by

q_{0}

-integrating (2.3),

\begin{aligned} x (t) & = x (0) + D_{q_{0}} x (0) t + \int_{0}^{t} \int_{0}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{0}} r d_{q_{0}} s \\ : = A + B t + \int_{0}^{t} \int_{0}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{0}} r d_{q_{0}} s, if A = x (0), B = D_{q_{0}} x (0) . \end{aligned}

In particular, for

t = t_{1}

, we obtain

x (t_{1}) = A + B t_{1} + \int_{0}^{t_{1}} \int_{0}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{0}} r d_{q_{0}} s .

(2.5)

For

t \in J_{1} = (t_{1}, t_{2}]

,

q_{1}

-integrating (2.1), we have

D_{q_{1}} x (t) = D_{q_{1}} x (t_{1}^{+}) + \int_{t_{1}}^{t} h (s) d_{q_{1}} s .

Using the third condition of (2.1) with (2.4), it follows that

D_{q_{1}} x (t) = B + \int_{0}^{t_{1}} h (s) d_{q_{0}} s + I_{1}^{*} (x (t_{1})) + \int_{t_{1}}^{t} h (s) d_{q_{1}} s .

(2.6)

Taking

q_{1}

-integral to (2.6) for

t \in J_{1}

, we obtain

\begin{array}{rcl} x (t) & = & x (t_{1}^{+}) + [B + \int_{0}^{t_{1}} h (s) d_{q_{0}} s + I_{1}^{*} (x (t_{1}))] (t - t_{1}) \\ + \int_{t_{1}}^{t} \int_{t_{1}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{1}} r d_{q_{1}} s . \end{array}

(2.7)

Applying the second equation of (2.1) with (2.5) and (2.7), we get

\begin{array}{rcl} x (t) & = & A + B t_{1} + \int_{0}^{t_{1}} \int_{0}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{0}} r d_{q_{0}} s + I_{1} (x (t_{1})) \\ + [B + \int_{0}^{t_{1}} h (s) d_{q_{0}} s + I_{1}^{*} (x (t_{1}))] (t - t_{1}) + \int_{t_{1}}^{t} \int_{t_{1}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{1}} r d_{q_{1}} s \\ = & A + B t + \int_{0}^{t_{1}} \int_{0}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{0}} r d_{q_{0}} s + I_{1} (x (t_{1})) \\ + [\int_{0}^{t_{1}} h (s) d_{q_{0}} s + I_{1}^{*} (x (t_{1}))] (t - t_{1}) + \int_{t_{1}}^{t} \int_{t_{1}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{1}} r d_{q_{1}} s . \end{array}

Repeating the above process, for

t \in J_{k}

, we get

\begin{aligned} x (t) = & A + B t \\ + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k} (x (t_{k}))) \\ + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} h (s) d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k}))) (t - t_{k}) \\ + \int_{t_{k}}^{t} \int_{t_{k}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{k}} r d_{q_{k}} s . \end{aligned}

(2.8)

From the first boundary condition of (2.1) (i.e.

x (0) + D_{q_{0}} x (0) = 0

) and (2.8), we have

A + B = 0 .

(2.9)

Also, the second boundary condition of (2.1) (i.e.

x (T) + D_{q_{m}} x (T) = 0

) and (2.8), yields

\begin{aligned} A + B (T + 1) + \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k} (x (t_{k}))) \\ + \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} h (s) d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k}))) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s + \int_{t_{m}}^{T} h (s) d_{q_{m}} s = 0 . \end{aligned}

(2.10)

From (2.9) and (2.10), we have that

\begin{aligned} B = & - \frac{1}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k} (x (t_{k}))) \\ - \frac{1}{T} \sum_{i = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} h (s) d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k}))) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ - \frac{1}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s - \frac{1}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} h (s) d_{q_{m}} s, \end{aligned}

which implies

\begin{aligned} A = & \frac{1}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k} (x (t_{k}))) \\ + \frac{1}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} h (s) d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k}))) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + \frac{1}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} h (r) d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s + \frac{1}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} h (s) d_{q_{m}} s . \end{aligned}

Substituting constants A and B into (2.8), we obtain (2.2) as requested. □

3 Main results

In view of Lemma 2.1, we define an operator

A : P C (J, R) \to P C (J, R)

by

\begin{aligned} (A x) (t) = & (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k} (x (t_{k}))) \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k}))) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{m}} x) (r)) d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \int_{t_{m}}^{T} f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{m}} x) (s)) d_{q_{m}} s \\ + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k} (x (t_{k}))) \\ + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k}))) (t - t_{k}) \\ + \int_{t_{k}}^{t} \int_{t_{k}}^{s} f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k}} x) (r)) d_{q_{k}} r d_{q_{k}} s . \end{aligned}

(3.1)

It should be noticed that problem (1.1) has solutions if and only if the operator $A$ has fixed points.

