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Hamiltonian systems with orbital, orbital inverse shadowing
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2014, Article number: 192 (2014)
Abstract
We show that if a Hamiltonian system has the robustly orbitally shadowing property, then it is Anosov. Moreover, if a Hamiltonian system has the robustly orbitally inverse shadowing property with respect to the class of continuous methods, then it is Anosov.
MSC:37C10, 37C50, 37D20.
1 Introduction
The various shadowing theory (shadowing, orbital shadowing, inverse shadowing, orbital inverse shadowing property) is close to the stability theory. In fact, Sakai has shown in [1] that if a diffeomorphism belongs to the -interior of the set of all diffeomorphisms having the shadowing property, then it is a structurally stable diffeomorphism. Pilyugin et al. [2] proved that if a diffeomorphism belongs to the set of all diffeomorphisms having the orbital shadowing property, then it is a structurally stable diffeomorphism. It extends the result of the shadowing property. For the orbital shadowing property, we can find many results (see [2–8]).
The notion of the inverse shadowing property is a dual notion of the shadowing property which was introduced by Corless and Pilyugin in [9]. Pilyugin [10] and Lee [11] proved that if a diffeomorphism belongs to the set of all diffeomorphisms having the inverse shadowing property with respect to the class the continuous method then it is a structurally stable diffeomorphism. The qualitative theory of dynamical systems with the property was developed by various researchers (see [7–18]). The inverse shadowing property is related to topological stability. In fact, if a dynamical system is topologically stable then it has the inverse shadowing property with respect to the continuous method, but the converse does not hold in general. The following can be found in [12].
Example 1.1 Let f be a diffeomorphism on a manifold M. Then we consider the equivalence relation ‘∼’ defined by on , for . Set . We define a flow on by setting
for and , where denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then the flow on is called the suspension flow of f.
Let be a diffeomorphism such that for , and for , where is sufficiently small. Then we know that f has the shadowing property. By Lee and Park [16], it has the inverse shadowing property with respect to the continuous method. But the diffeomorphism is not topologically stable (see [19]). By Thomas [20], the suspension flow of f is topologically stable if and only if f is topologically stable. Thus the inverse shadowing is a general notion of topological stability. The notion of the orbital inverse shadowing property was introduced by [12]. It was proved in [12] that if a diffeomorphism belongs to the -interior of the set of all diffeomorphisms having the orbital inverse shadowing property with respect to the continuous methods, then it is a structurally stable diffeomorphism. For vector fields, Lee et al. [15] proved that if a vector field belongs to the -interior of the set of all vector fields having the orbital inverse shadowing property with respect to the continuous methods, then it is a structurally stable vector field.
In this paper, we study orbital shadowing and the orbital inverse shadowing property for a Hamiltonian system.
2 Hamiltonian systems
Let be a symplectic manifold, where M is a -dimensional, compact, boundaryless, connected, and smooth Riemannian manifold, endowed with the symplectic form ω. A Hamiltonian is a real valued () function on M. Denote by the set of -Hamiltonian on M. In this paper, we consider the -topology, thus we set . Given a Hamiltonian H, we define the Hamiltonian vector field as follows: for all
which generates the Hamiltonian flow . Note that a Hamiltonian vector field is if and only if the Hamiltonian function H is . There exists a formulation in terms of the Hamiltonian equations, that is, the usual Hamiltonian equations are
where and . Denote by the set of all singularities of . Since H is smooth and M is compact, . A scalar is called the energy of H. An energy hypersurface is a connected component of called an energy level set. The energy level set is said to be regular if any energy hypersurface of is regular, which means it does not contain singularities. Clearly a regular energy hypersurface is a -invariant, compact, and -dimensional manifold. We say a Hamiltonian level is regular if the energy level set is regular. A Hamiltonian system is , where H is the Hamiltonian, e is the energy, and is a regular connected component of . Then corresponds to the union of a finite number of closed connected components, that is, , for . Note that Hamiltonian flows are symplectic and volume preserving, which is known as the Liouville theorem. Thus the 2n-form (n-times) is a volume form and induces a measure μ on M, which is called the Lebesgue measure associated to . Then the measure μ on M is invariant by the Hamiltonian flow. For a regular Hamiltonian level , we define a volume form on each energy hypersurface , where for all ,
where . The volume form is -invariant. Since any energy hypersurface is compact, it induces an invariant volume measure on which is a finite measure. Now we consider the transversal linear Poincaré flow. Given a Hamiltonian vector field and a regular point , let . Define , where is the tangent space to the energy level set. Then is a -dimensional bundle. The transversal linear Poincaré flow associated to H, given by , where , is the canonical projection. It is clear that is -invariant. Let and let be a -invariant, closed, and regular set of M. We say that Λ is hyperbolic for if admits a -invariant splitting such that for any there is such that
for any . We say that a Hamiltonian system is Anosov if is hyperbolic for the Hamiltonian flow associated to H.
