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Existence of multiple positive solutions for p-Laplacian multipoint boundary value problems on time scales
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2013, Article number: 238 (2013)
Abstract
In this paper, we consider p-Laplacian multipoint boundary value problems on time scales. By using a generalization of the Leggett-Williams fixed point theorem due to Bai and Ge, we prove that a boundary value problem has at least three positive solutions. Moreover, we study existence of positive solutions of a multipoint boundary value problem for an increasing homeomorphism and homomorphism on time scales. By using fixed point index theory, sufficient conditions for the existence of at least two positive solutions are provided. Examples are given to illustrate the results.
MSC:34B15, 34B16, 34B18, 39A10.
1 Introduction
The theory of dynamic equation on time scales (or measure chains) was initiated by Stefan Hilger in his PhD thesis in 1988 [1] (supervised by Bernd Aulbach) as a means of unifying structure for the study of differential equations in the continuous case and study of finite difference equations in the discrete case. In recent years, it has gained a considerable amount of interest and attracted the attention of many researchers, see, for example, [2–13]. It is still a new area, and the research in this area is rapidly growing. The study of time scales has led to several important applications, e.g., in the study of insect population models, heat transfer, neural networks, phytoremediation of metals, wound healing, and epidemic models.
p-Laplacian equations for boundary value problems (BVPs) with nonlinearity depending on the first order derivative have been studied extensively, see [14–20] and references therein. However, there are few papers concerning p-Laplacian equations with nonlinearity depending on the first order derivative for BVPs on time scales, see [5, 7].
In this paper, we study the following three boundary value problems on time scales.
-
(1)
We are interested in the existence of at least three positive solutions to the following p-Laplacian multipoint BVP on time scales
(1.1)
where is a p-Laplacian operator, i.e., , for , with and . The usual notation and terminology for time scales as can be found in [21, 22], will be used here. The interesting point is that the nonlinear term f is involved with the first order derivative explicitly and the main tool is a fixed point theorem due to Bai and Ge. The results are even new for the special cases of difference equations and differential equations, as well as in the general time scale setting.
The present work is motivated by the recent papers [5, 15]. In [15], Yang and Xiao studied the existence of multiple positive solutions for ϕ-Laplacian multipoint BVPs
where is an odd and increasing homeomorphism, with , and are nonnegative constants and is continuous and allowed to change sign.
-
(2)
We consider the existence of at least three positive solutions to the following p-Laplacian multipoint boundary value problem (BVP) on time scales
(1.3)
where is p-Laplacian operator, i.e., , for , with and .
Recently, much attention has been focused on the study of multipoint positive solutions of BVPs on time scales. When the nonlinear term f does not depend on the first order derivative, many researchers study multipoint boundary conditions on time scales, see [11, 12, 23–26]. However, little work has been done on the existence of positive solutions for multipoint BVP on time scales when the nonlinear term is involved in the first order derivative explicitly, see [5].
In recent papers, the authors in [6, 24] have investigated the existence of positive solutions of the following BVP on time scales:
where is an increasing homeomorphism and a homomorphism and and
where is an increasing homeomorphism and a positive homomorphism and .
All the above-mentioned works about positive solutions were done under the assumption that f is allowed to depend just on u, while the first order derivative is not involved explicitly in the nonlinear term f.
Motivated by all the works above, our main results will depend on an application of a generalization of the Leggett-Williams fixed point theorem due to Bai and Ge. Here, the emphasis is that the nonlinear term is involved explicitly with the first order derivative. We shall prove that the BVP (1.3) and (1.4) has at least three positive solutions.
-
(3)
We will be concerned with proving the existence of positive solutions to the boundary value problem on time scale given by
(1.5)
where is an increasing homeomorphism and a homomorphism and .
A projection is called an increasing homeomorphism and a homomorphism if the following conditions are satisfied:
-
(i)
if , then , ;
-
(ii)
ϕ is a continuous bijection and its inverse mapping is also continuous;
-
(iii)
, .