Our first result is an existence and uniqueness result for the impulsive boundary value problem (1.1) by using the Banach contraction mapping principle.

Let

ϕ_{0} = max {ϕ (t, s) : (t, s) \in J \times J}

. Further, for convenience we set

\begin{array}{rcl} ω & = & \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} [\frac{L_{1} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + \frac{ϕ_{0} L_{2} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{3}}{1 + q_{k - 1} + q_{k - 1}^{2}}] \\ + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} [L_{1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + \frac{ϕ_{0} L_{2} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}}] \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) [L_{1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + \frac{ϕ_{0} L_{2} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}}] \\ + \frac{m L_{3} (1 + 2 T)}{T} + \frac{m L_{4} (1 + T)}{T} + \frac{L_{4} (1 + 2 T)}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}), \end{array}

(3.2)

and

\begin{array}{rcl} λ_{0} & = & \frac{M_{1} (1 + 2 T)}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \frac{{(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + \frac{M_{1} (1 + T)}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) \\ + \frac{M_{1} (1 + 2 T)}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + \frac{m M_{2} (1 + 2 T)}{T} \\ + \frac{m M_{3} (1 + T)}{T} + \frac{M_{3} (1 + 2 T)}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) . \end{array}

(3.3)

Theorem 3.1 Assume that:

(H₁) The function

f : J \times R^{2} \to R

is continuous and there exist constants

L_{1}, L_{2} > 0

such that

| f (t, x, (S_{q_{k}} x)) - f (t, y, (S_{q_{k}} y)) | \leq L_{1} | x - y | + L_{2} (S_{q_{k}} | x - y |),

for each $t \in J$ and $x, y \in R$ , $k = 0, 1, 2, \dots, m$ .

(H₂) The functions

I_{k}, I_{k}^{*} : R \to R

are continuous and there exist constants

L_{3}, L_{4} > 0

such that

| I_{k} (x) - I_{k} (y) | \leq L_{3} | x - y | and | I_{k}^{*} (x) - I_{k}^{*} (y) | \leq L_{4} | x - y |,

for each $x, y \in R$ , $k = 1, 2, \dots, m$ .

If

ω \leq δ < 1,

(3.4)

where ω is defined by (3.2), and $δ > 0$ , then the boundary value problem (1.1) has a unique solution on J.

Proof We transform the boundary value problem (1.1) into a fixed point problem, $x = A x$ , where the operator $A$ is defined by (3.1). By using the Banach contraction mapping principle, we shall show that $A$ has a fixed point which is the unique solution of the boundary value problem (1.1).

