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Persistence of the incompressible Euler equations in a Besov space
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2013, Article number: 153 (2013)
Abstract
The unique existence of a solution of the incompressible Euler equations in a critical Besov space for is investigated. The global existence of a solution of two-dimensional Euler equations is also discussed.
MSC:76B03, 35Q31.
1 Main theorems and terminology
The non-stationary Euler equations of an ideal incompressible fluid
are considered. Here is the Eulerian velocity of a fluid flow and , with .
The best local existence and uniqueness results known for the Euler equations (1) in Besov spaces are a series of theorems on the space with (see the introductions in [1, 2] for details and the references therein). The local existence for the limit case of has not been reported yet possibly due to the lack of -estimates. On the other hand, the ill-posedness of the Euler equations in [3] for a range of Besov spaces has been recently studied, which signifies that it is worthwhile to clarify either the well-posedness or the ill-posedness of the solutions in some particular Besov spaces. This is why the existence problem in the space is not trivial even though it is smaller than the space .
This paper takes care of the local unique existence of the solution to the Euler equations (1) in a critical Besov space and of the global existence for a two-dimensional case. Our main results are the following.
Theorem 1.1 (Local existence and uniqueness)
For any divergence-free vector field , there exists a positive time T for which the initial value problem (1) with has a unique solution u in the space .
Furthermore,
Theorem 1.2 (2-D global existence)
For any divergence-free vector field , there exists a unique solution of the problem (1) with .
The compactness argument was used for the main literature in the proof employed by the authors in [2], and one of the primary difficulties of estimates was to get rid of the -singularity. To take care of it, we present some new estimates together with substantial modifications of the identities and of the estimates proved in [2]. The essential tools for a priori estimates are Bony’s para-product formula and Littlewood-Paley decomposition. An Osgood-type ordinary differential inequality is solved to complete the compactness argument.
For the proof of global existence in two-dimensional case, the limiting case of Beale-Kato-Majda inequality in 2-D is fetched, which is a modification of the inequality originally proved in [4] by Vishik. In [5], Chae proved the global existence of velocity in the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces , , for the 2-D Euler equations, and also discussed the vorticity existence in the spaces , or ∞. Since the spaces are equivalent to the spaces , our 2-D global velocity existence theorem is similar to Chae’s theorem displayed in [5].
Here are some notations. Let be the Schwartz class of rapidly decreasing functions. Consider a nonnegative radial function satisfying and for . Set , and it can be easily seen that
Let and Φ be functions defined by , and , where ℱ represents the Fourier transform on . Note that is a mollifier of , that is, (or ). One can readily check that
For , denote if , and if . The partial sums are also defined: for . Assume that , and . The Besov spaces are defined by
The corresponding spaces of vector-valued functions are denoted by the bold faced symbols. For example, the product space is denoted by and the corresponding triple Besov spaces by . Note that the classical Hölder spaces are equivalent to the Besov spaces (if ); see, for example, p.26 in [6] or [7].
Notation Throughout this paper (especially in Section 4), the notation means that , where C is a fixed but unspecified constant. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, C may depend on the dimension d and various other parameters (such as exponents), but not on the functions or variables involved.
2 Local existence and uniqueness of the solution
The proof of Theorem 1.1 is presented in this section. Initial velocity is given. In order to prove that the velocity (representing the solution of the Euler equations (1)) stays (locally) in the function space , we start with defining a sequence of vector fields depending on time by means of the following restrictions on each initial vector field:
Then we first note that for any . Therefore, for fixed , classical results (see [6]) say that for each m, there exist a maximal time and a solution to the Euler equations (2) in . In case of dimension 2, it is well-known that . That is, there is a global solution .
2.1 Compactness of the sequence
Take the operator and add the term on both sides of (2) to have
Consider the trajectory flow along defined by the solutions of the ordinary differential equations
(observe implies that is a volume preserving mapping) to get
Multiply on both sides and sum up together to achieve
Propositions 4.4 and 4.5 in Section 4 yield
for some constant . By virtue of Gronwall’s inequality, this leads to
Let satisfy the following ordinary differential equation:
and let
Then from (5) it can be noticed that
The time is chosen to be less than the blow-up time for (6). Then, by solving the separable ordinary differential inequality (7), we see that for . Indeed, (7) leads to . This yields that for ,
Hence we have that
for all , that is, the sequence is uniformly bounded in . From the blow-up criterion on p.77 in [6], saying that
and from the fact that , we see that is a lower bound of .
