Skip to main content

Theory and Modern Applications

Complex oscillation of meromorphic solutions for difference Riccati equation

An Erratum to this article was published on 16 January 2015

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate zeros and α-points of meromorphicsolutions f(z) for difference Riccati equations, and we obtain someestimates of exponents of convergence of zeros and α-points off(z) and shifts f(z+n), differences Δf(z)=f(z+1)f(z), and divided differences Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) .

MSC: 30D35, 39B12.

1 Introduction and main results

In this paper, we assume that the reader is familiar with the standard notations andbasic results of Nevanlinna’s value distribution theory (see [1, 2]). In addition, we use the notions σ(f) to denote the order of growth of the meromorphic functionf(z), λ(f), and λ( 1 f ) to denote the exponents of convergence of zeros and polesof f(z), respectively. We say a meromorphic functionf(z) is oscillatory if f(z) has infinitely many zeros.

The theory of difference equations, the methods used in their solutions, and their wideapplications have advanced beyond their adolescent stage to occupy a central position inapplicable analysis. The theory of oscillation play an important role in the research ondiscrete equations, and it is systematically introduced in [3]. The complex oscillation is the development and deepening of thecorresponding real oscillation, and it can profoundly reveals the essence of theoscillation problem that the property of oscillation is investigated in complex domain.

Recently, as the difference analogs of Nevanlinna’s theory were being investigated [46], many results on the complex difference equations have been got rapidly. Manypapers [4, 79] mainly deal with the growth of meromorphic solutions of some differenceequations, and several papers [7, 8, 1015] deal with analytic properties of meromorphic solutions of some nonlineardifference equations. Especially, there has been an increasing interest in studyingdifference Riccati equations in the complex plane [8, 10, 12, 15].

In [8], Ishizaki gave some surveys of the basic properties of the difference Riccatiequation

y(z+1)= A ( z ) + y ( z ) 1 y ( z ) ,

where A(z) is a rational function, which have analogs in thedifferential case [16]. In the proof of the celebrated classification theorem, Halburd and Korhonen [13] were concerned with the difference Riccati equation of the form

w(z+1)= A ( z ) + δ w ( z ) δ w ( z ) ,

where A is a polynomial, δ=±1. In [10], Chen and Shon investigated the existence and forms of rational solutions,and the Borel exceptional value, zeros, poles, and fixed points of transcendentalsolutions, and they proved the following theorem.

Theorem A Letδ=±1be a constant andA(z)= m ( z ) n ( z ) be an irreducible nonconstant rational function,wherem(z)andn(z)are polynomials withdegm(z)=manddegn(z)=n.

If f(z) is a transcendental finite order meromorphic solution of the difference Riccatiequation

f(z+1)= A ( z ) + δ f ( z ) δ f ( z ) ,
(1)

then

  1. (i)

    ifσ(f)>0, thenf(z)has at most one Borel exceptional value;

  2. (ii)

    λ( 1 f )=λ(f)=σ(f);

  3. (iii)

    ifA(z) z 2 z+1, then the exponent of convergence of fixed points off(z)satisfiesτ(f)=σ(f).

In [15], the first author investigated fixed points of meromorphic functionsf(z) for difference Riccati equation (1), and obtain someestimates of exponents of convergence of fixed points of f(z) and shifts f(z+n), differences Δf(z)=f(z+1)f(z), and divided differences Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) .

In this paper, we investigate zeros and α-points of meromorphic solutionsf(z) for difference Riccati equations (1), and we obtain someestimates of the exponents of convergence of zeros and α-points off(z) and shifts f(z+n), differences Δf(z)=f(z+1)f(z), and divided differences Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) of meromorphic solutions of (1). We prove the followingtheorem.

Theorem 1.1 Letδ=±1be a constant andA(z)be a nonconstant rational function.SetΔf(z)=f(z+1)f(z). If there exists a nonconstant rationalfunctions(z)such thatA(z)= s 2 (z), then every finite order transcendental meromorphicsolutionf(z)of the difference Riccati equation (1), itsdifferenceΔf(z), and divided difference Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) are oscillatory and satisfy

λ ( Δ f ( z ) ) =λ ( Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) ) =σ(f).