Let

M_{1}

,

M_{2}

, and

M_{3}

be nonnegative constants such that

{sup}_{t \in J} | f (t, 0, 0) | = M_{1}

,

sup {| I_{k} (0) | : k = 1, 2, \dots, m} = M_{2}

, and

sup {| I_{k}^{*} (0) | : k = 1, 2, \dots, m} = M_{3}

. By choosing a constant R as

R \geq \frac{λ_{0}}{1 - ε},

where

δ \leq ε < 1

and

λ_{0}

defined by (3.3), we will show that

A B_{R} \subset B_{R}

, where a ball

B_{R}

is defined by

B_{R} = {x \in P C (J, R) : ∥ x ∥ \leq R}

. For

x \in B_{R}

, we have

\begin{aligned} ∥ A x ∥ \\ \leq sup_{t \in J} {(\frac{1 - t}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k} (x (t_{k}))) \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k}))) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{m}} x) (r)) d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \int_{t_{m}}^{T} f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{m}} x) (s)) d_{q_{m}} s \\ + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k} (x (t_{k}))) \\ + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) d_{q_{k - 1}} s + I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k}))) (t - t_{k}) \\ + \int_{t_{k}}^{t} \int_{t_{k}}^{s} f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k}} x) (r)) d_{q_{k}} r d_{q_{k}} s} \\ \leq (\frac{1 + T}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k} (x (t_{k})) |) \\ + (\frac{1 + T}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) |) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + (\frac{1 + T}{T}) \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{m}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s \\ + (\frac{1 + T}{T}) \int_{t_{m}}^{T} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{m}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{m}} s \\ + \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k} (x (t_{k})) |) \\ + \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) |) (T - t_{k}) \\ + \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{m}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s \\ \leq \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} (| f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) - f (r, 0, 0) | + | f (r, 0, 0) |) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} (| f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) - f (s, 0, 0) | + | f (s, 0, 0) |) d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} (| f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) - f (s, 0, 0) | + | f (s, 0, 0) |) d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (| I_{k} (x (t_{k})) - I_{k} (0) | + | I_{k} (0) |) \\ + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (| I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) - I_{k}^{*} (0) | + | I_{k}^{*} (0) |) \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (| I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) - I_{k}^{*} (0) | + | I_{k}^{*} (0) |) (T - t_{k}) \\ \leq \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} (L_{1} R + ϕ_{0} L_{2} R \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{r} d_{q_{k - 1}} u + M_{1}) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} (L_{1} R + ϕ_{0} L_{2} R \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} d_{q_{k - 1}} r + M_{1}) d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} (L_{1} R + ϕ_{0} L_{2} R \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} d_{q_{k - 1}} r + M_{1}) d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (L_{3} R + M_{2}) + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (L_{4} R + M_{3}) \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (L_{4} R + M_{3}) (T - t_{k}) \\ \leq \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} [\frac{L_{1} R {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + \frac{ϕ_{0} L_{2} R {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{3}}{1 + q_{k - 1} + q_{k - 1}^{2}} + \frac{M_{1} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}}] \\ + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} [L_{1} R (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + \frac{ϕ_{0} L_{2} R {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + M_{1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1})] \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) [L_{1} R (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + \frac{ϕ_{0} L_{2} R {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + M_{1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1})] \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (L_{3} R + M_{2}) + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (L_{4} R + M_{3}) + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (L_{4} R + M_{3}) (T - t_{k}) \\ = ω R + λ_{0} \leq (δ + 1 - ε) R \leq R, \end{aligned}

which implies that $A B_{R} \subset B_{R}$ .

For any

x, y \in P C (J, R)

and for each

t \in J

, we have

\begin{aligned} | A x (t) - A y (t) | \\ \leq \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} (| f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) - f (r, y (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} y) (r)) |) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} (| f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) - f (s, y (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} y) (s)) |) d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} (| f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) - f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) |) d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (| I_{k} (x (t_{k})) - I_{k} (y (t_{k})) |) + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (| I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) - I_{k}^{*} (y (t_{k})) |) \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (| I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) - I_{k}^{*} (y (t_{k})) |) (T - t_{k}) \\ \leq \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} [\frac{L_{1} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + \frac{ϕ_{0} L_{2} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{3}}{1 + q_{k - 1} + q_{k - 1}^{2}}] ∥ x - y ∥ \\ + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} [L_{1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + \frac{ϕ_{0} L_{2} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}}] ∥ x - y ∥ \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) [L_{1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + \frac{ϕ_{0} L_{2} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}}] ∥ x - y ∥ \\ + \frac{m (1 + 2 T) L_{3}}{T} ∥ x - y ∥ + \frac{m (1 + T) L_{4}}{T} ∥ x - y ∥ + \frac{(1 + 2 T) L_{4} ∥ x - y ∥}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) \\ = ω ∥ x - y ∥, \end{aligned}

which implies that $∥ A x - A y ∥ \leq ω ∥ x - y ∥$ . As $ω < 1$ , $A$ is a contraction. Therefore, by the Banach contraction mapping principle, we find that $A$ has a fixed point which is the unique solution of problem (1.1). This completes the proof. □

The second existence result is based on Schaefer’s fixed point theorem.