In recent years, much attention has been paid to the existence of positive solutions for nonlinear boundary value problems on time scales, see [11–13, 26–29] and the reference therein. On the other hand, multipoint nonlinear boundary value problems with p-Laplacian operators on time scales have also been studied extensively in the literature [26, 30–33]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are few works on the increasing homeomorphism and homomorphism on time scales [34].
Su et al. [26] considered the following m-point singular p-Laplacian boundary value problem on time scales of the form
where , for . is continuous and nondecreasing . By using the well-known Schauder fixed point theorem and upper and lower solution method, they obtained some new existence criteria for positive solutions of the boundary value problem.
In [34], Liang and Zhang studied the existence of positive solutions of boundary value problems on time scales:
where is an increasing homeomorphism and a positive homomorphism and . They obtained the countably many positive solutions by using a fixed point index theory and fixed point theorem.
This work is motivated by recent papers [26, 34]. Existence of at least two positive solutions to BVP (1.5) and (1.6) are established by means of fixed point index theory. We also point out that when , , (1.5) and (1.6) becomes a boundary value problem of differential equations and is just the problem considered in [35]. Our main results improve and extend the main results of [35, 36].
2 Preliminaries
In this section, we provide some background materials from the theory of cones in Banach spaces. The following definitions can be found in the book by Deimling [37], as well as in the book by Guo and Lakshmikantham [38].
Definition 2.1 Let E be a real Banach space. A nonempty, closed, convex set is a cone if it satisfies the following two conditions:
-
(i)
, imply that ;
-
(ii)
, imply that .
Every cone induces an ordering in E given by if and only if .
Definition 2.2 A map ψ is said to be a nonnegative continuous concave functional on a cone P of a real Banach space E if is continuous and
for all and .
Similarly, we say the map α is a nonnegative continuous convex functional on a cone P of a real Banach space E if is continuous and
for all and .
Let ψ be a nonnegative continuous concave functional on P, and α and β be nonnegative continuous convex functionals on P.
For nonnegative real numbers r, a and l, we define the following convex sets
To prove our main results, we need the following fixed point theorem, which comes from Bai and Ge in [14].
Lemma 2.1 [14]
Let P be a cone in a real Banach space E. Assume that constants , b, d, , and satisfy and . If there exist two nonnegative continuous convex functionals α and β on P and a nonnegative continuous concave functional ψ on P such that
(A1) there exists such that for all ;
(A2) for any and ;
(A3) for all ;
and if is completely continuous operator, which satisfies
(B1) , for ;
(B2) , for ;
(B3) for with .
Then F has at least three different fixed points , and in with
and
Let the Banach space
be endowed with the norm
Define
Clearly, P is a cone.
3 Existence of triple positive solutions to (1.1) and (1.2)
Throughout the section, we suppose that the following conditions are satisfied.
(H1) , , , satisfy and ;
(H2) exists;
(H3) with ;
(H4) is continuous;
(H5) , on .
Lemma 3.1 If and , then for ,
has the unique solution
where
Lemma 3.2 The solution of BVP (3.1) and (3.2) satisfies , for .
Lemma 3.3 Suppose (H1) holds, if and , then the unique solution u of (1.1) and (1.2) satisfies
where
Proof Let
Clearly . This implies that
It is easy to see that for any with . Hence is a decreasing function on . This means that the graph of is concave down on . For each , we have
i.e.,
so that
With the boundary condition , we have
This completes the proof. □
Define the operator by
for . By the definition of F, the monotonicity of and the assumptions (H1)-(H5), it is easy to see that for each , and is the maximum value of . Moreover, by direct calculation, we get that each fixed point of the operator F in P is a positive solution of the BVP (1.1) and (1.2). It is easy to see that is completely continuous.
For , we define
It is easy to see that are nonnegative continuous convex functionals with ; is nonnegative concave functional. We have for and the assumptions (A1), (A2) and (A3) in Lemma 2.1 hold.