Theorem 1.2 LetA(z)be a nonconstant rational function.If α is a non-zero complex constant, thenevery finite order transcendental meromorphic solutionf(z)of the difference Riccati equation

f(z+1)= A ( z ) + f ( z ) 1 f ( z )
(2)

satisfies

  1. (i)

    ifα1, thenλ(f(z+n)α)=σ(f), n=0,1,2, ;

  2. (ii)

    if there is a rational function n(z) satisfying

    A(z)= α 2 4 ( 1 + α ) (1+α) n 2 (z),

thenλ( Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) α)=σ(f);

  1. (iii)

    if there is a rational function m(z) satisfying

    A(z)= α 2 + α 4 m 2 (z),

thenλ(Δf(z)α)=σ(f).

Example 1.1 The function f(z)= Q ( z ) 2 z ( z 1 ) ( z + 1 ) z Q ( z ) + z 2 ( z 1 ) ( z + 1 ) satisfies the difference Riccati equation

f(z+1)= A ( z ) + f ( z ) 1 f ( z ) ,

where A(z)= 2 z ( z + 1 ) , Q(z) is a periodic function with period 1. Note that for anyρ[1,+), there exists a prime periodic entire functionQ(z) of order σ(Q)=ρ by Ozawa [17]. Thus σ(f)=σ(Q)=ρ1.

Also, this solution f(z)= Q ( z ) 2 z ( z 1 ) ( z + 1 ) z Q ( z ) + z 2 ( z 1 ) ( z + 1 ) satisfies

Δf(z)=f(z+1)f(z)= 18 z 3 ( z + 1 ) 3 [ Q ( z ) 2 z ( z + 1 ) ( 2 z + 1 ) ] 2 z ( z + 1 ) [ Q ( z ) + z ( z 1 ) ( z + 1 ) ] [ Q ( z ) + z ( z + 1 ) ( z + 2 ) ]

and

Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) = 18 z 3 ( z + 1 ) 3 [ Q ( z ) 2 z ( z + 1 ) ( 2 z + 1 ) ] 2 ( z + 1 ) [ Q ( z ) 2 z ( z 1 ) ( z + 1 ) ] [ Q ( z ) + z ( z + 1 ) ( z + 2 ) ] .

Using the same discussion as Lemma 2.1, we easily see that 18 z 3 ( z + 1 ) 3 [ Q ( z ) 2 z ( z + 1 ) ( 2 z + 1 ) ] 2 and [Q(z)+z(z1)(z+1)][Q(z)+z(z+1)(z+2)] (or [Q(z)2z(z1)(z+1)][Q(z)+z(z+1)(z+2)]) have at most finitely many common zeros. Thus,

λ ( Δ f ( z ) ) = λ ( Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) ) = λ ( 18 z 3 ( z + 1 ) 3 [ Q ( z ) 2 z ( z + 1 ) ( 2 z + 1 ) ] 2 ) = σ ( Q ) = σ ( f ) = ρ 1 .

2 Lemmas for proofs of theorems

Firstly we need the following lemmas for the proof of Theorem 1.1.

Lemma 2.1 LetA(z)be a nonconstant rational function,andf(z)be a nonconstant meromorphic function.Then

y 1 (z)=A(z)+ f 2 (z)and y 2 (z)=1f(z)

have at most finitely many common zeros.

Proof Suppose that z 0 is a common zero of y 1 (z) and y 2 (z). Then y 2 ( z 0 )=1f( z 0 )=0. Thus, f( z 0 )=1. Substituting f( z 0 )=1 into y 1 (z), we obtain

y 1 ( z 0 )=A( z 0 )+1=0.

Since A(z) is a nonconstant rational function,A(z)+1 has only finitely many zeros. Thus, y 1 (z) and y 2 (z) have at most finitely many common zeros. □

Lemma 2.2 Let w(z) be a nonconstant finite order transcendental meromorphic solution of the differenceequation of

P(z,w)=0,

whereP(z,w)is a difference polynomialinw(z). IfP(z,α)0for a meromorphic functionα(z)satisfyingT(r,α)=S(r,w), then

m ( r , 1 w α ) =S(r,w)

holds for all r outside of a possible exceptional set with finitelogarithmic measure.

3 Proof of Theorem 1.1

Suppose that δ=1. We only prove the case δ=1. We can use the same method to prove the caseδ=1.

First, we prove that λ(Δf(z))=σ(f(z)).