Theorem 3.2 Assume that:

(H₃)

f : J \times R^{2} \to R

is a continuous function and there exists a constant

N_{1} > 0

such that

| f (t, x, (S_{q_{k}} x)) | \leq N_{1},

for each $t \in J$ and all $x \in R$ , $k = 0, 1, 2, \dots, m$ .

(H₄) The functions

I_{k}, I_{k}^{*} : R \to R

are continuous and there exist constants

N_{2}, N_{3} > 0

such that

| I_{k} (x) | \leq N_{2} and | I_{k}^{*} (x) | \leq N_{3},

for all $x \in R$ , $k = 1, 2, \dots, m$ .

Then the boundary value problem (1.1) has at least one solution on J.

Proof We will use Schaefer’s fixed point theorem to prove that $A$ , defined by (3.1), has a fixed point. We divide the proof into four steps.

Step 1: Continuity of $A$ .

Let

{x_{n}}

be a sequence such that

x_{n} \to x

in

P C (J, R)

. Since f is a continuous function on

J \times R^{2}

and

I_{k}

,

I_{k}^{*}

are continuous functions on ℝ for

k = 1, 2, \dots

, we have

f (t, x_{n} (t), (S_{q_{k}} x_{n}) (t)) \to f (t, x (t), (S_{q_{k}} x) (t)),

and $I_{k} (x_{n} (t_{k})) \to I_{k} (x (t_{k}))$ , $I_{k}^{*} (x_{n} (t_{k})) \to I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k}))$ for $k = 1, 2, \dots$ , as $n \to \infty$ .

Then, for each

t \in J

, we get

\begin{aligned} | (A x_{n}) (t) - (A x) (t) | \\ = (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} | f (r, x_{n} (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x_{n}) (r)) \\ - f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k} (x_{n} (t_{k})) - I_{k} (x (t_{k})) |) \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x_{n} (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x_{n}) (s)) - f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + | I_{k}^{*} (x_{n} (t_{k})) - I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) |) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} | f (r, x_{n} (r), (S_{q_{m}} x_{n}) (r)) - f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{m}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \int_{t_{m}}^{T} | f (s, x_{n} (s), (S_{q_{m}} x_{n}) (s)) - f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{m}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{m}} s \\ + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} | f (r, x_{n} (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x_{n}) (r)) - f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + | I_{k} (x_{n} (t_{k})) - I_{k} (x (t_{k})) |) \\ + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x_{n} (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x_{n}) (s)) - f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + | I_{k}^{*} (x_{n} (t_{k})) - I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) |) (t - t_{k}) \\ + \int_{t_{k}}^{t} \int_{t_{k}}^{s} | f (r, x_{n} (r), (S_{q_{k}} x_{n}) (r)) - f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{k}} r d_{q_{k}} s, \end{aligned}

which gives $∥ A x_{n} - A x ∥ \to 0$ as $n \to \infty$ . This means that $A$ is continuous.

Step 2: $A$ maps bounded sets into bounded sets in $P C (J, R)$ .

So, let us prove that for any

r > 0

, there exists a positive constant ρ such that for each

x \in B_{r} = {x \in P C (J, R) : ∥ x ∥ \leq r}

, we have

∥ A x ∥ \leq ρ

. For any

x \in B_{r}

, we have

\begin{array}{rcl} | (A x) (t) | & \leq & \frac{| 1 - t |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k} (x (t_{k})) |) \\ + \frac{| 1 - t |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) |) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + \frac{| 1 - t |}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{m}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s \\ + \frac{| 1 - t |}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{m}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{m}} s \\ + \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k} (x (t_{k})) |) \\ + \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) |) (T - t_{k}) \\ + \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{m}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s \\ \leq & \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} N_{1} d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} N_{1} d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} N_{1} d_{q_{k - 1}} s + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} N_{2} \\ + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} N_{3} + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} N_{3} (T - t_{k}) \\ \leq & \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} [\frac{N_{1} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}}] + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} [N_{1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1})] \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) [N_{1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1})] + \frac{m (1 + 2 T) N_{2}}{T} \\ + \frac{m (1 + T) N_{3}}{T} + \frac{(1 + 2 T) N_{3}}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) \\ : = & ρ . \end{array}

Hence, we deduce that $∥ A x ∥ \leq ρ$ .

