RETRACTED ARTICLE: Existence of weak solutions for two point boundary value problems of Schrödingerean predator-prey system and their applications

Abstract

By means of a variational analysis and the theory of variable exponent Sobolev spaces, the existence of weak solutions for two point boundary value problems of Schrödingerean predator-prey system with latent period is investigated either analytically or numerically. More precisely, the local stability of the Schrödingerean equilibrium and endemic equilibrium of the model are discussed in detail. And we specially analyzed the existence and stability of the Schrödingerean Hopf bifurcation by using the center manifold theorem and the bifurcation theory. As applications, theoretic analysis and numerical simulation show that the Schrödingerean predator-prey system with latent period has very rich dynamic characteristics.

1 Introduction

The role of mathematical modeling has been intensively growing in the study of epidemiology. Various epidemic models have been proposed and explored extensively and great progress has been achieved in the studies of disease control and prevention. Many authors have investigated the autonomous epidemic models. May and Odter [1] proposed a time-periodic reaction-diffusion epidemic model which incorporates a simple demographic structure and the latent period of an infectious disease. Guckenheimer and Holmes [2] examined an SIR epidemic model with a non-monotonic incidence rate, and they also analyzed the dynamical behavior of the model and derived the stability conditions for the disease-free and the endemic equilibrium. Berryman and Millstein [3] investigated an SVEIS epidemic model for an infectious disease that spreads in the host population through horizontal transmission, and they have shown that the model exhibits two equilibria, namely, the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium. Hassell et al. [4] presented four discrete epidemic models with the nonlinear incidence rate by using the forward Euler and backward Euler methods, and they discussed the effect of two discretizations on the stability of the endemic equilibrium for these models. Shilnikov et al. [5] proposed an VEISV network worm attack model and derived global stability of a worm-free state and local stability of a unique worm-epidemic state by using the reproduction rate. Robinson and Holmes [6] discussed the dynamical behaviors of a Schrödingerean predator-prey system, and they showed that the model undergoes a flip bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation by using the center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory. Bacaër and Dads [7] investigated an SVEIS epidemic model for an infectious disease that spreads in the host population through horizontal transmission.

Recently, Yan et al. [8, 9] and Xue [10] discussed the threshold dynamics of a time-periodic reaction-diffusion epidemic model with latent period. In this paper, we will study the existence of the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium, and the stability of the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium for this system. Conditions will be derived for the existence of a flip bifurcation and a Hopf bifurcation by using the center manifold theorem [11] and bifurcation theory [12–14].

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. A discrete SIR epidemic model with latent period is established in Section 2. In Section 3 we obtain the main results: the existence and local stability of fixed points for this system. We show that this system undergoes the flip bifurcation and the Hopf bifurcation by choosing a bifurcation parameter in Section 4. A brief discussion is given in Section 5.

2 Model formulation

In 2015, Yan et al. [10] discussed the threshold dynamics of a time-periodic reaction-diffusion epidemic model with latent period. We consider the continuous-time SIR epidemic model described by the differential equations

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{dS}{dt}=\beta S(t)I(t), \\ \frac{dI}{dt}=\beta S(t)I(t)-\gamma I(t), \\ \frac{dR}{dt}=\gamma I(t), \end{cases} $$

(1)

where $S(t)$, $I(t)$ and $R(t)$ denote the sizes of the susceptible, infected and removed individuals, respectively, the constant β is the transmission coefficient, and γ is the recovery rate. Let $S_{0}=S(0)$ be the density of the population at the beginning of the epidemic with everyone susceptible. It is well known that the basic reproduction number $R_{0}=\beta S_{0}/\gamma$ completely determines the transmission dynamics (an epidemic occurs if and only if $R_{0}>1$); see also [8]. It should be emphasized that system (1) has no vital dynamics (births and deaths) because it was usually used to describe the transmission dynamics of disease within a short outbreak period. However, for an endemic disease, we should incorporate the demographic structure into the epidemic model. The classical endemic model is the following SIR model with vital dynamics:

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{dS}{dt}=\mu N-\mu S(t)-\frac{\beta S(t)I(t)}{N}, \\ \frac{dI}{dt}=\frac{\beta S(t)I(t)}{N}-\gamma I(t)-\mu I(t), \\ \frac{dR}{dt}=\gamma I(t)-\mu I(t), \end{cases} $$