We close this section by explaining the continuity of on with values in the Besov space .
Lemma 2.1 (Temporal regularity)
Suppose that v is a solution for the Euler equations (1) staying inside of with initial velocity . Then v is continuous on with values in , that is, .
Proof First, applying Propositions 4.2 and 4.5 in Section 4 to the Euler equations (1), we can deduce that , and so .
For any , we put . We will demonstrate that the sequence converges to v in . As in the beginning of Section 2.1, we obtain that
for . The interchange of the two operators and on the left-hand side follows from the fact that . Since is absolutely continuous on with values in , we get
This implies that for ,
The first term of the right-hand side converges to zero as ℓ tends to infinity because . By virtue of Propositions 4.4 and 4.5 in Section 4 and the fact that , the second and third terms of the right-hand side also converge to zero as ℓ tends to infinity. Hence the sequence converges to v in .
From the estimate
together with the fact that , we can deduce that each is continuous on with values in . In all, the limit v is continuous on with values in . □
From this lemma, we observe that . We also notice that the sequence is uniformly bounded in , thanks to Propositions 4.2 and 4.5.
2.2 Convergence of the sequence
We now select a strictly positive time depending on so that the sequence is a Cauchy sequence in . To do this, subtract the two relations on (2) to get
where we set
(refer to Section 2.5 in [6]). Take the operator, and add on both sides of (9) to have
Propositions 4.2-4.5 and estimate (8) can be used as before to get
for and some constant independent of , where is defined in (6). Choose small enough to ensure , and we have
This implies that is a Cauchy sequence in . Hence there exists a strong limit u of the sequence in the space .
We point out that the sequence of pressures is a Cauchy sequence in . In fact, since each can be represented by
where ’s are the d-dimensional Riesz transforms, we have, for ,
and
Hence there exists such that
2.3 Local existence of a solution
We first claim that the limit u stays in . Since the sequence is bounded in and the sequence is bounded in (see the last paragraph of Section 2.1), we can find two vector fields and satisfying (after possibly choosing subsequences)
and
On the other hand, since the sequence converges strongly to u in , we have that
Due to the fact that the two limits should coincide, we have , and . This implies that u is absolutely continuous on with values in .
We now verify that u satisfies the Euler equations (1). We notice that the convergence of the sequence to the limit u in implies that
(See the inclusion (34).) We also note that u is absolutely continuous on with values in . For any test vector field and test function with , apply the -inner product to the Euler equations corresponding to (2) to get the functional formulation
Integrate both sides with respect to time to achieve
As m tends to infinity, converges to in the sense of distribution (p.20 in [6]). Hence integration by parts and an application of (11) establish the limit of the first term:
as . The last equality comes from the uniqueness of the limit since the sequence weak∗-converges to in . Hence the absolute continuity of the function on yields . Green’s formula and (11) take the second term to
as . On the other hand, (10) can be used to make the right-hand side get to
as . Therefore we obtain the limit formulation
for all and with . Also, the constraint turns into
as . Therefore we get that . In all, it has been shown that the limit u satisfies the Euler equations and the initial condition
So far, we have shown that u is a solution for the Euler equations (1) located in . Hence, by virtue of Lemma 2.1, we conclude that u belongs to . We may continue to use this argument until the value blows up, that is, . This completes the proof of the local existence.
2.4 Uniqueness of a solution
In order to prove the uniqueness, we consider two solutions u and v of the system (1) in with the same initial velocity. Subtraction of the equations satisfied by them says that the vector field obeys
where was defined previously. Propositions 4.2-4.5 and the argument used in Section 2.2 yield
for some constant . Then, for sufficiently small (see (8) in Section 2.1), we have
which in turn implies the uniqueness of a solution for (1) in .