Step 3: $A$ maps bounded sets into equicontinuous sets of $P C (J, R)$ .

Let

τ_{1}, τ_{2} \in J_{i}

for some

i \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, m}

,

τ_{1} < τ_{2}

,

B_{r}

be a bounded set of

P C (J, R)

as in Step 2, and let

x \in B_{r}

. Then we have

\begin{aligned} | (A x) (τ_{2}) - (A x) (τ_{1}) | \\ \leq \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k} (x (t_{k})) |) \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) |) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{m}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{m}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{m}} s \\ + | τ_{2} - τ_{1} | \sum_{k = 1}^{i} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) |) \\ + | \int_{t_{i}}^{τ_{2}} \int_{t_{i}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{i}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{i}} r d_{q_{i}} s - \int_{t_{i}}^{τ_{1}} \int_{t_{i}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{i}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{i}} r d_{q_{i}} s | \\ \leq \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} [\frac{N_{1} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + N_{2}] \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} [N_{1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + N_{3}] (T - t_{k} + 1) + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} [\frac{N_{1} {(T - t_{m})}^{2}}{1 + q_{m}}] \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} [N_{1} (T - t_{m})] + | τ_{2} - τ_{1} | \sum_{k = 1}^{i} [N_{1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + N_{3}] \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} | N_{1}}{1 + q_{i}} (τ_{2} + τ_{1} + 2 t_{i}) . \end{aligned}

As $τ_{1} \to τ_{2}$ , the right-hand side of the above inequality (which is independent of x) tends to zero. As a consequence of Steps 1 to 3, together with the Arzelá-Ascoli theorem, we deduce that $A : P C (J, R) \to P C (J, R)$ is completely continuous.

Step 4: We show that the set

E = {x \in P C (J, R) : x = θ A x for some 0 < θ < 1}

is bounded.

Let

x \in E

. Then

x (t) = θ (A x) (t)

for some

0 < θ < 1

. Thus, for each

t \in J

, by using the computations of Step 2, we have that

∥ A x ∥ \leq ρ .

This shows that the set E is bounded. As a consequence of Schaefer’s fixed point theorem, we conclude that $A$ has a fixed point which is a solution of the impulsive $q_{k}$ -integro-difference boundary value problem (1.1). □

The third existence result for the impulsive boundary value problem (1.1) is based on Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem.

Lemma 3.3 (Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem) [19]

Let M be a closed, bounded, convex and nonempty subset of a Banach space X. Let A, B be the operators such that

(a)

$A x + B y \in M$ whenever $x, y \in M$ ;
(b)

A is a compact and continuous;
(c)

B is a contraction mapping.

Then there exists $z \in M$ such that $z = A z + B z$ .

For convenience we put

\begin{aligned} Λ = & \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \frac{{(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}), \end{aligned}

(3.5)

and

λ_{1} = \frac{m (1 + 2 T) N_{1}}{T} + \frac{m (1 + T) N_{2}}{T} + \frac{(1 + 2 T) N_{2}}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) .

(3.6)

Theorem 3.4 Let $f : J \times R \to R$ be a continuous function. Assume that:

(A₁) $| f (t, x, y) | \leq μ (t)$ , $\forall (t, x, y) \in J \times R \times R$ and $μ \in C (J, R^{+})$ .

(A₂) There exist constants $N_{1}, N_{2} > 0$ such that $| I_{k} (x) | \leq N_{1}$ and $| I_{k}^{*} (x) | \leq N_{2}$ , $\forall x \in R$ , for $k = 1, 2, \dots, m$ .

(A₃) There exist constants $K_{1}, K_{2} > 0$ such that $| I_{k} (x) - I_{k} (y) | \leq K_{1} | x - y |$ and $| I_{k}^{*} (x) - I_{k}^{*} (y) | \leq K_{2} | x - y |$ , $\forall x, y \in R$ , for $k = 1, 2, \dots, m$ .

If

\frac{m (1 + 2 T) K_{1}}{T} + \frac{m (1 + T) K_{2}}{T} + \frac{(1 + 2 T) K_{2}}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) < 1,

(3.7)

then boundary value problem (1.1) has at least one solution on J.

