Skip to main content

Theory and Modern Applications

Boundary value problems for a new class of three-point nonlocal Riemann-Liouville integral boundary conditions

Abstract

In this paper we investigate the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a new class of fractional boundary value problems involving three-point nonlocal Riemann-Liouville integral boundary conditions. Some new results are obtained by using fixed point theorems. Illustrative examples of our results are also presented.

MSC:26A33, 34A08.

1 Introduction

Fractional order differential equations have been of great interest recently because they play a vital role in describing many phenomena related to physics, chemistry, mechanics, control systems, flow in porous media, electrical networks, mathematical biology and viscoelasticity. For a reader interested in the systematic development of the topic, we refer to the books [17]. A variety of results on initial and boundary value problems of fractional differential equations and inclusions can easily be found in the literature on the topic. For some recent results, we can refer to [819] and references cited therein.

Bai [11] discussed the existence of positive solutions for the following three-point fractional boundary value problem:

D q u ( t ) = f ( t , u ( t ) ) , 1 < q 2 , t ( 0 , 1 ) , u ( 0 ) = 0 , u ( 1 ) = α β u ( η ) , 0 < η < 1 ,
(1.1)

where D q denotes the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, and 0<β η q 1 <1. Some existence results for at least one positive solution are obtained by the use of fixed point index theory.

In paper [12] the authors studied the following boundary value problem of fractional order differential equations with three-point fractional integral boundary conditions:

D q c u ( t ) = f ( t , u ( t ) ) , 1 < q 2 , t ( 0 , 1 ) , u ( 0 ) = 0 , u ( 1 ) = α I p u ( η ) , 0 < η < 1 ,
(1.2)

where D q c denotes the Caputo fractional derivative of order q, I p is the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order p, fC([0,1]×R) and αR, αΓ(p+2)/ η p + 1 . Existence and uniqueness results are proved via Banach’s contraction principle and Schaefer’s fixed point theorem. The results of [12] are completed in [13], by existence results via Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem and Leray-Schauder’s degree theory, and extended to cover the multivalued case.

In [14] existence and uniqueness results are obtained for a single and multivalued case for the following boundary value problem of fractional order differential equations with nonlocal and fractional integral boundary conditions:

D q u ( t ) = f ( t , u ( t ) ) , 1 < q 2 , t ( 0 , 1 ) , u ( 0 ) = u 0 + g ( u ) , u ( 1 ) = α I α u ( η ) , 0 < η < 1 ,
(1.3)

where g:C([0,1],R)R.

Recently, in [20] the following boundary value problem of fractional differential equations with a fractional integral condition:

{ D q u ( t ) = f ( t , u ( t ) , D p u ( t ) ) , 0 < t < 1 , 1 < q 2 , 0 < p < 1 , u ( 0 ) = 0 , u ( 1 ) = α I p u ( 1 ) ,
(1.4)

was studied. Existence and uniqueness results are proved via Banach’s contraction principle and Leray-Schauder’s nonlinear alternative.

In [16] existence and uniqueness results are investigated for the following boundary value problem of fractional order differential equations with four-point nonlocal Riemann-Liouville fractional integral boundary conditions:

D q u ( t ) = f ( t , u ( t ) ) , 1 < q 2 , t ( 0 , 1 ) , u ( 0 ) = a I β u ( η ) , u ( 1 ) = b I α u ( σ ) ,
(1.5)

where 0<α,β1 and 0<η,σ<1.

In this paper, we study a new class of three-point boundary value problems of fractional order differential equations with nonlocal Riemann-Liouville fractional integral boundary conditions. More precisely, we consider the nonlinear fractional differential equation

D α u(t)=f ( t , u ( t ) ) ,1<α2,0<t<T,
(1.6)

subject to nonlocal fractional integral conditions

u(η)=0, I ν u(T) 0 T ( T s ) ν 1 Γ ( ν ) u(s)ds=0,
(1.7)

where η(0,T) is a given constant. The novelty of this boundary value problem lies in the fact that instead of the value u(0), which appeared in all the above mentioned boundary value problems, we have the value u(η) for some η(0,T).

