- Research Article
- Open Access
Asymptotical Convergence of the Solutions of a Linear Differential Equation with Delays
- Josef Diblík1Email author,
- Miroslava Růžičková1 and
- Zuzana Šutá1
https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/749852
© Josef Diblík et al. 2010
- Received: 1 January 2010
- Accepted: 23 April 2010
- Published: 30 May 2010
Abstract
The asymptotic behavior of the solutions of the first-order differential equation
containing delays is studied with
,
,
,
. The attention is focused on an analysis of the asymptotical convergence of solutions. A criterion for the asymptotical convergence of all solutions, characterized by the existence of a strictly increasing bounded solution, is proved. Relationships with the previous results are discussed, too.
Keywords
- Initial Function
- Integral Inequality
- Asymptotical Convergence
- Convergent Solution
- Nonnegative Constant
1. Introduction
as
. In (1.1) we assume
,
, functions
where
,
,
are continuous and such that
on
. Set
. Throughout the paper the symbol "
" denotes the right-hand derivative. Similarly, if necessary, the value of a function at a point of
is understood as the value of the corresponding limit from the right.
We call a solution
of (1.1) asymptotically convergent if it has a finite limit
. The main results concern the asymptotical convergence of all solutions of (1.1). Besides, the proof of the results is based on the comparison of solutions of (1.1) with solutions of an auxiliary inequality which formally copies (1.1). At first, we prove that, under certain conditions, (1.1) has a strictly increasing asymptotically convergent solution. Then we extend this statement to all the solutions of (1.1). Moreover, in the general case, the asymptotical convergence of all solutions is characterized by the existence of a strictly increasing bounded solution.
The problem concerning the asymptotical convergence of solutions of delayed differential equations (or delayed difference equation, etc.) is a classical one. But the problem of the asymptotic convergence or divergence of solutions of delayed equations receives permanent attention. Let us mention at least investigations [1–18]. Comparing the known investigations with the results presented we conclude that our results give more sharp sufficient conditions.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 an auxiliary inequality is studied and the relationship of its solutions with solutions of (1.1) is derived. The existence of a strictly increasing and convergent solution of (1.1) is established in Section 3. Section 4 contains results concerning the asymptotical convergence of all the solutions of (1.1). The related previous results are discussed in Section 5.
Let
be the Banach space of continuous functions mapping the interval
into
equipped with the supremum norm.
Let
be given. The function
is said to be a solution of (1.1) on
if
is continuous on
, continuously differentiable on
and satisfies (1.1) for
.
For
,
, we say that
is a solution of (1.1) through
(or that
corresponds to the initial point
) if
is a solution of (1.1) on
and
for
.
2. Auxiliary Inequality
plays an important role in the analysis of (1.1). Let
and
be given. The function
is said to be a solution of (2.1) on
if
is continuous on
, continuously differentiable on
, and satisfies inequality (2.1) for
. If
, we call the solution
of (2.1) asymptotically convergent if it has a finite limit
.
2.1. Relationship between the Solutions of Inequality (2.1) and Equation (1.1)
In this part, we will derive some properties of the solutions of type (2.1) inequalities and compare the solutions of (1.1) with those of inequality (2.1).
Lemma 2.1.
Let
be strictly increasing (nondecreasing, strictly decreasing, nonincreasing) on
. Then the corresponding solution
of (1.1) with
is strictly increasing (nondecreasing, strictly decreasing, nonincreasing) on
, respectively. If
is strictly increasing (nondecreasing) and
is a solution of (2.1) with
,
, then
is strictly increasing (nondecreasing) on
.
Proof.
This is clear from (1.1) and (2.1) and from
,
,
,
,
.
Theorem 2.2.




is such a solution.
Proof.



on
. Define on
the continuous function
. Then
on
, and
is a solution of (2.1) on
. Lemma 2.1 implies that
is nondecreasing. Consequently,
for all
.
Remark 2.3.




on
.
2.2. A Solution of Inequality (2.1)
It is easy to get a solution of inequality (2.1) in an exponential form. We will indicate this form in the following lemma. This auxiliary result will help us derive concrete sufficient conditions for the existence of strictly increasing and convergent solution of (1.1).
Lemma 2.4.