Proof We define

{sup}_{t \in J} | μ (t) | = ∥ μ ∥

and choose a suitable constant ρ as

ρ \geq ∥ μ ∥ Λ + λ_{1},

where Λ and

λ_{1}

are defined by (3.5) and (3.6), respectively. We define the operators Φ and Ψ on

B_{ρ} = {x \in P C (J, R) : ∥ x ∥ \leq ρ}

as

\begin{array}{rcl} (Φ x) (t) & = & (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s) \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) d_{q_{k - 1}} s) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{m}} x) (r)) d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s \\ + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \int_{t_{m}}^{T} f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{m}} x) (s)) d_{q_{m}} s \\ + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s) \\ + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) d_{q_{k - 1}} s) (t - t_{k}) \\ + \int_{t_{k}}^{t} \int_{t_{k}}^{s} f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k}} x) (r)) d_{q_{k}} r d_{q_{k}} s \end{array}

and

\begin{array}{rcl} (Ψ x) (t) & = & (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} I_{k} (x (t_{k})) + (\frac{1 - t}{T}) \sum_{k = 1}^{m} I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} I_{k} (x (t_{k})) + \sum_{0 < t_{k} < t} I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) (t - t_{k}) . \end{array}

For

x, y \in B_{ρ}

, we have

\begin{array}{rcl} ∥ Φ x + Ψ y ∥ & \leq & ∥ μ ∥ {\frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \frac{{(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) (t_{k} - t_{k - 1})} \\ + \frac{m (1 + 2 T) N_{1}}{T} + \frac{m (1 + T) N_{2}}{T} + \frac{(1 + 2 T) N_{2}}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) \\ = & ∥ μ ∥ Λ + λ_{1} \\ \leq & ρ . \end{array}

Thus, $Φ x + Ψ y \in B_{ρ}$ .

For

x, y \in P C (J, R)

, from (A₃), we have

\begin{array}{rcl} ∥ Ψ x - Ψ y ∥ & \leq & \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} | I_{k} (x (t_{k})) - I_{k} (y (t_{k})) | + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} | I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) - I_{k}^{*} (y (t_{k})) | \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} | I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) - I_{k}^{*} (y (t_{k})) | (T - t_{k}) \\ \leq & \frac{m (1 + 2 T) K_{1} ∥ x - y ∥}{T} + \frac{m (1 + T) K_{2} ∥ x - y ∥}{T} \\ + \frac{(1 + 2 T) K_{2} ∥ x - y ∥}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}), \end{array}

which implies, by (3.7), that Ψ is a contraction mapping.

Continuity of f implies that the operator Φ is continuous. Also, Φ is uniformly bounded on

B_{ρ}

as

∥ Φ x ∥ \leq ∥ μ ∥ Λ .

Now we prove the compactness of the operator Φ.

We define

{sup}_{(t, x) \in J \times B_{ρ}} | f (t, x) | = \bar{f} < \infty

,

τ_{1}, τ_{2} \in (t_{i}, t_{i + 1})

for some

i \in {0, 1, \dots, m}

with

τ_{1} < τ_{2}

and consequently we get

\begin{aligned} | (Φ x) (τ_{2}) - (Φ x) (τ_{1}) | \\ \leq \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s) \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{m}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{m}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{m}} s \\ + | τ_{2} - τ_{1} | \sum_{k = 1}^{i} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s) \\ + | \int_{t_{i}}^{τ_{2}} \int_{t_{i}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{i}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{i}} r d_{q_{i}} s - \int_{t_{i}}^{τ_{1}} \int_{t_{i}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{i}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{i}} r d_{q_{i}} s | \\ \leq \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} | \bar{f}}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} \frac{{(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} | \bar{f}}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} | \bar{f}}{T} \frac{{(T - t_{m})}^{2}}{1 + q_{m}} + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} | \bar{f}}{T} (T - t_{m}) + | τ_{2} - τ_{1} | \bar{f} \sum_{k = 1}^{i} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} | \bar{f}}{1 + q_{i}} (τ_{2} + τ_{1} + 2 t_{i}), \end{aligned}

which is independent of x and tends to zero as $τ_{2} - τ_{1} \to 0$ . Thus, Φ is equicontinuous. So Φ is relatively compact on $B_{ρ}$ . Hence, by the Arzelá-Ascoli theorem, Φ is compact on $B_{ρ}$ . Thus all the assumptions of Lemma 3.3 are satisfied. So the boundary value problem (1.1) has at least one solution on J. The proof is completed. □

Our final, fourth existence result is based on the Leray-Schauder Nonlinear Alternative.