By (1) and the fact that A(z)= s 2 (z), we obtain

Δ f ( z ) = f ( z + 1 ) f ( z ) = A ( z ) + f ( z ) 1 f ( z ) f ( z ) = A ( z ) + f 2 ( z ) 1 f ( z ) = f 2 ( z ) s 2 ( z ) 1 f ( z ) = [ f ( z ) s ( z ) ] [ f ( z ) + s ( z ) ] 1 f ( z ) .
(3)

Since A(z) and s(z) are rational functions, we know thatf(z)s(z) (or f(z)+s(z)) and 1f(z) have the same poles, except possibly finitely many. ByLemma 2.1, we see that A(z)+ f 2 (z) and 1f(z) have at most finitely many common zeros. Hence, by (3), weonly need to prove that

λ ( f ( z ) s ( z ) ) =σ ( f ( z ) ) orλ ( f ( z ) + s ( z ) ) =σ ( f ( z ) ) .
(4)

Suppose that λ(f(z)s(z))<σ(f(z)). By σ(f(z)s(z))=σ(f(z)) and Hadamard factorization theorem,f(z)s(z) can be rewritten in the form

f(z)s(z)= z t P 0 ( z ) Q 0 ( z ) e h ( z ) = P ( z ) Q ( z ) ,
(5)

where h(z) is a polynomial with degh(z)σ(f(z)), P 0 (z) and Q 0 (z) are canonical products ( P 0 (z) may be a polynomial) formed by non-zero zeros and poles off(z)s(z), respectively, t is an integer, ift0, then P(z)= z t P 0 (z), Q(z)= Q 0 (z) e h ( z ) ; if t<0, then P(z)= P 0 (z), Q(z)= z t Q 0 (z) e h ( z ) . Combining Theorem A with the property of thecanonical product, we have

{ σ ( P ( z ) ) = λ ( P ( z ) ) = λ ( f ( z ) s ( z ) ) < σ ( f ( z ) ) , σ ( Q ( z ) ) = λ ( Q ( z ) ) = σ ( f ( z ) ) .
(6)

By (5), we obtain

f(z)=s(z)+P(z)y(z),f(z+1)=s(z+1)+P(z+1)y(z+1),
(7)

where y(z)= 1 Q ( z ) . Thus, by (6), we have

σ ( y ( z ) ) =σ ( Q ( z ) ) =σ ( f ( z ) ) ,σ ( P ( z + 1 ) ) =σ ( P ( z ) ) <σ ( f ( z ) ) .

Substituting (7) into (1), we obtain

E 1 ( z , y ) : = [ s ( z + 1 ) + P ( z + 1 ) y ( z + 1 ) ] [ 1 s ( z ) P ( z ) y ( z ) ] A ( z ) s ( z ) P ( z ) y ( z ) = 0 .
(8)

By (8) and the fact that A(z)= s 2 (z), we have

E 1 ( z , 0 ) : = s ( z + 1 ) [ 1 s ( z ) ] A ( z ) s ( z ) = s ( z + 1 ) [ 1 s ( z ) ] + s 2 ( z ) s ( z ) = [ 1 s ( z ) ] [ s ( z + 1 ) s ( z ) ] .

Since s(z) is a nonconstant rational faction, we see that1s(z)0 and s(z+1)s(z)0, so that

E 1 (z,0)0.
(9)

Thus, by (6), (9), and Lemma 2.2, we obtain for any given ε(0<ε<σ(f(z))σ(P(z))),

N ( r , 1 y ( z ) ) =T ( r , y ( z ) ) +S ( r , y ( z ) ) +O ( r σ ( P ( z ) ) + ε )
(10)

holds for all r outside of a possible exceptional set with finite logarithmicmeasure.

On the other hand, by y(z)= 1 Q ( z ) and the fact that Q(z) is an entire function, we see that

N ( r , 1 y ( z ) ) =N ( r , Q ( z ) ) =0.
(11)

Thus (10) is a contradiction. Hence, (4) holds, that is, λ(Δf(z))=σ(f(z)).

Secondly, we prove that λ( Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) )=σ(f). By (1), we obtain

Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) = [ f ( z ) s ( z ) ] [ f ( z ) + s ( z ) ] f ( z ) ( 1 f ( z ) ) .

Thus, by this and (4), we see that λ( Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) )=σ(f).

4 Proof of Theorem 1.2

Suppose that f(z) is a finite order transcendental meromorphic solution of(2).