For notational convenience, we denote λ, L and Q by
Theorem 3.1 Assume that (H1)-(H5) hold, and there exists , such that . If f satisfies the following conditions:
(D1) for ;
(D2) for ;
(D3) for ;
then the BVP (1.1) and (1.2) has at least three positive solutions , and , which satisfy
Proof In order to show that Lemma 2.1 holds, it is sufficient to show that the conditions in Lemma 2.1 are satisfied with respect to operator F.
We first prove that if the assumption (D1) is satisfied, then . If , then
and assumption (D1) implies that
For , there is , therefore,
and
Therefore, .
Similarly, if , then the assumption (D3) implies that
We can get that .
So condition (B2) of Lemma 2.1 is satisfied.
To prove condition (B1) of Lemma 2.1 holds. We choose for . It is obvious that
and, consequently,
So, for , there are and for .
Thus, from the assumption (D2), we have
From the definition of the functional ψ, we see that
So, we get for , and condition (B1) of Lemma 2.1 holds.
Finally, we prove that condition (B3) of Lemma 2.1 holds.
If and , we have
Hence, condition (B3) of Lemma 2.1 is satisfied. Then using Lemma 2.1 and the assumption that on , we find that there exist at least three positive solutions of (1.1) and (1.2) such that
and
Otherwise, as satisfies , we have . □
Example 3.1 Let , denotes the set of all nonnegative integers. Take , , , , , , , and , . Consider the following BVP
where
Clearly, the assumptions (H1)-(H5) hold, and on .
We choose , , and , . So and . By calculating, we obtain
and
As a result, satisfies
Hence, by Theorem 3.1, we have that the BVP (3.4) and (3.5) has at least three positive solutions , and such that
4 Existence of triple positive solutions to (1.3) and (1.4)
The following conditions will be used in this section:
(H1) , , , satisfy and ;
(H2) exists;
(H3) with ;
(H4) is continuous;
(H5) , on .
Let the Banach space
be endowed with the norm
Define
Clearly, K is a cone.
We note that is a solution of (1.3) and (1.4) if and only if
Define the operator by
for . By the definition of A, the monotonicity of and assumptions (H1)-(H5), it is easy to see that for each , and is the maximum value of . Moreover, by direct calculation, we get that each fixed point of the operator A in K is a positive solution of (1.3), (1.4). It is easy to see that is completely continuous.
For , we define
It is easy to see that are nonnegative continuous convex functionals with ; is nonnegative concave functional. We have for and assumptions (A1), (A2) and (A3) in Lemma 2.1 hold.
For notational convenience, we denote M, N and Q by
Theorem 4.1 Assume that (H1)-(H5) hold, and there exists , such that . If f satisfies the following conditions:
(D1) for ;
(D2) for ;
(D3) for ,
then the BVP (1.3) and (1.4) has at least three positive solutions , and , which satisfy
Proof In order to show that Lemma 2.1 holds, it is sufficient to show that the conditions in Lemma 2.1 are satisfied with respect to the operator A.
We first prove that if the assumption (D1) is satisfied, then . If , then
and assumption (D1) implies that
For , there is , therefore,
and
Therefore, .
Similarly if , then the assumption (D3) implies that
We can get that .
So condition (B2) of Lemma 2.1 is satisfied.
To prove condition (B1) of Lemma 2.1 holds. We choose for . It is obvious that
and, consequently,
So, for , there are and for .
Thus, from the assumption (D2), we have
From the definition of the functional ψ, we see that
So, we get for , and condition (B1) of Lemma 2.1 holds.
Finally, we prove that condition (B3) of Lemma 2.1 holds. If and , we have
Hence, condition (B3) of Lemma 2.1 is satisfied. Then using Lemma 2.1 and the assumption that on , we find that there exist at least three positive solutions of (1.3) and (1.4) such that
and
Otherwise, as satisfies , we have . □
Example 4.1 Let , denotes the set of all nonnegative integers. Take , , , , , , , and , . Consider the following BVP
where
Clearly, the assumptions (H1)-(H5) hold, and on .
