Oscillation for a Class of Second-Order Emden-Fowler Delay Dynamic Equations on Time Scales
https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/642356
© Shurong Sun et al. 2010
Received: 13 December 2009
Accepted: 4 March 2010
Published: 8 March 2010
Abstract
By means of Riccati transformation technique, we establish some new oscillation criteria for the second-order Emden-Fowler delay dynamic equations
on a time scale
; here
is a quotient of odd positive integers with
and
as real-valued positive rd-continuous functions defined on
. Our results in this paper not only extend the results given in Agarwal et al. (2005), Akin-Bohner et al. (2007) and Han et al. (2007) but also unify the results about oscillation of the second-order Emden-Fowler delay differential equation and the second-order Emden-Fowler delay difference equation.
Keywords
1. Introduction
The theory of time scales, which has recently received a lot of attention, was introduced by Hilger in his Ph.D. Thesis in 1988 in order to unify continuous and discrete analysis (see Hilger [1]). Several authors have expounded on various aspects of this new theory; see the survey paper by Agarwal et al. [2] and references cited therein. A book on the subject of time scales, by Bohner and Peterson [3], summarizes and organizes much of the time scale calculus; we refer also to the last book by Bohner and Peterson [4] for advances in dynamic equations on time scales. For the notions used below, we refer to the next section that provides some basic facts on time scales extracted from Bohner and Peterson [3].
A time scale
is an arbitrary closed subset of the reals, and the cases when this time scale is equal to the reals or to the integers represent the classical theories of differential and of difference equations. Not only does the new theory of the so-called dynamic equations unify the theories of differential equations and difference equations, but also it extends these classical cases to cases in between, for example, to the so-called
difference equations when
which has important applications in quantum theory and can be applied on different types of time scales like
, and
the space of the harmonic numbers.
Many other interesting time scales exist, and they give rise to plenty of applications, among them the study of population dynamic models which are discrete in season (and may follow a difference scheme with variable step-size or often modeled by continuous dynamic systems), die out, say in winter, while their eggs are incubating or dormant, and then in season again, hatching gives rise to a nonoverlapping population (see Bohner and Peterson [3]).
In recent years, there has been much research activity concerning the oscillation and nonoscillation of solutions of various equations on time scales, and we refer the reader to Akin-Bohner and Hoffacker [5, 6], Akin-Bohner et al. [7], Bohner and Saker [8], Erbe [9], Erbe et al. [10], Li et al. [11], and Saker [12, 13]. However, there are few results dealing with the oscillation of the solutions of delay dynamic equations on time scales [14–29].
Following this trend, in this paper, we consider a second-order nonlinear delay differential equation
For oscillation of the second-order delay dynamic equations, Agarwal et al. [14] considered the second-order delay dynamic equations on time scales
and established some sufficient conditions for oscillation of (1.2).
Zhang and Shanliang [29] studied the second-order nonlinear delay dynamic equations on time scales
and the second-order nonlinear dynamic equations on time scales
where
and
is continuous and nondecreasing
, and
for
, and established the equivalence of the oscillation of (1.3) and (1.4). However, the results established in [29] are valid only when the graininess function
is bounded which is a restrictive condition. Also the restriction
is required.
Şahiner [23] considered the second-order nonlinear delay dynamic equations on time scales
where
is continuous,
for
and
, and
and obtained some sufficient conditions for oscillation of (1.5).
Han et al. [17] investigated the second-order Emden-Fowler delay dynamic equations on time scales
established some sufficient conditions for oscillation of (1.6), and extended the results given in [14].
Erbe et al. [28] considered the general nonlinear delay dynamic equations on time scales
where
and
are positive, real-valued rd-continuous functions defined on
,
is rd-continuous,
and
as
, and
satisfies for some positive constant
,
for all nonzero
, and extended the generalized Riccati transformation techniques in the time scales setting to obtain some new oscillation criteria which improve the results given by Şahiner [23] and Zhang and Shanliang [29].
Clearly, (1.2), (1.3), (1.5), (1.6), and (1.7) are different from (1.1). To develop the qualitative theory of delay dynamic equations on time scales, in this paper, we consider the second-order nonlinear delay dynamic equation on time scales (1.1).