  1. (i)

    First, we prove that the conclusion holds when n=0. Set y(z)=f(z)α. Thus, y(z) is transcendental, T(r,y)=T(r,f)+O(logr), and S(r,y)=S(r,f). Substituting f(z)=y(z)+α into (2), we obtain

    K 0 (z,y)= [ y ( z + 1 ) + α ] [ 1 y ( z ) α ] A(z)y(z)α=0.

Thus

K 0 (z,0)=α(1α)A(z)α= α 2 A(z).

By the condition that A(z) is a nonconstant rational function, we obtain K 0 (z,0)0. By Lemma 2.2,

N ( r , 1 y ) =T(r,y)+S(r,y)

holds for all r outside of a possible exceptional set with finite logarithmicmeasure. That is,

N ( r , 1 f α ) =T(r,f)+S(r,f)

holds for all r outside of a possible exceptional set with finite logarithmicmeasure. Thus, we obtain λ(f(z)α)=σ(f(z)).

Now suppose that n=1. By (2) and α1, we see that

f ( z + 1 ) α = A ( z ) + f ( z ) 1 f ( z ) α = ( 1 + α ) f ( z ) + A ( z ) α 1 f ( z ) = ( 1 + α ) f ( z ) + A ( z ) α 1 + α 1 f ( z ) .
(12)

Using the same discussion as Lemma 2.1, we easily see that f(z)+ A ( z ) α 1 + α and 1f(z) have at most finitely many common zeros. Thus, we onlyneed to prove that

λ ( f ( z ) + A ( z ) α 1 + α ) =σ(f).
(13)

Using the same method as in the proof of (4)-(11), we can prove that (13) holds. Henceλ(f(z+1)α)=σ(f(z)).

Now in (12), we replace z by z+n1 (n1), and we obtain

f(z+n)α=(1+α) f ( z + n 1 ) + A ( z + n 1 ) α 1 + α 1 f ( z + n 1 ) .
(14)

Set g(z)=f(z+n1). Then (14) is transformed as

g(z+1)α=(1+α) g ( z ) + A ( z + n 1 ) α 1 + α 1 g ( z ) .
(15)

Since A(z+n1) is a nonconstant rational function too, applying theconclusion for n=1 to (15), we obtain

λ ( f ( z + n ) α ) =λ ( g ( z + 1 ) α ) =σ(g)=σ(f),n=2,3,.
  1. (ii)

    Suppose that there is a rational function n(z) satisfying

    A(z)= α 2 4 ( 1 + α ) (1+α) n 2 (z).
    (16)

Now we prove

λ ( Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) α ) =σ(f).
(17)

By (2), we have

Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) α= f ( z + 1 ) f ( z ) f ( z ) α= ( 1 + α ) f 2 ( z ) α f ( z ) + A ( z ) f ( z ) ( 1 f ( z ) ) .
(18)

If α=1, then

Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) α= A ( z ) α f ( z ) f ( z ) ( 1 f ( z ) ) .
(19)

Since A(z) is a rational function, A(z)αf(z) and (1f(z)) have the same poles, except possibly finitely many. By(19) and Theorem A, we obtain

λ ( Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) α ) =λ ( A ( z ) α f ( z ) f ( z ) ( 1 f ( z ) ) ) =λ ( 1 f ) =σ(f).

If α1, by (16) and (18), we have

Δ f ( z ) f ( z ) α=(1+α) [ f ( z ) α 2 ( 1 + α ) + n ( z ) ] [ f ( z ) α 2 ( 1 + α ) n ( z ) ] f ( z ) ( 1 f ( z ) ) .
(20)

Using the same discussion as Lemma 2.1, we easily see that (1+α) f 2 (z)αf(z)+A(z) and f(z)(1f(z)) have at most finitely many common zeros. Thus, by (20), inorder to prove (17), we only need to prove that

λ ( f ( z ) α 2 ( 1 + α ) n ( z ) ) =σ ( f ( z ) )
(21)

or

λ ( f ( z ) α 2 ( 1 + α ) + n ( z ) ) =σ ( f ( z ) ) .