(2)

which is almost the same as the SIR epidemic model (1) above, except that it has an inflow of newborns into the susceptible class at rate μN and deaths in the classes at rates μN, μI and μR, where N is a positive constant denoting the total population size. For this model, the basic reproduction number is given by

$$R_{0}=\frac{\beta}{\gamma+\mu}, $$

which is the contact rate times the average death-adjusted infectious period $\frac{1}{\gamma+\mu}$. The disease-free equilibrium $E_{0}(N,0,0)$ of model (2) is as follows:

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} S_{n+1}=S_{n}+h(\mu N-\mu S_{n}-\frac{\beta S_{n}I_{n}}{N}), \\ I_{n+1}=I_{n}+h(\frac{\beta S_{n}I_{n}}{N}-\gamma I_{n}-\mu I_{n}), \\ R_{n+1}=R_{n}+h(\gamma I_{n}-\mu I_{n}), \end{cases} $$

(3)

where h, N, μ, β and γ are all defined in (2).

Remark 1

If the basic reproductive rate $R_{0}<1$, then model (2) has only a disease-free equilibrium $E_{1}(N,0)$. If the basic reproductive rate $R_{0}>1$, then model (2) has two equilibria: a disease-free equilibrium $E_{1}(N,0)$ and an endemic equilibrium $E_{2}(S^{*},I^{*})$, where

$$S^{*}=\frac{N(\gamma+\mu)}{\beta} \quad \text{and}\quad I^{*}=\frac {N(\beta\mu-\mu(\gamma+\mu))}{\beta(\gamma+\mu)}. $$

3 Main results

We firstly discuss the existence of the equilibria of model (2) by using a linearization method and the Jacobian matrix. The Jacobian matrix of it is defined by

$$ J(E_{1}) = \left ( \begin{matrix} 1-h\mu& -h\beta\\ 0 & 1+h\beta-h(\gamma+\mu) \end{matrix} \right ). $$

If we take the two eigenvalues of $J(E_{1})$

$$\omega_{1}=1-h\mu\quad \text{and} \quad \omega_{2}=1+h \beta-h(\gamma+\mu), $$

then we have the following results from Remark 1 and a simple calculation.

Theorem 1

Let $R_{0}$be the basic reproductive rate such that $R_{0}<1$. Then:

• (1) If

  $$0< h< \min\biggl\{ \frac{2}{\mu},\frac{2}{(\gamma+\mu)-\beta}\biggr\} , $$

  then $E_{1}(N,0)$is asymptotically stable.

• (2) If

  $$h>\max\biggl\{ \frac{2}{\mu},\frac{2}{(\gamma+\mu)-\beta}\biggr\} \quad \textit{or} \quad \frac {2}{\mu}< h< \frac{2}{(\gamma+\mu)-\beta} $$

  or

  $$\frac{2}{(\gamma+\mu)-\beta}< h< \frac{2}{\mu}, $$

  then $E_{1}(N,0)$is unstable.

• (3) If

  $$h=\frac{2}{\mu} \quad \textit{or}\quad h=\frac{2}{(\gamma+\mu)-\beta}, $$

  then $E_{1}(N,0)$is non-hyperbolic.

The Jacobian matrix of model (2) at $E_{2}(S^{*},I^{*})$ is

$$ J(E_{2})= \left ( \begin{matrix} 1-\frac{h\mu\beta}{\gamma+\mu} & -h(\gamma+\mu) \\ \frac{h\mu}{\gamma+\mu}(\beta-\gamma-\mu) & 1 \end{matrix} \right ), $$

which gives

$$ F(\omega)=\omega^{2}-\operatorname{tr}J(E_{2}) \omega+\operatorname{det}J(E_{2}), $$

(4)

where

$$ \operatorname{tr}J(E_{2})=2-\frac{h\mu\beta}{\gamma+\mu} $$

(5)

and

$$ \operatorname{det}J(E_{2})=1-\frac{h\mu\beta}{\gamma+\mu}+h^{2} \bigl[\mu\beta-\mu (\gamma +\mu)\bigr]. $$

(6)

The two eigenvalues of $J(E_{2})$ are

$$ \omega_{1,2}=1+\frac{1}{2}\biggl(- \frac{h\mu\beta}{\gamma +\mu }\pm\sqrt{(\mu R_{0})^{2}-4\bigl[\mu\beta- \mu(\gamma+\mu)\bigr]}\biggr). $$

(7)

Next we obtain the following result for $E_{2}(S^{*},I^{*})$ by Remark 1 and a simple calculation.