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we recall some preliminary facts that we need in the sequel. In Section 3 we prove our main results. Some examples to illustrate our results are presented in Section 4.

2 Preliminaries

In this section we introduce some notations, definitions of fractional calculus [3, 4] and present preliminary results needed in our proofs later.

Definition 2.1 The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order α>0 of a function g L 1 ((0,T),R) is defined by

I α g(t)= 0 t ( t s ) α 1 Γ ( α ) g(s)ds,

where Γ is the gamma function.

Definition 2.2 The Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative of order α>0 of a continuous function g:(0,)R is defined by

D α g(t)= 1 Γ ( n α ) ( d d t ) n 0 t g ( s ) ( t s ) α n + 1 ds,

where n=[α]+1, [α] denotes the integral part of real number α, provided the right-hand side is point-wise defined on (0,).

Lemma 2.1 (see [4])

Let α>0 and yC(0,T)L(0,T). Then the fractional differential equation D α y(t)=0 has a unique solution

y(t)= c 1 t α 1 + c 2 t α 2 ++ c n t α n ,

where c i R, i=1,2,,n and n=[α]+1.

Lemma 2.2 Suppose that η ( α 1 ) T ν + α 1 , 1<α2, ν>0 and hAC[0,T]. Then the problem

D α x(t)=h(t),0<t<T,
(2.1)
x(η)=0, I ν x(T)=0,η(0,T),
(2.2)

can be written as an integral equation

x ( t ) = 0 t ( t s ) α 1 Γ ( α ) h ( s ) d s ( ν + α 1 ) t α 1 T ( α 1 ) t α 2 ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) Ω 0 η ( η s ) α 1 h ( s ) d s + t α 1 η t α 2 ( ν + α 1 ) T ν + α 2 Γ ( α 1 ) Ω 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 h ( s ) d s ,
(2.3)

where

Ω=η ( α 1 ) T ν + α 1 .
(2.4)

Proof From (2.1) and Lemma 2.1, we have

x(t)= c 1 t α 1 + c 2 t α 2 + 0 t ( t s ) α 1 Γ ( α ) h(s)ds.
(2.5)

The first condition of (2.2) implies

c 1 η α 1 + c 2 η α 2 = 0 η ( η s ) α 1 Γ ( α ) h(s)ds.
(2.6)

Using the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order ν>0 to (2.5) and applying Dirichlet’s formula [[1], p.56], we obtain

I ν x ( t ) = c 1 Γ ( ν ) 0 t ( t s ) ν 1 s α 1 d s + c 2 Γ ( ν ) 0 t ( t s ) ν 1 s α 2 d s + 1 Γ ( ν ) Γ ( α ) 0 t 0 s ( t s ) ν 1 ( s ρ ) α 1 h ( ρ ) d ρ d s = c 1 Γ ( α ) Γ ( ν + α ) t ν + α 1 + c 2 Γ ( α 1 ) Γ ( ν + α 1 ) t ν + α 2 + 1 Γ ( ν + α ) 0 t ( t s ) ν + α 1 h ( s ) d s .

The second condition of (2.2) implies

c 1 Γ ( α ) Γ ( ν + α ) T ν + α 1 + c 2 Γ ( α 1 ) Γ ( ν + α 1 ) T α + ν 2 = 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 Γ ( ν + α ) h(s)ds.
(2.7)

Solving the linear equations (2.6)-(2.7) for unknown constants c 1 and c 2 , we have

c 1 = 1 η α 2 Γ ( α ) Ω 0 η ( η s ) α 1 h ( s ) d s + Γ ( ν + α 1 ) T ν + α 2 Γ ( α 1 ) Ω 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 Γ ( ν + α ) h ( s ) d s

and

c 2 = T ( α 1 ) ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) Ω 0 η ( η s ) α 1 h ( s ) d s η Γ ( ν + α 1 ) T ν + α 2 Γ ( α 1 ) Ω 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 Γ ( ν + α ) h ( s ) d s ,

where constant Ω is defined by (2.4). Substituting constants c 1 and c 2 in (2.5), we obtain (2.3). □