Without loss of generality, we prove (21). Suppose that λ(f(z) α 2 ( 1 + α ) n(z))<σ(f(z)). Using the same method as in the proof of (4)-(11), we seethat f(z) α 2 ( 1 + α ) n(z) can be rewritten as

f(z)= α 2 ( 1 + α ) +n(z)+P(z)y(z),
(22)

where y(z)= 1 Q ( z ) , P(z), Q(z) are non-zero entire functions, such that

λ ( P ( z ) ) =σ ( P ( z ) ) <σ ( f ( z ) ) andλ ( Q ( z ) ) =σ ( Q ( z ) ) =σ ( f ( z ) ) .

Substituting (22) into (2), we obtain

K 1 ( z , y ) : = [ α 2 ( 1 + α ) + n ( z + 1 ) + P ( z + 1 ) y ( z + 1 ) ] [ 1 α 2 ( 1 + α ) n ( z ) P ( z ) y ( z ) ] A ( z ) α 2 ( 1 + α ) n ( z ) P ( z ) y ( z ) = 0

and

K 1 ( z , 0 ) : = [ α 2 ( 1 + α ) + n ( z + 1 ) ] [ 1 α 2 ( 1 + α ) n ( z ) ] A ( z ) α 2 ( 1 + α ) n ( z ) .

By the above equation and (16), we have

K 1 ( z , 0 ) : = [ α 2 ( 1 + α ) + n ( z + 1 ) ] [ 1 α 2 ( 1 + α ) n ( z ) ] α 2 4 ( 1 + α ) + ( 1 + α ) n 2 ( z ) α 2 ( 1 + α ) n ( z ) = ( 1 + α ) n 2 ( z ) n ( z ) n ( z + 1 ) + 2 + α 2 ( 1 + α ) n ( z + 1 ) 2 + 3 α 2 ( 1 + α ) n ( z ) ( 3 + α ) α 2 4 ( 1 + α ) 2 = R ( z ) ( 3 + α ) α 2 4 ( 1 + α ) 2 ,

where R(z)=(1+α) n 2 (z)n(z)n(z+1)+ 2 + α 2 ( 1 + α ) n(z+1) 2 + 3 α 2 ( 1 + α ) n(z). Since ( 3 + α ) α 2 4 ( 1 + α ) 2 is a constant, to prove K 1 (z,0)0, we need to prove that R(z) is nonconstant.

Now we prove that

R(z)=(1+α) n 2 (z)n(z)n(z+1)+ 2 + α 2 ( 1 + α ) n(z+1) 2 + 3 α 2 ( 1 + α ) n(z)

is nonconstant. Since A(z) is a nonconstant rational function and due to (16),n(z) is a nonconstant rational function too. First, ifn(z) is a polynomial with degn(z)=n1, then

deg ( ( 1 + α ) n 2 ( z ) n ( z ) n ( z + 1 ) ) =degn(z) ( ( 1 + α ) n ( z ) n ( z + 1 ) ) =2n

is the maximal degree in R(z) (since α0,1). Thus R(z) is a polynomial with degR(z)=2n2. Secondly, if n(z)= p ( z ) q ( z ) , where p(z) and q(z) are polynomials with degp(z)=p<q=degq(z), then R(z)= s ( z ) t ( z ) , where

s ( z ) = ( 1 + α ) p 2 ( z ) q ( z + 1 ) p ( z ) p ( z + 1 ) q ( z ) + ( 2 + α ) p ( z + 1 ) q 2 ( z ) ( 2 + 3 α ) p ( z ) q ( z ) q ( z + 1 )

and

t(z)=2(1+α) q 2 (z)q(z+1).

Since p<q,

deg s ( z ) = deg ( ( 2 + α ) p ( z + 1 ) q 2 ( z ) ( 2 + 3 α ) p ( z ) q ( z ) q ( z + 1 ) ) = 2 q + p < 3 q = deg t ( z ) .

Thus R(z) is nonconstant. Lastly, if n(z)= p ( z ) q ( z ) , where p(z) and q(z) are polynomials with degp(z)=pq=degp(z), then

n(z)= n 1 (z)+ p 1 ( z ) q 1 ( z ) ,

where n 1 (z), p 1 (z), and q 1 (z) are polynomials with deg n 1 (z)=pq0 and deg p 1 (z)<degq(z). By the above discussion, we know thatR(z) is nonconstant. Hence K 1 (z,0)0, and, by Lemma 2.2, we see that (21) holds.