Theorem 2

Let $R_{0}$be the basic reproductive rate such that $R_{0}<1$. Then:

• (1) Put

  • (A) $0< h< h_{*}$and $(\mu R_{0})^{2}-4[\mu\beta-\mu(\gamma +\mu)]\ge0$,

  • (B) $0< h< h_{**}$and $(\mu R_{0})^{2}-4[\mu\beta-\mu(\gamma+\mu)]<0$.

  If one of the above conditions holds, then we see that $E_{2}(S^{*},I^{*})$is asymptotically stable.

• (2) Put

  • (A) $h>h_{***}$and $(\mu R_{0})^{2}-4[\mu\beta-\mu(\gamma+\mu )]\ge0$,

  • (B) $0< h< h_{**}$and $(\mu R_{0})^{2}-4[\mu\beta-\mu(\gamma+\mu)]<0$,

  • (C) $h_{*}< h< h_{***}$and $(\mu R_{0})^{2}-4[\mu\beta-\mu(\gamma +\mu)]\ge0$.

  If one of the above conditions holds, then $E_{2}(S^{*},I^{*})$is unstable.

• (3) Put

  • (A) $h=h_{*}$or $h=h_{***}$and $(\mu R_{0})^{2}-4[\mu\beta -\mu(\gamma+\mu)]\ge0$,

  • (B) $h=h_{**}$and $(\mu R_{0})^{2}-4[\mu\beta-\mu(\gamma+\mu)]<0$,

  where

  $$\begin{aligned}& h_{*}=\frac{\mu\beta-\mu(\gamma+\mu)\sqrt{(\mu R_{0})^{2}-4[\mu \beta -\mu(\gamma+\mu)]}}{(\gamma+\mu)[\mu\beta-\mu(\gamma+\mu)]}, \\& h_{**}=\frac{\mu\beta}{(\gamma+\mu)[\mu\beta-\mu(\gamma+\mu)]}, \end{aligned}$$

  and

  $$h_{***}=\frac{\mu\beta+\mu(\gamma+\mu)\sqrt{(\mu R_{0})^{2}-4[\mu \beta -\mu(\gamma+\mu)]}}{(\gamma+\mu)[\mu\beta-\mu(\gamma+\mu)]}. $$

  If one of the above conditions holds, then $E_{2}(S^{*},I^{*})$is non-hyperbolic.

By a simple calculation, Conditions (A) in Theorem 2 can be written in the following form:

$$(\mu,N,\beta,h,\gamma)\in M_{1}\cup M_{2}, $$

where

$$M_{1}=\bigl\{ (\mu,N,\beta,h,\gamma):h=h_{*},N>0,\triangle \ge 0,R_{0}>1,0< \mu ,\beta,\gamma< 1\bigr\} $$

and

$$M_{2}=\bigl\{ (\mu,N,\beta,h,\gamma):h=h_{***},N>0,\triangle \ge 0,R_{0}>1,0< \mu,\beta,\gamma< 1\bigr\} . $$

It is well known that if h varies in a small neighborhood of $h_{*}$ or $h_{***}$ and $(\mu,N,\beta,h_{*},\gamma)\in M_{1}$ or $(\mu ,N,\beta ,h_{***},\gamma)\in M_{2}$, then there may be a flip bifurcation of equilibrium $E_{2}(S^{*},I^{*})$.

4 Bifurcation analysis

If h varies in a neighborhood of $h_{*}$ and $(\mu,N,\beta ,h_{*},\gamma)\in M_{1}$, then we derive the flip bifurcation of model (2) at $E_{2}(S^{*},I^{*})$. In particular, in the case that h changes in the neighborhood of $h_{***}$ and $(\mu,N,\beta,h_{***},\gamma)\in M_{2}$ we need to make a similar calculation.