Let C=C([0,T],R) denote the Banach space of all continuous functions from [0,T] to endowed with the norm defined by u= sup t [ 0 , T ] |u(t)|. As in Lemma 2.2, we define an operator A:CC by

( A u ) ( t ) = 0 t ( t s ) α 1 Γ ( α ) f ( s , u ( s ) ) d s ( ν + α 1 ) t α 1 T ( α 1 ) t α 2 ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) Ω 0 η ( η s ) α 1 f ( s , u ( s ) ) d s + t α 1 η t α 2 ( ν + α 1 ) T ν + α 2 Γ ( α 1 ) Ω 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 f ( s , u ( s ) ) d s .
(2.8)

It should be noticed that problem (1.6)-(1.7) has solutions if and only if the operator A has fixed points.

3 Main results

We are in a position to establish our main results. In the following subsections, we prove existence as well as existence and uniqueness results for BVP (1.6)-(1.7) by using a variety of fixed point theorems.

3.1 Existence and uniqueness results via Banach’s fixed point theorem

In this subsection we give first an existence and uniqueness result for BVP (1.6)-(1.7) by using Banach’s fixed point theorem.

Theorem 3.1 Assume that

(H1) there exists a constant L>0 such that |f(t,u)f(t,v)|L|uv| for each t[0,T] and u,vR.

If

Λ : = L T α { 1 Γ ( α + 1 ) + η 2 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) T Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | } < 1 ,
(3.1)

then problem (1.6)-(1.7) has a unique solution in [0,T].

Proof We transform problem (1.6)-(1.7) into a fixed point problem, u=Au, where the operator A is defined by (2.8). Obviously, fixed points of the operator A are solutions of problem (1.6)-(1.7). Using the Banach contraction principle, we shall show that A has a fixed point.

Setting sup t [ 0 , T ] |f(t,0)|=M< and choosing r Λ M ( 1 Λ ) L , we show that A B r B r , where B r ={xC:xr}. For x B r , we have

A u sup t [ 0 , T ] { 0 t ( t s ) α 1 Γ ( α ) | f ( s , u ( s ) ) | d s + T α 1 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) | Ω | 0 η ( η s ) α 1 | f ( s , u ( s ) ) | d s + T α 2 ( T + η ) ( ν + α 1 ) T ν + α 2 Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 | f ( s , u ( s ) ) | d s } sup t [ 0 , T ] { 0 t ( t s ) α 1 Γ ( α ) ( | f ( s , u ( s ) ) f ( s , 0 ) | + | f ( s , 0 ) | ) d s + T α 1 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) | Ω | 0 η ( η s ) α 1 ( | f ( s , u ( s ) ) f ( s , 0 ) | + | f ( s , 0 ) | ) d s + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) T ν Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | × 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 ( | f ( s , u ( s ) ) f ( s , 0 ) | + | f ( s , 0 ) | ) d s } ( L r + M ) sup t [ 0 , T ] { 1 Γ ( α ) 0 t ( t s ) α 1 d s + T α 1 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) | Ω | 0 η ( η s ) α 1 d s + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) T ν Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 d s } ( L r + M ) T α ( 1 Γ ( α + 1 ) + η 2 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) T Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | ) = ( L r + M ) Λ L r ,

which proves that A B r B r .

Now let u,vC. Then, for t[0,T], we have

| ( A u ) ( t ) ( A v ) ( t ) | 0 t ( t s ) α 1 Γ ( α ) | f ( s , u ( s ) ) f ( s , v ( s ) ) | d s + T α 1 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) | Ω | 0 η ( η s ) α 1 | f ( s , u ( s ) ) f ( s , v ( s ) ) | d s + T α 2 ( T + η ) ( ν + α 1 ) T ν + α 2 Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | × 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 | f ( s , u ( s ) ) f ( s , v ( s ) ) | d s L 0 t ( t s ) α 1 Γ ( α ) | u ( s ) v ( s ) | d s + L T α 1 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) | Ω | 0 η ( η s ) α 1 | u ( s ) v ( s ) | d s + L ( T + η ) ( ν + α 1 ) T ν Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 | u ( s ) v ( s ) | d s L T α Γ ( α + 1 ) u v + L η 2 T α 1 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | u v + L T α ( T + η ) ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | u v = L T α { 1 Γ ( α + 1 ) + η 2 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) T Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | } u v .