Lemma 3.5 (Nonlinear alternative for single valued maps) [20]

Let E be a Banach space, C a closed, convex subset of E, U an open subset of C and

0 \in U

. Suppose that

F : \bar{U} \to C

is a continuous, compact (that is,

F (\bar{U})

is a relatively compact subset of C) map. Then either

(i)

F has a fixed point in $\bar{U}$ , or
(ii)

there is a $u \in \partial U$ (the boundary of U in C) and $θ \in (0, 1)$ with $u = θ F (u)$ .

Theorem 3.6 Assume that:

(A₄) There exist a continuous nondecreasing function

ψ : [0, \infty) \to (0, \infty)

and a continuous function

p : J \to R^{+}

such that

| f (t, x, y) | \leq p (t) ψ (| x |) + | y | for each (t, x, y) \in J \times R \times R .

(A₅) There exist continuous nondecreasing functions

φ_{1}, φ_{2} : [0, \infty) \to (0, \infty)

such that

| I_{k} (x) | \leq φ_{1} (| x |) and | I_{k}^{*} (x) | \leq φ_{2} (| x |),

for all $x \in R$ , $k = 1, 2, \dots, m$ .

(A₆) There exists a constant

M^{*} > 0

such that

\frac{M^{*}}{p_{0} ψ (M^{*}) Q_{1} + ϕ_{0} M^{*} Q_{2} + Q_{3}} > 1,

where

p_{0} = max {p (t) : t \in J}

,

ϕ_{0} = max {ϕ (t, s) : (t, s) \in J \times J}

and

\begin{array}{rcl} Q_{1} & = & \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \frac{{(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}), \\ Q_{2} & = & \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \frac{{(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{3}}{1 + q_{k - 1} + q_{k - 1}^{2}} + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \frac{{(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) \frac{{(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}}, \\ Q_{3} & = & \frac{m (1 + 2 T) φ_{1} (M^{*})}{T} + \frac{m (1 + T) φ_{2} (M^{*})}{T} + \frac{(1 + 2 T) φ_{2} (M^{*})}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) . \end{array}

Then the impulsive boundary value problem (1.1) has at least one solution on J.

Proof First we show that

A

maps bounded sets (balls) into bounded sets in

P C (J, R)

. For a positive number

\bar{ρ}

, let

B_{\bar{ρ}} = {x \in P C (J, R) : ∥ x ∥ \leq \bar{ρ}}

be a bounded ball in

P C (J, R)

. Then for

t \in J

we have

\begin{aligned} | (A x) (t) | \\ \leq \frac{| 1 - t |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k} (x (t_{k})) |) \\ + \frac{| 1 - t |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) |) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + \frac{| 1 - t |}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{m}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s \\ + \frac{| 1 - t |}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{m}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{m}} s \\ + \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k} (x (t_{k})) |) \\ + \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) |) (T - t_{k}) \\ + \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{m}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s \\ \leq \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} (p_{0} ψ (∥ x ∥) + ϕ_{0} ∥ x ∥ \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{r} d_{q_{k - 1}} u) d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} (p_{0} ψ (∥ x ∥) + ϕ_{0} ∥ x ∥ \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} d_{q_{k - 1}} r) d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} (p_{0} ψ (∥ x ∥) + ϕ_{0} ∥ x ∥ \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} d_{q_{k - 1}} r) d_{q_{k - 1}} s \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} φ_{1} (∥ x ∥) + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} φ_{2} (∥ x ∥) + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} φ_{2} (∥ x ∥) (T - t_{k}) \\ \leq \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} [\frac{p_{0} ψ (∥ x ∥) {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + \frac{ϕ_{0} ∥ x ∥ {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{3}}{1 + q_{k - 1} + q_{k - 1}^{2}}] \\ + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} [p_{0} ψ (∥ x ∥) (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + \frac{ϕ_{0} ∥ x ∥ {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}}] \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) [p_{0} ψ (∥ x ∥) (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + \frac{ϕ_{0} ∥ x ∥ {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}}] \\ + \frac{m (1 + 2 T) φ_{1} (∥ x ∥)}{T} + \frac{m (1 + T) φ_{2} (∥ x ∥)}{T} \\ + \frac{(1 + 2 T) φ_{2} (∥ x ∥)}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) \\ \leq \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} [\frac{p_{0} ψ (\bar{ρ}) {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + \frac{ϕ_{0} \bar{ρ} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{3}}{1 + q_{k - 1} + q_{k - 1}^{2}}] \\ + \frac{1 + T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m + 1} [p_{0} ψ (\bar{ρ}) (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + \frac{ϕ_{0} \bar{ρ} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}}] \\ + \frac{1 + 2 T}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) [p_{0} ψ (\bar{ρ}) (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + \frac{ϕ_{0} \bar{ρ} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}}] \\ + \frac{m (1 + 2 T) φ_{1} (\bar{ρ})}{T} + \frac{m (1 + T) φ_{2} (\bar{ρ})}{T} + \frac{(1 + 2 T) φ_{2} (\bar{ρ})}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (T - t_{k}) \\ : = K . \end{aligned}