Proof.
Inequality (2.7) follows immediately from inequality (2.1) for
.
3. Existence of an Asymptotically Convergent Solution of (1.1)
In this part we indicate sufficient conditions for the existence of a convergent solution of (1.1). First, let us introduce two obvious statements concerning asymptotical convergence. From Theorem 2.2 and Lemma 2.1, we immediately get the following.
Theorem 3.1.
If
is a strictly increasing asymptotically convergent solution of (2.1) on
, then there exists a strictly increasing asymptotically convergent solution
of (1.1) on
.
From Lemma 2.1, Theorem 2.2, and Lemma 2.4, we get the following.
Theorem 3.2.







on
.
Theorem 3.3.
there exists a strictly increasing and asymptotically convergent solution
of (1.1) as
.
Proof.






as
, we conclude that (3.14) holds and, consequently, the integral inequality (2.7) has a solution
for every sufficiently large
. Lemma 2.4 holds. We finalize the proof by noticing that the statement of the theorem directly follows from Theorem 3.1.
Assuming that functions
,
,
can be estimated by suitable functions, we will prove that (1.1) has an asymptotically convergent solution. This yields two interesting corollaries directly following from inequality (3.3) in Theorem 3.3.
Corollary 3.4.
then there exists a strictly increasing and convergent solution
of (1.1) as
.
Proof.

since
.
Corollary 3.5.
then there exists a strictly increasing and convergent solution
of (1.1) as
.
Proof.
Thus, the inequality (3.3) in Theorem 3.3 holds.
4. Asymptotical Convergence of All Solutions
In this part we prove results concerning the asymptotical convergence of all the solutions of (1.1). First, we use inequality (3.3) to establish conditions for the asymptotical convergence of all the solutions.
Theorem 4.1.
Let there exist
such that inequality (3.3) holds. Then all the solutions of (1.1) are asymptotically convergent for
.
Proof.
First we prove that every solution defined by a monotone initial function is asymptotically convergent. We will assume that a monotone initial function
is given. For the definiteness, let
be strictly increasing or nondecreasing (the strictly decreasing or nonincreasing case can be dealt with in much the same way). By Lemma 2.1, the solution
is monotone (either strictly increasing or nondecreasing) on
. In what follows, we will prove that
is asymptotically convergent.
















is a bounded function for all
.
Summarizing the previous part, we state that every monotone solution is asymptotically convergent. It remains to consider a class of all nonmonotone initial functions. For the behavior of a solution
, generated by a nonmonotone initial function
there are two possibilities: either
is eventually monotone and, consequently, asymptotically convergent, or
is eventually nonmonotone.
We will also use the known fact that every absolutely continuous function can be decomposed into the difference of two strictly increasing absolutely continuous functions [19, page 315]. Assuming that an initial (nonmonotone) function
is absolutely continuous on interval
, we can decompose it on the interval
into the difference
of two strictly increasing absolutely continuous functions
,
. In accordance with the previous part of the proof, every function
,
defines a strictly increasing convergent solution
. Now it becomes clear that the solution
is asymptotically convergent. To complete the proof, it remains to prove that, without loss of generality, we can restrict the set of all initial functions to the set of absolutely continuous initial functions. To this end, we again consider the solution
defined by
and, if necessary, always without loss of generality, we can replace
by
and
by
since the solution has a finite derivative the interval
. Finally, we remark that any function satisfying the Lipschitz condition on an interval
is absolutely continuous in it [19, page 313].
Tracing the proof of Theorem 4.1, we can see that the inequality (3.3) was used only as "input" information stating that, in accordance with Theorem 3.3, there exists a strictly increasing and asymptotically convergent solution
of (1.1) on
. If the existence of a strictly monotone and asymptotically convergent solution is assumed instead of (3.3), we obtain the following
Theorem 4.2.
If (1.1) has a strictly monotone and convergent solution on
, then all the solutions of (1.1) defined on
are asymptotically convergent.
Moreover, combining the results formulated in Theorems 2.2, 3.1 and 4.2, we obtain the following
Theorem 4.3.
- (a)
Equation (1.1) has a strictly monotone and asymptotically convergent solution on
.
- (b)
All solutions of (1.1) defined on
are asymptotically convergent.
- (c)
Inequality (2.1) has a strictly monotone and asymptotically convergent solution on
.
5. Comparison with Previous Results


is treated, for example, in [2, 4, 10, 11]. The following theorem (see [11, Theorems
,
, and
]) gives corresponding results related to (5.2). Its first part gives sufficient conditions for the existence of a strictly increasing and unbounded solution of (5.2) whereas the second part provides sufficient conditions for the asymptotical convergence of all its solutions.


- (b)
holds for all
. Then all solutions of (5.2) defined on
are convergent.


and one would expect a pair of opposite inequalities stronger than (5.3) and (5.4). Can one of the inequalities (5.3) or (5.4) be improved? The following example shows that probably (5.3) can be improved because (5.4) provides a best possible criterion.
Example 5.2.




only if
.
Declarations
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Grant no. 1/0090/09 of the Grant Agency of Slovak Republic (VEGA) and by the project APVV-0700-07 of Slovak Research and Development Agency.
Authors’ Affiliations
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