Set

$$(\mu,N,\beta,h,\gamma)=(\mu_{1},N_{1}, \beta_{1},h_{1},\gamma _{1})\in M_{1}. $$

If we give the parameter $h_{1}$ a perturbation $h^{*}$, model (2) is considered as follows:

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} S_{n+m}=S_{n}+(r^{*}+h_{1})(\mu_{1} N_{1}-\mu_{1} S_{n}-\frac{\beta_{1} S_{n}I_{n}}{N_{1}}), \\ I_{n+1}=I_{n}+(h^{*}+h_{1})(\frac{\beta_{1} S_{n}I_{n}}{N_{1}}-\gamma_{1} I_{n}-\mu_{1} I_{n}), \end{cases} $$

(8)

where $| h^{*}|\ll1$.

Put $U_{n}=S_{n}-S^{*}$ and $V_{n}=I_{n}-I^{*}$. We have

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} U_{n+1}=a_{11}U_{n}+a_{12}V_{n}+a_{13}U_{n}V_{n}+b_{11}U_{n}h^{*}+b_{12}V_{n}h^{*}+b_{13}U_{n}V_{n}h^{*}, \\ V_{n+1}=a_{21}U_{n}+a_{22}V_{n}+a_{23}U_{n}V_{n}+b_{21}U_{n}h^{*}+b_{22}V_{n}h^{*}+b_{23}U_{n}V_{n}h^{*}, \end{cases} $$

(9)

where

$$\begin{aligned}& a_{11}=1-h_{1}\biggl(\mu_{1}+\frac{\beta_{1}I^{*}}{N_{1}} \biggr),\qquad a_{12}=-\frac {h_{1}\beta_{1}S^{*}}{N_{1}},\qquad a_{13}=- \frac{h_{1}\beta_{1}}{N_{1}}, \\& b_{11}=-\biggl(\mu_{1}+\frac{\beta_{1}I^{*}}{N_{1}}\biggr),\qquad b_{12}=-\frac{\beta _{1}S^{*}}{N_{1}},\qquad b_{13}=-\frac{\beta_{1}}{N_{1}}, \\& a_{21}=\frac{h_{1}\beta_{1}I^{*}}{N_{1}},\qquad a_{22}=1,\qquad a_{23}=-\frac {\beta _{1}h_{1}}{N_{1}}, \\& b_{21}=\frac{\beta_{1}I^{*}}{N_{1}}, \qquad b_{22}=0,\qquad b_{23}=\frac{\beta_{1}}{N_{1}}. \end{aligned}$$

If we define matrix T as follows:

$$ T = \left ( \begin{matrix} a_{12} & a_{12} \\ -1-a_{11} & \omega_{2}-a_{11} \end{matrix} \right ), $$

then we know that T is invertible. If we use the transformation

$$ {U_{n} \choose V_{n}}=T{X_{n} \choose Y_{n}} $$

then model (2) becomes

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} X_{n+1}=-X_{n}+F(U_{n},V_{n},h^{*}), \\ Y_{n+1}=-\omega_{2}Y_{n}+G(U_{n},V_{n},h^{*}). \end{cases} $$

(10)

Thus

$$W^{c}(0,0)=\bigl\{ (X_{n},Y{n}):Y{n}=a_{1}X^{2}_{n}+a_{2}X_{n}h^{*}+o \bigl(\bigl( \vert X_{n} \vert + \bigl\vert h^{*} \bigr\vert \bigr)^{2}\bigr)\bigr\} , $$

where $o((|X_{n}|+|h^{*}|)^{2})$ is a transform function, and

$$a_{1}=\frac{a_{13}(1+a_{11}-a_{12})}{\omega_{2}+1} $$

and

$$a_{2}=\frac{b_{12}(1+a_{11})^{2}}{a_{12}(\omega_{2}+1)^{2}}-\frac {a_{12}b_{12}+b_{11}(1+a_{11})}{(\omega_{2}+1)^{2}}. $$