3 2-D global existence - Proof of Theorem 1.2
The 2-D vorticity equation corresponding to the Euler equations (1) is given by
where with the initial vorticity . We consider the trajectory flow along u defined by the solution of
Then it is well-known that the solution of the 2-D vorticity equation can be represented by
We now point out that the same argument used in Section 2.1 can be employed to give the estimate
(see the estimates (4), (5) and the estimate (26) in Proposition 4.5). From the fact that () and the conservation of kinetic energy (see p.25 in [8]), we get
The estimate (15) suggests that we focus on proving that does not blow up for all time. For this, we recall the limiting case of Beale-Kato-Majda inequality in .
Proposition 3.1 (Vishik’s inequality)
For and , we have
The original version of the proposition was proved by Vishik in the space in [4], and Chae later generalized it to the Besov spaces and the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces in [5]. Our version (in ) can be considered as a slight generalization of those, and the proof is almost the same as the original proof except for inserting the differential index .
Vishik’s inequality explains the exponential growth of -norm of vorticity as follows. The identity induced from (13)
implies
Gronwall’s inequality and subsequently Vishik’s inequality yield that
where , and in particular, the third inequality follows from the fact that . Similar techniques can be used to have
Combine these estimates together to get
Or
Now Gronwall’s inequality can be adopted to get
Placing this into Proposition 3.1, we have
Then put this estimate into (15), and we can conclude that
where the constant depends only on (and so ). This completes the 2-D global existence of a solution in .
4 A priori estimates
This section presents some estimates which have been used for the proofs of the main theorems. We first recall Bony’s para-product formula which decomposes the product fg of two functions f and g into three parts:
where represents Bony’s para-product of f and g defined by and denotes the remainder of the para-product . The estimates of para-product parts in are provided as follows.
Lemma 4.1 (Para-product estimate)
Let . For any , we have
and for each , we also have
Proof By considering the supports of
it can be easily noted that
Some computations can yield that
The second assertion follows from Bernstein’s lemma (see p.16 in [6])
□
The para-product estimate implies the following pointwise product estimate in .
Proposition 4.2 (Product formula)
Let . For any , we have
and
Proof Lemma 4.1 leaves us to measure the remainder term
The second equality follows from computing the supports of . We now get
This also implies the second inequality in the statement. □
Here is a commutator estimate in .
Lemma 4.3 (Commutator estimate)
For any differentiable function f and any function g, we have the following commutator estimate:
where the commutator is defined as .
Proof The desired estimate comes from the following observation:
□
We now present the primary estimates which have been used for the proof of the main theorem.
Proposition 4.4 Let . For any vector field and a function g, we have
We also have the estimate
Proof We first observe that
where the bracket operator is defined as . In fact, use Bony’s para-product formula to expand as follows:
By reflecting the supports of functions in the expression, it can be seen that the term vanishes. Therefore, to complete the estimate, it suffices to assess the four terms in equations (18)-(20). First, Lemma 4.1 can be used to deliver the desired estimates (16) and (17) for the first two para-product terms of the right-hand side of (18). Now consider the supports, and we can see that
Therefore Lemma 4.3 leads to the estimates (16) and (17) for the third term (19). It remains to estimate the last term (20). We split (20) into two parts as follows:
The first term can be treated for two cases separately. That is, when , Bernstein’s lemma yields
For the cases when , it suffices to assume by considering the supports of functions in . Hence we have
Therefore the estimate (22) together with the fact that
leads to
A similar computation to that used above shows that
The estimates (16) and (17) for are obtained simply by using the commutator estimate (Lemma 4.3). By putting estimates together, the desired results can be achieved. □
The estimates for the pressure term ∇p are presented. From the Euler equations (1), we have that
Proposition 4.5 Let . For any pair of divergence-free vector fields u and v, we have
We also have
and
where
Proof For , Bernstein’s lemma can be used to obtain
(refer to p.17 in [6]). Proposition 4.2 yields
and also
For , we note that
where denotes the volume of the unit ball in . For the case of dimension , the factor in (31) ought to be replaced by . Observe that
where is a radial cut-off function satisfying , and , . Then we can conclude
or
The fact that
and the estimate (29) yield the first estimate (26). Also, the second estimate (27) follows from the estimate (30) together with (33). The last estimate (28) follows from the symmetry of π; . □
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Acknowledgements
The first author was supported by the research fund of Dankook University in 2011.
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Pak, H.C., Park, Y.J. Persistence of the incompressible Euler equations in a Besov space . Adv Differ Equ 2013, 153 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2013-153
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2013-153