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Theory and Modern Applications

Table 2 Equations of type (2,1)

From: Local dynamics and global attractivity of a certain second-order quadratic fractional difference equation

Equation

Equilibrium point

Stability of equilibrium point

Period-two solution and stability

Partial derivatives

x n + 1 = β x n x n 1 + γ x n 1 2 x n

x ¯ =t, t>0 for β + γ = 1

no eq. point for β + γ ≠ 1

a non-hyp. for β + γ = 1

no minimal period-two solution

f u = v 2 γ u 2

f v = 2 v γ u +β

x n + 1 = β x n 1 x n + δ x n x n 1 2

x ¯ = 1 2 ( β 2 + 4 δ +β)

a repeller for β,δ>0

no minimal period-two solution

f u = v β + δ v 2

f v = u ( v β + 2 δ ) v 3

x n + 1 = γ x n 1 2 + δ x n x n 1 x n

x ¯ = 1 2 ( γ 2 + 4 δ +γ)

LAS for 4δ>3 γ 2

a saddle point for 4δ<3 γ 2

a non-hyp. for 4δ=3 γ 2

{ γ δ + δ 2 ( 4 δ 3 γ 2 ) 2 ( γ 2 δ ) , γ δ δ 2 ( 4 δ 3 γ 2 ) 2 ( γ 2 δ ) }

exists for 3 γ 2 <4δ<4 γ 2

a saddle point for 3 γ 2 <4δ<4 γ 2

f u = v γ u 2

f v = v 2 γ u δ u v 2

x n + 1 = γ x n 1 2 + δ x n x n 1 2

x ¯ = 1 2 ( γ 2 + 4 δ +γ)

LAS for δ<2 γ 2

a repeller for δ>2 γ 2

a non-hyp. for δ=2 γ 2

possible Naimark-Sacker bifurcation

f u = δ v 2

f v = 2 u δ v 3

x n + 1 = γ x n 1 2 + δ x n x n

x ¯ = δ γ 1 for γ<1

LAS for 3γ<1

a saddle point for 3γ>1

a non-hyp. for 3γ = 1

{ϕ,ψ} for 3γ<1

ϕ= ( γ + 1 ) ( 1 3 γ ) δ 2 + γ δ + δ 2 γ ( γ + 1 )

ψ= ( γ + 1 ) ( 1 3 γ ) δ 2 + γ δ + δ 2 γ ( γ + 1 )

a saddle point for 3γ<1

f u = v 2 γ u 2

f v = 2 v γ u