Hence, we deduce that $∥ A x ∥ \leq K$ .

Next we show that $A$ maps bounded sets into equicontinuous sets of $P C (J, R)$ .

Let

τ_{1}, τ_{2} \in J_{i}

for some

i \in {0, 1, 2, \dots, m}

,

τ_{1} < τ_{2}

,

B_{\bar{ρ}}

be a bounded set of

P C (J, R)

as in the previous step, and let

x \in B_{\bar{ρ}}

. Then we have

\begin{aligned} | (A x) (τ_{2}) - (A x) (τ_{1}) | \\ \leq \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} \int_{t_{k - 1}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} r d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k} (x (t_{k})) |) \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) |) (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{m}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{m}} r d_{q_{m}} s \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \int_{t_{m}}^{T} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{m}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{m}} s \\ + | τ_{2} - τ_{1} | \sum_{k = 1}^{i} (\int_{t_{k - 1}}^{t_{k}} | f (s, x (s), (S_{q_{k - 1}} x) (s)) | d_{q_{k - 1}} s + | I_{k}^{*} (x (t_{k})) |) \\ + | \int_{t_{i}}^{τ_{2}} \int_{t_{i}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{i}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{i}} r d_{q_{i}} s - \int_{t_{i}}^{τ_{1}} \int_{t_{i}}^{s} | f (r, x (r), (S_{q_{i}} x) (r)) | d_{q_{i}} r d_{q_{i}} s | \\ \leq \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} [\frac{p_{0} ψ (\bar{ρ}) {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + \frac{ϕ_{0} \bar{ρ} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{3}}{1 + q_{k - 1} + q_{k - 1}^{2}} + φ_{1} (\bar{ρ})] \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} \sum_{k = 1}^{m} [p_{0} ψ (\bar{ρ}) (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + \frac{ϕ_{0} \bar{ρ} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + φ_{2} (\bar{ρ})] (T - t_{k} + 1) \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} [\frac{p_{0} ψ (\bar{ρ}) {(T - t_{m})}^{2}}{1 + q_{m}} + \frac{ϕ_{0} \bar{ρ} {(T - t_{m})}^{3}}{1 + q_{m} + q_{m}^{2}}] \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} |}{T} [p_{0} ψ (\bar{ρ}) (T - t_{m}) + \frac{ϕ_{0} \bar{ρ} {(T - t_{m})}^{2}}{1 + q_{m}}] \\ + | τ_{2} - τ_{1} | \sum_{k = 1}^{i} [p_{0} ψ (\bar{ρ}) (t_{k} - t_{k - 1}) + \frac{ϕ_{0} \bar{ρ} {(t_{k} - t_{k - 1})}^{2}}{1 + q_{k - 1}} + φ_{2} (\bar{ρ})] \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} | p_{0} ψ (\bar{ρ})}{1 + q_{i}} (τ_{2} + τ_{1} + 2 t_{i}) \\ + \frac{| τ_{2} - τ_{1} | ϕ_{0} \bar{ρ}}{1 +} \end{aligned}