As we are interested in oscillatory behavior, we assume throughout this paper that the given time scale
is unbounded above, that is, it is a time scale interval of the form
with
.
We assume that
is a quotient of odd positive integer,
and
are positive, real-valued rd-continuous functions defined on and
,
is a rd-continuous function such that
and
.
We shall also consider the two cases
By a solution of (1.1), we mean a nontrivial real-valued function
satisfying (1.1) for
. A solution
of (1.1) is called oscillatory if it is neither eventually positive nor eventually negative; otherwise, it is called nonoscillatory. Equation (1.1) is called oscillatory if all solutions are oscillatory. Our attention is restricted to those solutions
of (1.1) which exist on some half line
with
for any
.
We note that if
, then
, and (1.1) becomes the second-order Emden-Fowler delay differential equation
If
, then
and (1.1) becomes the second-order Emden-Fowler delay difference equation
In the case of
, (1.1) is the prototype of a wide class of nonlinear dynamic equations called Emden-Fowler superlinear dynamic equations, and if
, then (1.1) is the prototype of dynamic equations called Emden-Fowler sublinear dynamic equations. It is interesting to study (1.1) because the continuous version, that is, (1.10), has several physical applications—see, for example, [1] —and when
is a discrete variable as in (1.11), (1.1) also has important applications.
Numerous oscillation and nonoscillation criteria have been established for equations as (1.10) and (1.11); see, for example, [1, 30–36] and references therein.
In this paper, we intend to use the Riccati transformation technique for obtaining several oscillation criteria for (1.1). Our results in this paper not only extend the results given in Agarwal et al. [14] and Han et al. [17] but also unify the oscillation of the second-order Emden-Fowler delay differential equation and the second-order Emden-Fowler delay difference equation. Applications to equations to which previously known criteria for oscillation are not applicable are given.
This paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, we present the basic definitions and the theory of calculus on time scales. In Section 3, we apply a simple consequence of Kellers chain rule, devoted to the proof of the sufficient conditions for oscillation of all solutions of (1.1). In Section 4, some applications and examples are considered to illustrate the main results.
2. Some Preliminaries
A time scale
is an arbitrary nonempty closed subset of the real numbers
. Since we are interested in oscillatory behavior, we suppose that the time scale under consideration is not bounded above, that is, it is a time scale interval of the form
. On any time scale, we define the forward and backward jump operators by
A point
is said to be left-dense if
, right-dense if
, left-scattered if
, and right-scattered if
. The graininess
of the time scale is defined by
.
For a function
(the range
of
may actually be replaced by any Banach space), the (delta) derivative is defined by
if
is continuous at
and
is right-scattered. If
is not right-scattered, then the derivative is defined by
provided this limit exists.
A function
is said to be rd-continuous if it is continuous at each right-dense point and if there exists a finite left limit in all left-dense points. The set of rd-continuous functions
is denoted by
.
is said to be differentiable if its derivative exists. The set of functions
that are differentiable and whose derivative is rd-continuous function is denoted by
.
The derivative and the shift operator
are related by the formula
Let
be a real-valued function defined on an interval
. We say that
is increasing, decreasing, nondecreasing, and nonincreasing on
if
and
imply
,
,
, and
, respectively. Let
be a differentiable function on
. Then
is increasing, decreasing, nondecreasing, and nonincreasing on
if
,
,
, and
for all
, respectively.
We will make use of the following product and quotient rules for the derivative of the product
and the quotient
of two differentiable functions
and
For
and a differentiable function
, the Cauchy integral of
is defined by
The integration by parts formula reads
and infinite integrals are defined as
3. Main Results
In this section, we give some new oscillation criteria for (1.1). Since we are interested in oscillatory behavior, we will suppose that the time scale
under consideration is not bounded above, that is, it is a time scale interval of the form
. In order to prove our main results, we will use the formula
where
is delta differentiable and eventually positive or eventually negative, which is a simple consequence of Keller's chain rule (see Bohner and Peterson [3, Theorem
]). Also, we need the following auxiliary result.
Lemma 3.1 (Şahiner [23, Lemma
]).
Lemma 3.2.