Therefore,

AuAvΛuv.

From (3.1), A is a contraction. As a consequence of Banach’s fixed point theorem, we get that A has a fixed point which is a unique solution of problem (1.6)-(1.7). □

Now we give another existence and uniqueness result for BVP (1.6)-(1.7) by using Banach’s fixed point theorem and Hölder’s inequality.

Theorem 3.2 Suppose that the continuous function f satisfies the following assumption:

(H2) |f(t, x 1 )f(t, x 2 )|m(t)| x 1 x 2 |, for t[0,T], x i R, i=1,2 and m L 1 γ ([0,T], R + ), γ(0,1).

Denote m= ( 0 T | m ( s ) | 1 γ d s ) γ . If

m Γ ( α ) { T α γ ( 1 γ α γ ) 1 γ + T α 1 η 2 γ ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) | Ω | ( 1 γ α γ ) 1 γ + T α γ ( T + η ) ( α 1 ) ( ν + α 1 ) | Ω | ( 1 γ ν + α γ ) 1 γ } < 1 ,

then boundary value problem (1.6)-(1.7) has a unique solution.

Proof For u,vC and for each t[0,T], by Hölder’s inequality, we have

| ( A u ) ( t ) ( A v ) ( t ) | 0 t ( t s ) α 1 Γ ( α ) | f ( s , u ( s ) ) f ( s , v ( s ) ) | d s + T α 1 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) | Ω | 0 η ( η s ) α 1 | f ( s , u ( s ) ) f ( s , v ( s ) ) | d s + T α 2 ( T + η ) ( ν + α 1 ) T ν + α 2 Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 | f ( s , u ( s ) ) f ( s , v ( s ) ) | d s 0 t ( t s ) α 1 Γ ( α ) m ( s ) | u ( s ) v ( s ) | d s + T α 1 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) | Ω | 0 η ( η s ) α 1 m ( s ) | u ( s ) v ( s ) | d s + T α 2 ( T + η ) ( ν + α 1 ) T ν + α 2 Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 m ( s ) | u ( s ) v ( s ) | d s 1 Γ ( α ) ( 0 t ( ( t s ) α 1 ) 1 1 γ d s ) 1 γ ( 0 t ( m ( s ) ) 1 / γ d s ) γ u v + T α 1 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 | Ω | Γ ( α ) × ( 0 η ( ( η s ) α 1 ) 1 1 γ d s ) 1 γ ( 0 η ( m ( s ) ) 1 / γ d s ) γ u v + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) T ν Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | × ( 0 T ( ( T s ) ν + α 1 ) 1 1 γ d s ) 1 γ ( 0 T ( m ( s ) ) 1 / γ d s ) γ u v m Γ ( α ) { T α γ ( 1 γ α γ ) 1 γ + T α 1 η 2 γ ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) | Ω | ( 1 γ α γ ) 1 γ + T α γ ( T + η ) ( α 1 ) ( ν + α 1 ) | Ω | ( 1 γ ν + α γ ) 1 γ } u v .

It follows that A is a contraction mapping. Hence Banach’s fixed point theorem implies that A has a unique fixed point which is the unique solution of problem (1.6)-(1.7). This completes the proof. □

3.2 Existence result via Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem

Lemma 3.1 (Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem) [21]

Let M be a closed, bounded, convex and nonempty subset of a Banach space X. Let A, B be the operators such that (a) Ax+ByM whenever x,yM; (b) A is compact and continuous; (c) B is a contraction mapping. Then there exists zM such that z=Az+Bz.

Theorem 3.3 Let f:[0,T]×RR be a continuous function satisfying (H1). Moreover, we assume that

(H3) |f(t,u)|μ(t), (t,u)[0,T]×R, and μC([0,T], R + ).