We choose , , and , . So and . By calculating, we obtain
and
As a result, satisfies
Then all conditions of Theorem 3.1 hold. Therefore, the BVP (4.1) and (4.2) have at least three positive solutions , and such that
5 Existence of double positive solutions to (1.5) and (1.6)
Throughout the section, we assume that the following conditions are satisfied:
(H1) , , satisfy ;
(H2) with ;
(H3) is continuous;
(H4) , on .
Lemma 5.1 If , then
has the unique solution
Lemma 5.2 Assume that (H1) holds, for and , then the unique solution u of (5.1) and (5.2) satisfies
Lemma 5.3 Assume that (H1) holds, if and , then the unique solution u of (5.1) and (5.2) satisfies
where
Let be the set of all ld-continuous functions from to R, and let the norm on be the maximum. Then the is a Banach space. We define three cones by
and
where γ is the same as in Lemma 5.3. It is easy to see that the BVP (1.5) and (1.6) has a solution if and only if u solves the equation
We define the operators , and as follows:
where
Lemma 5.4 is completely continuous.
Proof It is obvious that K is a cone in E. By , we get
Consequently,
This together with (5.4) imply that and Su is decreasing on . From
we see that is decreasing on .
-
(i)
If t is a left-scattered point, we have
-
(ii)
If t is a left-dense point, we have
By (i) and (ii), we have , . Hence, Lemma 5.3 implies that .
We now prove that S is completely continuous.
-
(a)
From the continuity of f and , we find that S is continuous.
-
(b)
Let D be a bounded subset of K, and let be the constant such that for . The continuity of guarantees that there is a such that
Thus,
-
(c)
Let , and let . Then we have
From (a)-(c) together with the Arzela-Ascoli theorem on time scales, we can find that is completely continuous. This proof is complete. □
The following fixed point index theory will play an important role in the proof our results.
Let E be a Banach space, and let K be a cone in E. For , define . Assume that is a completely continuous operator such that for .
-
(a)
If for all , then .
-
(b)
If for all , then .
For notational convenience, we introduce the following notations. Let
Theorem 5.1 Assume that conditions (H1), (H2), (H3) and (H4) are satisfied, there exist such that . Assume further that satisfies the following conditions:
-
(i)
, , ;
-
(ii)
, , ;
-
(iii)
, , .
Then (1.5) and (1.6) has at least two positive solutions and .
Proof We first verify that T has a fixed point with . By condition (ii), we have for all ,
so that
Therefore,
This implies that for . By Lemma 5.5(a), we have .
So, T has a fixed point in . By assumptions (H1), (H3) and (H4), we know that is also a fixed point of A in . As a result, is a solution of problem (1.5), (1.6).
Next, we verify that A has another fixed point such that . Using condition (ii), we have for
For , we have . By condition (iii), we find for
so that
Moreover, we get
It follows from Lemma 5.5 that , .
Thus, . Hence, S has a fixed point in such that .
In the end, we show that is also a fixed point of A in . We only have to verify that , , and we get . By Lemma 5.3, we find that
Hence, for . Using condition (i), we understand that . This implies that . It means that is a positive solution with . This completes the proof. □
Example 5.1 Let , where denotes the set of all nonnegative integers. Take , , and , . Consider the following BVP on time scales
where
By calculating, we find
and
Let , , , then , and f satisfies
-
(1)
, ;
-
(2)
, ;
-
(3)
, .
So all the conditions of Theorem 5.1 hold. Thus, by Theorem 5.1, problems (5.5) and (5.6) have at least two positive solutions.
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Acknowledgements
The author is very grateful to Professor Ravi P Agarwal and Donal O’Regan for their important comments and suggestions in improving this manuscript. The project is supported by Abdullah Gul University Foundation of Turkey (Project No. 5).
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Dogan, A. Existence of multiple positive solutions for p-Laplacian multipoint boundary value problems on time scales. Adv Differ Equ 2013, 238 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2013-238
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2013-238