Proof.











and this contradicts the fact that
for all
. Hence
is eventually positive. So
is eventually positive. Then
is eventually increasing.
From (3.4), (3.7), and
, we can easily verify that
is eventually negative. Therefore, we see that there is some
such that (3.3) holds. The proof is complete.
Lemma 3.3.
The proof is similar to that of Akin-Bohner et al. [7, Lemma
].
Theorem 3.4.
then (1.1) is oscillatory on
.
Proof.





which contradicts (4.3). The proof is complete.
Remark 3.5.
Theorem 3.4 includes results of Akin-Bohner et al. [7, Theorem
].
Putting
that is,
in Theorem 3.4, we obtain the following corollary.
Corollary 3.6.
then (1.1) is oscillatory on
.
Theorem 3.7.
holds for all constants
. Then (1.1) is oscillatory on
.
Proof.





which contradicts (3.18). The proof is complete.
Remark 3.8.
Theorem 3.7 not only includes results of Agarwal et al. [14, Theorem
], Akin-Bohner et al. [7, Theorem
], and Han et al. [17, Theorem
], but also improves conditions of Agarwal et al. [14, Theorem
] and Han et al. [17, Theorem
].
From Theorem 3.7, we can obtain different conditions for oscillation of all solutions of (1.1) with different choices of
.
For example, let
. Now Theorem 3.4 yields the following results.
Corollary 3.9.
holds for all constants
, then (1.1) is oscillatory on
.
Sometimes the following criterion is easier to check than the one given in Corollary 3.6, but it follows easily from Corollary 3.6 as we always have
for all
.
Corollary 3.10.
holds for all constants
, then (1.1) is oscillatory on
.
Now, using Lemma 3.2, we can give some sufficient conditions when (1.9) holds, which guarantee that every solution of (1.1) oscillates or converges to zero in
.
Theorem 3.11.




then every solution of (1.1) is oscillatory or converges to zero on
.
Theorem 3.12.
holds for all constants
. Then (1.1) is oscillatory on
.
Proof.











which contradicts (3.29). The proof is complete.
Remark 3.13.
Theorem 3.12 includes results of Akin-Bohner et al. [7, Theorem
] and Han et al. [17, Theorem
] and improves conditions of Han [17, Theorem
].
From Theorem 3.12, we can obtain different conditions for oscillation of all solutions of (1.1) with different choices of
.
For example, let
. Now Theorem 3.12 yields the following results.
Corollary 3.14.
holds for all constants
, then (1.1) is oscillatory on
.
Sometimes the following criterion is easier to check than the one given in Corollary 3.14, but it follows easily from Corollary 3.14 as we always have
for all
.
Corollary 3.15.
4. Applications
In this section, we give one example to illustrate our main results. To obtain the conditions for oscillation, we will use the following fact:
For more details, we refer the reader to [4, Theorem
].
Akin-Bohner et al. [7] considered the second-order dynamic equations on time scales
where
is a quotient of odd positive integer,
and
are positive, real-valued rd-continuous functions defined on
, and established some new oscillation criteria of (4.2).
Theorem 4.1 (Akin-Bohner et al. [7, Theorem
]).
then (4.2) is oscillatory on
.
We note that (1.1) becomes (4.2) when
, and Theorem 3.4 becomes Theorem 4.1, so Theorem 3.4 essentially includes results of Akin-Bohner et al. [7, Theorem
].
Example 4.2.
Declarations
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (60774004, 60904024), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (20080441126, 200902564), Shandong Postdoctoral funded project (200802018), and supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong (Y2008A28, ZR2009AL003), also supported by the Fund of Doctoral Program Research of University of Jinan (B0621, XBS0843).
Authors’ Affiliations
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