  1. (iii)

    Suppose that there is a rational function m(z) satisfying

    A(z)= α 2 + α 4 m 2 (z).
    (23)

In what follows, we prove that

λ ( Δ f ( z ) α ) =σ(f).
(24)

By (2) and (23), we obtain

Δ f ( z ) α = A ( z ) + f 2 ( z ) 1 f ( z ) α = f 2 ( z ) + α f ( z ) + A ( z ) α 1 f ( z ) = [ f ( z ) + α 2 + m ( z ) ] [ f ( z ) + α 2 m ( z ) ] 1 f ( z ) .
(25)

Using the same discussion as Lemma 2.1, we easily see that f 2 (z)+αf(z)+A(z)α and 1f(z) have at most finitely many common zeros. Thus, by (25), weknow that to prove (24), we only need to prove that

λ ( f ( z ) + α 2 + m ( z ) ) =σ ( f ( z ) ) orλ ( f ( z ) + α 2 m ( z ) ) =σ ( f ( z ) ) .

Using the same method as in the proof of (21), we can prove that the above equationholds.

Thus, Theorem 1.2 is proved.

References

  1. Hayman WK: Meromorphic Functions. Clarendon, Oxford; 1964.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Laine I: Nevanlinna Theory and Complex Differential Equations. de Gruyter, Berlin; 1993.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Agarwal RP, Bohner M, Grace SR, O’Regan D: Discrete Oscillation Theory. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, New York; 2005.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Chiang YM, Feng SJ:On the Nevanlinna characteristic of f(z+η) and difference equations in the complex plane. Ramanujan J. 2008, 16: 105-129. 10.1007/s11139-007-9101-1

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Halburd RG, Korhonen R: Difference analogue of the lemma on the logarithmic derivative with applicationsto difference equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2006, 314: 477-487. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2005.04.010

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Halburd RG, Korhonen R: Nevanlinna theory for the difference operator. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Math. 2006, 31: 463-478.

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Chen ZX: On growth, zeros and poles of meromorphic functions of linear and nonlineardifference equations. Sci. China Ser. A 2011, 54: 2123-2133.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Ishizaki K: On difference Riccati equations and second order linear difference equations. Aequ. Math. 2011, 81: 185-198. 10.1007/s00010-010-0060-z

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Laine I, Yang CC: Clunie theorems for difference and q -difference polynomials. J. Lond. Math. Soc. 2007, 76: 556-566. 10.1112/jlms/jdm073

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Chen ZX, Shon KH: Some results on Riccati equations. Acta Math. Sin. 2011, 27: 1091-1100. 10.1007/s10114-011-9175-y

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. Chen ZX, Huang Z, Zhang R: On difference equations relating to gamma function. Acta Math. Sin. 2011, 31: 1281-1294.

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Halburd RG, Korhonen R: Existence of finite-order meromorphic solutions as a detector of integrability indifference equations. Physica D 2006, 218: 191-203. 10.1016/j.physd.2006.05.005

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Halburd RG, Korhonen R: Finite-order meromorphic solutions and the discrete Painlevé equations. Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 2007, 94: 443-474.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Jiang YY, Chen ZX: Value distribution of meromorphic solutions to some difference equations. J. South China Norm. Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed. 2013, 45(1):19-23.

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Jiang YY, Chen ZX: Fixed points of meromorphic solutions for difference Riccati equation. Taiwan. J. Math. 2013, 17(4):1413-1423.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Bank SB, Gundersen G, Laine I: Meromorphic solutions of the Riccati differential equation. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A I Math. 1982, 6(2):369-398.

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Ozawa M: On the existence of prime periodic entire functions. Kodai Math. Semin. Rep. 1978, 29: 308-321. 10.2996/kmj/1138833654

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the referee for his/her valuable suggestions. This work issupported by PhD research startup foundation of Jiangxi Science and Technology NormalUniversity, and it is partly supported by Natural Science Foundation of GuangdongProvince, China (Nos. S2012040006865, S2013040014347) and the Natural ScienceFoundation of Jiangxi, China (No. 20132BAB201008).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yang-Yang Jiang.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

Y-YJ completed the main part of this article, Y-YJ, Z-QM, and MW corrected the maintheorems. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13662-014-0339-9.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jiang, YY., Mao, ZQ. & Wen, M. Complex oscillation of meromorphic solutions for difference Riccati equation. Adv Differ Equ 2014, 247 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2014-247

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2014-247

Keywords