3 Orbital shadowing
Let be a Hamiltonian system. For any , a sequence is a δ-pseudo-orbit of H if for any . For the sequence , we denote
We say that has the shadowing property if for any , there is that satisfies the following property: given any δ-pseudo-orbit for all , there is a point and an increasing homeomorphism with such that
for any and for any .
Let A and B be closed sets of M. Then we can define the Hausdorff distance as follows:
We introduce the notion of the orbital shadowing property. For , we denote by the orbit of H through x; that is, . We say that has the orbital shadowing property if for any there is such that for any -pseudo-orbit there is a point such that
This means that
where is a neighborhood of A.
Note that the orbital shadowing property is a weak version of the shadowing property: the difference is that we do not require a point of a pseudo-orbit ξ and the point of an exact orbit to be close ‘at any time moment’; instead, the sets of the points of ξ and are required to be close. We say that has the robustly orbitally shadowing property if there is a neighborhood U of such that every has the orbital shadowing property.
In [21], Bessa et al. proved that if a Hamiltonian system has the robustly shadowing property then it is Anosov. From this fact, we have the following result, which is more general than the result of [21].
Theorem 3.1 Let be a Hamiltonian system. If has the robustly orbitally shadowing property, then it is Anosov.
4 Orbital inverse shadowing
Let , and let be a Hamiltonian system. A mapping is called a -method for H if for any , the map defined by
is a -pseudo-orbit of H. Ψ is said to be complete if for any . Then a -method for H can be considered as a family of -pseudo-orbit of H. A method Ψ for H is said to be continuous if the map given by for and , is continuous under the compact open topology on , where denotes the set of all functions from ℝ to M. The set of all complete -methods for will be denoted by . Let be the set of all complete continuous -methods for H which are induced by Hamiltonian systems with , where is the metric on . We say that a Hamiltonian system has the inverse shadowing property with respect to the class if for any there is such that for any -method and any point , there are and an increasing homeomorphism with such that
Now we introduce the notion of the orbital inverse shadowing property with respect to the .
We say that has the orbital inverse shadowing property with respect to the class if for any there is such that for any -method and any point there is such that
where . Note that if H has the inverse shadowing property with respect to the class , then H has the orbital shadowing property with respect to the class . But the converse is not true. Indeed, an irrational rotation map does not have the inverse shadowing property, and the map has the orbital shadowing property. We say that has the robustly orbitally inverse shadowing property with respect to the class if there is a neighborhood of such that for any has the orbital inverse shadowing property with respect to the class .
In [21], Bessa et al. proved that if a Hamiltonian system is robustly topologically stable then it is Anosov. Note that by the definition of topological stability, the inverse shadowing property with respect to the class of the continuous method is a general notion of topological stability. It means that if a system is topologically stable, then it has the inverse shadowing property with respect to the class of the continuous method, but the converse is not true. From these facts, we have the generalization results as follows.
Theorem 4.1 Let be a Hamiltonian system. If H has the robustly orbitally inverse shadowing property with respect to , then it is Anosov.
5 Proof of Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 4.1
A Hamiltonian system is a Hamiltonian star system if there is a neighborhood of such that for any , the corresponding regular energy hypersurface has all hyperbolic closed orbits.
In [22], Bessa et al. showed that if we have a Hamiltonian star system on a four dimensional manifold, then it is Anosov. Afterwards, Bessa et al. proved the following.
Lemma 5.1 [[23], Theorem 1]
If is a Hamiltonian star system, then it is Anosov.
To prove Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 4.1, it is enough to show that a Hamiltonian system is a Hamiltonian star system. For this, we need the following proposition.
Proposition 5.2 Let be a Hamiltonian system. If the following hold:
-
(a)
has the robustly orbitally shadowing property,
-
(b)
has the robustly orbitally inverse shadowing property with respect to the ,
then is a Hamiltonian star system.
The next lemma is called a pasting lemma; it was established in [23].
Lemma 5.3 [[23], Theorem 5.1]
Let , and let K be a compact subset of M, and U a small neighborhood of K. Given there exists such that if , for is -close to H on U, then there exist and a closed set V such that
-
(a)
,
-
(b)
on V,
-
(c)
on ,
-
(d)
is ϵ--close to H.
Let . We define . Let be a transversal section to the flow at x, a flow box associated to is defined by , where , are taken small such that is a neighborhood of x foliated by regular orbits. The following lemma is a version of Frank’s lemma for Hamiltonians.
Lemma 5.4 [[24], Theorem 1]
Let , , , and . Then there is such that for any flowbox of an injective arc of orbit () and a transversal symplectic δ-perturbation Ψ of , there is with such that
-
(a)
is ϵ--close to H,
-
(b)
,
-
(c)
on .
Let be a Hamiltonian system and let p be a periodic point in with period . For a point , is transverse to the flow, that is, a local -submanifold for which is nowhere tangency. Define the symplectic submanifold . For , . Let be an open neighborhood of p and . Let be the Poincaré map of to such that for all , where is the return time to defined by the relation and . Then f is a -symplectic diffeomorphism. The following lemma was established in [[23], Theorem 5.3].