Then boundary value problem (1.6)-(1.7) has at least one solution on [0,T] if

L T α { η 2 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) T Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | } <1.
(3.2)

Proof Letting sup t [ 0 , T ] |μ(t)|=μ, we fix

r ¯ T α μ { 1 Γ ( α + 1 ) + η 2 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) T Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | }

and consider B r ¯ ={uC:u r ¯ }. We define the operators and on B r ¯ as

( P u ) ( t ) = 0 t ( t s ) α 1 Γ ( α ) f ( s , u ( s ) ) d s , ( Q u ) ( t ) = ( ν + α 1 ) t α 1 T ( α 1 ) t α 2 ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) Ω 0 η ( η s ) α 1 f ( s , u ( s ) ) d s ( Q u ) ( t ) = + t α 1 η t α 2 ( ν + α 1 ) T ν + α 2 Γ ( α 1 ) Ω 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 f ( s , u ( s ) ) d s .

For u,v B r ¯ , we find that

P u + Q v T α μ { 1 Γ ( α + 1 ) + η 2 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) T Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | } r ¯ .

Thus, Pu+Qv B r ¯ . It follows from assumption (H3) together with (3.2) that is a contraction mapping. Continuity of f implies that the operator is continuous. Also, is uniformly bounded on B r ¯ as

Pu T α Γ ( α + 1 ) μ.

Now we prove the compactness of the operator .

We define sup ( t , u ) [ 0 , T ] × B r ¯ |f(t,u)|= f ¯ <, and consequently we have

| ( P u ) ( t 2 ) ( P u ) ( t 1 ) | = 1 Γ ( α ) | 0 t 1 [ ( t 2 s ) α 1 ( t 1 s ) α 1 ] f ( s , u ( s ) ) d s + t 1 t 2 ( t 2 s ) α 1 f ( s , u ( s ) ) d s | f ¯ Γ ( α + 1 ) | t 1 α t 2 α | ,

which is independent of u. Thus, is equicontinuous. So is relatively compact on B r ¯ . Hence, by the Arzelá-Ascoli theorem, is compact on B r ¯ . Thus all the assumptions of Lemma 3.1 are satisfied. So the conclusion of Lemma 3.1 implies that boundary value problem (1.6)-(1.7) has at least one solution on [0,T]. □

3.3 Existence result via Leray-Schauder’s nonlinear alternative

Theorem 3.4 (Nonlinear alternative for single-valued maps) [22]

Let E be a Banach space, C be a closed, convex subset of E, U be an open subset of C and 0U. Suppose that F: U ¯ C is a continuous, compact (that is, F( U ¯ ) is a relatively compact subset of C) map. Then either

  1. (i)

    F has a fixed point in U ¯ , or

  2. (ii)

    there is a uU (the boundary of U in C) and λ(0,1) with u=λF(u).

Theorem 3.5 Assume that

(H4) there exists a continuous nondecreasing function ψ:[0,)(0,) and a function p L 1 ([0,T], R + ) such that

| f ( t , u ) | p(t)ψ ( u ) for each (t,u)[0,T]×R;

(H5) there exists a constant M>0 such that

M T α ψ ( M ) p L 1 { 1 Γ ( α + 1 ) + η 2 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) T Γ ( α + 1 ) Ω + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) Ω } >1.

Then boundary value problem (1.6)-(1.7) has at least one solution on [0,T].

Proof We show that A maps bounded sets (balls) into bounded sets in C([0,T],R). For a positive number ρ, let B ρ ={uC([0,T],R):uρ} be a bounded ball in C([0,T],R). Then for t[0,T] we have