Lemma 5.5 Let be the Poincaré map f at a periodic point p. Then for any there is such that for any symplectic diffeomorphism g δ--close to f there is a Hamiltonian ϵ--close with a Poincaré map g.
A point is a non-wandering point of H if for any neighborhood U of x in there is such that . Denote by the set of non-wandering points of H on the energy hypersurface . We say that is a periodic point of H if there is such that . Denote by the set of all periodic points of H. Given , we recall that a k-elliptic closed orbit has 2k simple non-real eigenvalues of the transversal linear Poincaré flow at the period of norm 1, and the norm of its remaining eigenvalues different from 1. If the elliptic closed orbits have all eigenvalues at the period of norm 1, simple and non-real.
By Abraham’s and Marsden’s [25] result-the symplectic eigenvalue theorem-if λ is an eigenvalue of of multiplicity k, then is an eigenvalue of of multiplicity k. Moreover, if the multiplicity of the eigenvalues 1 and −1, then it is even.
Recall that if we let be a small neighborhood of a regular energy hypersurface , then there exist a small neighborhood of the Hamiltonian H and such that for any and for any , we have . The energy hypersurface is called the analytic continuation of .
Remark 5.6 By Robinson’s version of the Kupka-Smale theorem [26], a -generic Hamiltonian has all closed orbits of hyperbolic or elliptic type. Thus, we can see that there is a close to H such that has a k-elliptic periodic orbit p of period . Therefore, there is a splitting of the normal subbundle along the orbit p into k-subspaces such that , where for . Let is an eigenvalue of . If is an irrational, then, by Frank’s lemma, there is -close to such that each appropriate restriction of the Poincaré map is conjugate to a rational rotation, for .
The following is the proof of Proposition 5.2(a).
Lemma 5.7 Let be a Hamiltonian system. If has the robustly orbitally shadowing property then is a Hamiltonian star system.
Proof Let with () associated to . Suppose that p is not hyperbolic for H. Then there is an eigenvalue λ of such that . Then by Lemma 5.3 and Lemma 5.4, we can find -close to H such that has a non-hyperbolic periodic point close to p with period close to . It is clear that is not the analytic continuation to p. Then as in the proof of the [[27], Theorem 4.3], we can make the Poincaré map f at associated to the Hamiltonian flow a local symplectic diffeomorphism, that is, for some . For simplicity, we assume that is 1-elliptic. Then , where is associated to λ, is associated to an eigenvalues less than 1 and associated to an eigenvalue greater than 1. By Lemma 5.4, Lemma 5.5 and the Darboux theorem, there are and a linear map such that for and for , where with . It is clear that is the Poincaré map . Using Lemma 5.4, λ can be taken as a rational rotation, that is, there is such that for any , we have . Put . For simplicity, we may assume that . Then x is a fixed point for g, and the orbit of x is periodic, that is, , where is the period of x. Let . Take , and let be the number of the orbital shadowing property. Take such that . Now, we construct a δ-pseudo-orbit as follows: (i) for all , and for some , (ii) for , (iii) for , and (iv) for . By the orbital shadowing property, there is such that
If , then, by the hyperbolicity, there is such that
This is a contradiction. Thus the orbital shadowing point . Since , we have for all . By the orbital shadowing property, if there is such that , then we can see that there is such that
for some . Thus , which is a contradiction. □
Let be a non-hyperbolic periodic point. Then there is a Hamiltonian -close to H such that has a continuation of periodic points close to p. For a Hamiltonian system and a periodic point with period , let be a submanifold associated to p. Then we have the following.
Lemma 5.8 [[21], Lemma 6.1]
Let be a Hamiltonian system, and let be a non-hyperbolic periodic point. Then there is a Hamiltonian system -close to such that has a non-hyperbolic periodic point close to p and every point in a small neighborhood of is a periodic point of .
The following is the proof of Proposition 5.2(b).
Lemma 5.9 Let be a Hamiltonian system. If has the robustly orbitally inverse shadowing property with respect to the class , then is a Hamiltonian star system.
Proof Let be a -neighborhood of H. Suppose that is not a hyperbolic periodic point. By Lemma 5.8, there are and such that (i) has a non-hyperbolic periodic point , and (ii) every is a periodic point of . Take , and let be as in the definition of the orbital inverse shadowing property of . Let be the Poincaré map at q associated to . Since every is a periodic point of , we know that .
Take such that it is sufficiently small. Then we define the Poincaré map near q by for such that , where is the 1-component of x and is the other component. By Lemma 5.5, there is a Hamiltonian which is associated to the Poincaré map , and . Take such that . Then for any ,
If then and for all . Then there is such that for ,
Then we know that . This is a contradiction, since has the orbital inverse shadowing property.
Finally we consider . Set , where . Since
we have for some . Since , we can choose a sequence such that for all . By hyperbolicity, there is such that
Thus . This is a contradiction by the orbital inverse shadowing property. □
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (No-2014R1A1A1A05002124).
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Lee, M. Hamiltonian systems with orbital, orbital inverse shadowing. Adv Differ Equ 2014, 192 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2014-192
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2014-192