| ( A u ) ( t ) | 1 Γ ( α ) 0 t ( t s ) α 1 | f ( s , u ( s ) ) | d s + T α 1 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) | Ω | 0 η ( η s ) α 1 | f ( s , u ( s ) ) | d s + T α 2 ( T + η ) ( ν + α 1 ) T ν + α 2 Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 | f ( s , u ( s ) ) | d s ψ ( u ) Γ ( α ) 0 t ( t s ) α 1 p ( s ) d s + ψ ( u ) T α 1 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) | Ω | 0 η ( η s ) α 1 p ( s ) d s + ψ ( u ) ( T + η ) ( ν + α 1 ) T ν Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 p ( s ) d s ψ ( u ) p L 1 Γ ( α ) 0 T ( T s ) α 1 d s + ψ ( u ) p L 1 T α 1 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) | Ω | 0 η ( η s ) α 1 d s + ψ ( u ) p L 1 ( T + η ) ( ν + α 1 ) T ν Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 d s T α ψ ( u ) p L 1 Γ ( α + 1 ) + η 2 ψ ( u ) p L 1 T α 1 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | + T α ψ ( u ) p L 1 ( T + η ) ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | = T α ψ ( u ) p L 1 { 1 Γ ( α + 1 ) + η 2 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) T Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | } .

Consequently,

A u T α ψ ( ρ ) p L 1 { 1 Γ ( α + 1 ) + η 2 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) T Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | } .

Next we show that A maps bounded sets into equicontinuous sets of C([0,T],R). Let t 1 , t 2 [0,T] with t 1 < t 2 and u B ρ . Then we have

| ( A u ) ( t 2 ) ( A u ) ( t 1 ) | | 1 Γ ( α ) 0 t 2 ( t 2 s ) α 1 | f ( s , u ( s ) ) | d s 1 Γ ( α ) 0 t 1 ( t 1 s ) α 1 | f ( s , u ( s ) ) | d s | + ( ν + α 1 ) | t 2 α 1 t 1 α 1 | + T ( α 1 ) | t 2 α 2 t 1 α 2 | ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) | Ω | 0 η ( η s ) α 1 | f ( s , u ( s ) ) | d s + η | t 1 α 2 t 1 α 2 | + | t 2 α 1 t 1 α 1 | ( ν + α 1 ) T ν + α 2 Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 | f ( s , u ( s ) ) | d s | 1 Γ ( α ) 0 t 2 ( t 2 s ) α 1 p ( s ) ψ ( ρ ) d s 1 Γ ( α ) 0 t 1 ( t 1 s ) α 1 p ( s ) ψ ( ρ ) d s | + ( ν + α 1 ) | t 2 α 1 t 1 α 1 | + T ( α 1 ) | t 2 α 2 t 1 α 2 | ( ν + α 1 ) η α 2 Γ ( α ) | Ω | 0 η ( η s ) α 1 p ( s ) ψ ( ρ ) d s + η | t 1 α 2 t 1 α 2 | + | t 2 α 1 t 1 α 1 | ( ν + α 1 ) T ν + α 2 Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | 0 T ( T s ) ν + α 1 p ( s ) ψ ( ρ ) d s .

Obviously the right-hand side of the above inequality tends to zero independently of x B ρ as t 2 t 1 0. As A satisfies the above assumptions, therefore it follows by the Arzelá-Ascoli theorem that A:C([0,T],R)C([0,T],R) is completely continuous.

Let u be a solution. Then, for t[0,T], and following similar computations as in the first step, we have

| u ( t ) | T α ψ ( u ) p L 1 { 1 Γ ( α + 1 ) + η 2 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) T Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | } .

Consequently, we have

u T α ψ ( u ) p L 1 { 1 Γ ( α + 1 ) + η 2 ( ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ) ( ν + α 1 ) T Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | } 1.

In view of (H5), there exists M such that uM. Let us set

U= { u C ( [ 0 , T ] , R ) : u < M } .

Note that the operator A: U ¯ C([0,T],R) is continuous and completely continuous. From the choice of U, there is no uU such that u=λAu for some λ(0,1). Consequently, by the nonlinear alternative of Leray-Schauder type (Theorem 3.4), we deduce that A has a fixed point u U ¯ which is a solution of problem (1.6)-(1.7). This completes the proof. □

4 Examples

Example 4.1 Consider the following fractional integral boundary value problem:

D 3 2 u(t)= e t 4 ( 1 + e t ) | u ( t ) | 1 + | u ( t ) | ,t ( 0 , 8 3 ) ,
(4.1)
u ( 5 3 ) =0, I 7 2 u ( 8 3 ) =0.
(4.2)

Here α=3/2, ν=7/2, η=5/3, T=8/3 and f(t,u)=( e t /4(1+ e t ))(|u|/(1+|u|)) and Ω=η(α1)T/(ν+α1)=4/30. Since |f(t,u)f(t,v)|(1/8)|uv|, then (H1) is satisfied with L=1/8. We can show that

L T α { 1 Γ ( α + 1 ) + η 2 [ ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ] ( ν + α 1 ) T Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | + η + T ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | } = 1 8 ( 8 3 ) 3 2 [ 4 3 π + 75 64 π + 13 80 π ] 0.819268997 < 1 .

Hence, by Theorem 3.1, boundary value problem (4.1)-(4.2) has a unique solution on [0,8/3].

Example 4.2 Consider the following fractional integral boundary value problem:

D 5 3 x(t)= t 2 tan 1 x(t),t ( 0 , 1 2 ) ,
(4.3)
x ( 3 8 ) =0, I 2 3 x ( 1 2 ) =0.
(4.4)

Set α=5/3, ν=2/3, η=3/8, T=1/2, f(t,x)= t 2 tan 1 x and choose γ=(1/12)(0,1). It is easy to see that Ω=η(α1)T/(ν+α1)=1/80. Since |f(t,x)f(t,y)|= t 2 | tan 1 x tan 1 y| t 2 |xy|, then (H2) is satisfied with m(t)= t 2 L 12 ([0,1/2], R + ). We can show that

m= ( 0 1 2 | s 2 | 12 d s ) 1 12 0.1804509

and

m Γ ( α ) { T α γ ( 1 γ α γ ) 1 γ + η 2 γ T α 1 [ ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ] ( ν + α 1 ) | Ω | ( 1 γ α γ ) 1 γ + T α γ ( η + T ) ( α 1 ) ( ν + α 1 ) | Ω | ( 1 γ ν + α γ ) 1 γ } 0.2826838 < 1 .

Hence, by Theorem 3.2, boundary value problem (4.3)-(4.4) has a unique solution on [0,1/2].

Example 4.3 Consider the following fractional integral boundary value problem:

D 9 5 x(t)= t 10 π sin(πx)+ ( t + 1 ) x 2 1 + x 2 ,t ( 0 , 3 4 ) ,
(4.5)
x ( 1 2 ) =0, I 4 5 x ( 3 4 ) =0.
(4.6)

Set α=9/5, ν=4/5, η=1/2, T=3/4, f(t,x)=(t/10π)sin(πx)+((t+1) x 2 /(1+ x 2 )). It is easy to see that Ω=η(α1)T/(ν+α1)=1/80. Clearly,

| f ( t , x ) | = | t 10 π sin ( π x ) + ( t + 1 ) x 2 1 + x 2 | (t+1) ( x 10 + 1 ) .

Choosing p(t)=t+1, ψ(x)=(x/10)+1, we obtain

M T α p L 1 { 1 Γ ( α + 1 ) + η 2 [ ν + 2 ( α 1 ) ] ( ν + α 1 ) T Γ ( α + 1 ) | Ω | + T + η ( ν + α 1 ) ( ν + α ) Γ ( α 1 ) | Ω | } > M 10 +1,

which implies that M>4.495162241. Hence, by Theorem 3.5, boundary value problem (4.5)-(4.6) has at least one solution on [0,3/4].

Authors’ information

Sotiris K Ntouyas is a member of Nonlinear Analysis and Applied Mathematics (NAAM) - Research Group at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

References

  1. Miller KS, Ross B: An Introduction to the Fractional Calculus and Differential Equations. Wiley, New York; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Samko SG, Kilbas AA, Marichev OI: Fractional Integrals and Derivatives: Theory and Applications. Gordon & Breach, Yverdon; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Podlubny I: Fractional Differential Equations. Academic Press, San Diego; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kilbas AA, Srivastava HM, Trujillo JJ North-Holland Mathematics Studies 204. In Theory and Applications of Fractional Differential Equations. Elsevier, Amsterdam; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Lakshmikantham V, Leela S, Vasundhara Devi J: Theory of Fractional Dynamic Systems. Cambridge Academic Publishers, Cambridge; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Baleanu D, Diethelm K, Scalas E, Trujillo JJ Series on Complexity, Nonlinearity and Chaos. In Fractional Calculus Models and Numerical Methods. World Scientific, Boston; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Diethelm K Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2004. In The Analysis of Fractional Differential Equations. An Application-Oriented Exposition Using Differential Operators of Caputo Type. Springer, Berlin; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Guezane-Lakoud A, Khaldi R: Positive solution to a higher order fractional boundary value problem with fractional integral condition. Rom. J. Math. Comput. Sci. 2012, 2: 41-54.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Kaufmann E: Existence and nonexistence of positive solutions for a nonlinear fractional boundary value problem. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 2009, 2009: 416-423. suppl.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang J, Xiang H, Liu Z: Positive solution to nonzero boundary values problem for a coupled system of nonlinear fractional differential equations. Int. J. Differ. Equ. 2010., 2010: Article ID 186928

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bai Z: On positive solutions of a nonlocal fractional boundary value problem. Nonlinear Anal. 2010, 72: 916-924. 10.1016/j.na.2009.07.033

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Sudsutad W, Tariboon J: Boundary value problems for fractional differential equations with three-point fractional integral boundary conditions. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2012., 2012: Article ID 93

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ntouyas SK: Existence results for nonlocal boundary value problems for fractional differential equations and inclusions with fractional integral boundary conditions. Discuss. Math., Differ. Incl. Control Optim. 2013, 33: 17-39. 10.7151/dmdico.1146

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Ntouyas SK: Boundary value problems for nonlinear fractional differential equations and inclusions with nonlocal and fractional integral boundary conditions. Opusc. Math. 2013, 33: 117-138. 10.7494/OpMath.2013.33.1.117

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  15. Guezane-Lakoud A, Khaldi R: Solvability of a fractional boundary value problem with fractional integral condition. Nonlinear Anal. 2012, 75: 2692-2700. 10.1016/j.na.2011.11.014

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Ahmad B, Ntouyas SK, Assolani A: Caputo type fractional differential equations with nonlocal Riemann-Liouville integral boundary conditions. J. Appl. Math. Comput. 2012. 10.1007/s12190-012-0610-8

    Google Scholar 

  17. Baleanu D, Mustafa OG, Agarwal RP: An existence result for a superlinear fractional differential equation. Appl. Math. Lett. 2010, 23: 1129-1132. 10.1016/j.aml.2010.04.049

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  18. Debbouche A, Baleanu D, Agarwal RP: Nonlocal nonlinear integrodifferential equations of fractional orders. Bound. Value Probl. 2012., 2012: Article ID 78

    Google Scholar 

  19. Nyamoradi N, Baleanu D, Agarwal RP: On a multipoint boundary value problem for a fractional order differential inclusion on an infinite interval. Adv. Math. Phys. 2013., 2013: Article ID 823961

    Google Scholar 

  20. Guezane-Lakoud A, Khaldi R: Solvability of a three-point fractional nonlinear boundary value problem. Differ. Equ. Dyn. Syst. 2012, 20: 395-403. 10.1007/s12591-012-0125-7

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. Krasnoselskii MA: Two remarks on the method of successive approximations. Usp. Mat. Nauk 1955, 10: 123-127.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  22. Granas A, Dugundji J: Fixed Point Theory. Springer, New York; 2003.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The present paper was done while J Tariboon and T Sitthiwirattham visited the Department of Mathematics of the University of Ioannina, Greece. It is a pleasure for them to thank Professor SK Ntouyas for his warm hospitality. This research of J Tariboon and T Sitthiwirattham is supported by King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jessada Tariboon.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

All authors contributed equally in this article. They read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tariboon, J., Sitthiwirattham, T. & Ntouyas, S.K. Boundary value problems for a new class of three-point nonlocal Riemann-Liouville integral boundary conditions. Adv Differ Equ 2013, 213 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2013-213

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2013-213

Keywords