Further we find that the manifold $W^{c}(0,0)$ has the following form:

$$\begin{aligned}& c_{1}=\frac{a_{13}(1+a_{11})(\omega_{2}-a_{11}+a_{12})}{\omega_{2}+1}, \\& c_{2}=-\frac{b_{11}(\omega_{2}-a_{11})-a_{12}b_{21}}{\omega _{2}+1}-\frac {b_{12}(\omega_{2}-a_{11})(1+a_{11})}{a_{12}(\omega_{2}+1)}, \\& c_{3}=a_{2}\frac{a_{13}(\omega_{2}-2a_{11}-1)(\omega _{2}-a_{11}+a_{12})-b_{13}(1+a_{11})(\omega_{2}-a_{11}+a_{12})}{\omega_{2}+1}, \end{aligned}$$

and

$$c_{4}=0,\qquad c_{5}=\frac{a_{1}a_{13}(\omega_{2}-2a_{11}-1)(\omega _{2}-a_{11}+a_{12})}{\omega_{2}+1}. $$

Therefore the map $G^{*}$ with respect to $W^{c}(0,0)$ can be defined by

$$\begin{aligned} G^{*}(X_{n}) =&-X_{n}+c_{1}X^{2}_{n}+c_{2}X_{n}h^{*}+c_{3}X^{2}_{n}h^{*}+c_{4}X_{n}h^{*2} \\ &{}+c_{5}X^{3}_{n}+o\bigl(\bigl( \vert X_{n} \vert + \bigl\vert h^{*} \bigr\vert \bigr)^{3} \bigr). \end{aligned}$$

(11)

In order to calculate map (11), we need two quantities $\alpha_{1}$ and $\alpha_{2}$ which are not zero,

$$\alpha_{1}=\biggl(G^{*}_{X_{n}h^{*}}+\frac{1}{2}G^{*}_{h^{*}}G^{*}_{X_{n}X_{n}} \biggr)\bigg|_{0,0} $$

and

$$\alpha_{2}=\biggl(\frac{1}{6}G^{*}_{X_{n}X_{n}X_{n}}+\biggl( \frac {1}{2}G^{*}_{X_{n}X_{n}}\biggr)^{2}\biggr) \bigg|_{0,0}. $$

By a simply calculation, we obtain

$$\begin{aligned}& \alpha_{1}=c_{2}=-\frac{2}{h_{1}}, \\& \alpha_{2}=c_{5}+c^{2}_{1}= \frac{h_{1}\beta_{1}}{N_{1}(\omega _{2}+1)}\biggl\{ 2-\frac{h_{1}\beta_{1}\mu_{1}}{\gamma_{1}\mu_{1}}(2-h_{1}\gamma _{1})\biggr\} ^{2}, \end{aligned}$$

where

$$c_{1}=\frac{h_{1}\beta_{1}\mu_{1}}{\gamma_{1}\mu_{1}}\bigl[h_{1}(\gamma _{1}+ \mu _{1})-2\bigr]\biggl\{ 2+\biggl[h_{1}( \gamma_{1}+\mu_{1})+\frac{h_{1}\beta_{1}\mu _{1}}{\gamma_{1}\mu_{1}}\biggr]\biggr\} . $$

Therefore we have the following result.

Theorem 3

Let $h^{*}$change in the a neighborhood of the origin. If $\alpha_{2} \neq0$, then the model (9) has a flip bifurcation at $E_{2}(S^{*},I^{*})$. If $\alpha_{2}>0$, then the period-2 points that bifurcation from $E_{2}(S^{*},I^{*})$are stable. If $\alpha_{2}<0$, then it is unstable.

We further consider the bifurcation of $E_{2}(S^{*},I^{*})$ if h varies in a neighborhood of $h_{***}$. Taking the parameters $(\mu,N,\beta ,h,\gamma)=(\mu_{2},N_{2},\beta_{2},h_{2},\gamma_{2})\in N^{*}$ arbitrarily, and also giving h a perturbation $h^{*}$ at $h_{2}$, then model (2) gets the following form:

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} S_{n+1}=S_{n}+(h^{*}+h_{2})(\mu_{2} N_{2}-\mu_{2} S_{n}-\frac{\beta_{2} S_{n}I_{n}}{N_{2}}), \\ I_{n+1}=I_{n}+(h^{*}+h_{2})(\frac{\beta_{2} S_{n}I_{n}}{N_{2}}-\gamma_{2} I_{n}-\mu_{2} I_{n}). \end{cases} $$

(12)

Put $U_{n}=S_{n}-S^{*}$ and $V_{n}=I_{n}-I^{*}$. We change the equilibrium $E_{2}(S^{*},I^{*})$ of model (9) and have the following result:

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} U_{n+1}=U_{n}+(h^{*}+h_{2})(-\mu_{2}U_{n}-\frac{\beta _{2}}{N_{2}}U_{n}V_{n}-\frac{\beta_{2}}{N_{2}}U_{n}I^{*}-\frac{\beta _{2}}{N_{2}}V_{n}S^{*}), \\ V_{n+1}=V_{n}+(h^{*}+h_{2})(\frac{\beta_{2}}{N_{2}}U_{n}V_{n}-(\gamma _{1}+\mu_{1})V_{n}+\frac{\beta_{2}}{N_{2}}U_{n}I^{*}+\frac{\beta _{2}}{N_{2}}V_{n}S^{*}), \end{cases} $$

(13)

which gives

$$ \omega_{2}+P\bigl(h^{*}\bigr)\omega+Q\bigl(h^{*}\bigr)=0 , $$

where

$$2+P\bigl(h^{*}\bigr)=\frac{\beta_{2}\mu_{2}(h_{2}+h^{*})}{\gamma_{2}\mu_{2}} $$

and

$$Q\bigl(h^{*}\bigr)=1-\frac{\beta_{2}\mu_{2}(h_{2}+h^{*})}{\gamma_{2}\mu _{2}}+\bigl(h_{2}+h^{*} \bigr)^{2}\bigl[\mu_{2}\beta_{2}- \mu_{2}(\mu_{2}+\gamma_{2})\bigr]. $$

It is easy to see that

$$\omega_{1,2}=\frac{-P(h^{*})\pm\sqrt{(P(h^{*}))^{2}-4Q(h^{*})}}{2}, $$

which yields

$$|\omega_{1,2}|=\sqrt{Q\bigl(h^{*}\bigr)},\qquad k=\frac{d|\omega _{1,2}|}{dh^{*}} \bigg|_{h^{*}=0}=\frac{\mu_{2}\beta_{2}}{2(\mu_{2}+\gamma_{2})}. $$

We remark that $(\mu_{2},N_{2},\beta_{2},h_{2},\gamma_{2})\in N^{+}$ and $\bigtriangleup<0$, and then we have

$$\frac{(\mu_{2}\beta_{2})^{2}}{(\gamma_{2}+\mu_{2})^{2}[\mu_{2}\beta _{2}-\mu _{2}(\mu_{2}+\gamma_{2})]}< 4. $$

Thus

$$P(0)=-2+\frac{(\mu_{2}\beta_{2})^{2}}{(\gamma_{2}+\mu_{2})^{2}[\mu _{2}\beta _{2}-\mu_{2}(\mu_{2}+\gamma_{2})]}\neq\pm2, $$

which means that

$$ \frac{\mu_{2}\beta_{2}}{(\gamma_{2}+\mu_{2})^{2}[\mu_{2}\beta _{2}-\mu _{2}(\mu_{2}+\gamma_{2})]}\neq\frac{j(\gamma_{2}+\mu_{2})}{\mu _{2}\beta _{2}},\quad j=2,3. $$

(14)

Hence, the eigenvalues $\omega_{1,2}$ of equilibrium (0,0) of model (14) do not lay in the intersection when $h^{*}=0$ and (14) holds.

When $h^{*}=0$ we may begin to study the model (14). Put

$$\begin{aligned}& \alpha=\frac{(\mu_{2}\beta_{2})^{2}}{2(\gamma_{2}+\mu_{2})^{2}[\mu _{2}\beta _{2}-\mu_{2}(\mu_{2}+\gamma_{2})]}, \\& \beta= \frac{\mu_{2}\beta_{2} \sqrt{4 [\mu_{2}\beta_{2}-\mu_{2}(\mu_{2}+\gamma_{2})]-(\mu_{2}\beta _{2})^{2}}}{2(\gamma_{2}+\mu_{2})[\mu_{2}\beta_{2}-\mu_{2}(\mu _{2}+\gamma_{2})]}, \end{aligned}$$

and

$$ T= \left ( \begin{matrix} 0 & 1 \\ \beta& \alpha \end{matrix} \right ), $$

where T is invertible.

If we use the transformation

$$ \left ( \begin{matrix} U_{n} \\ V_{n} \end{matrix} \right )=T\left ( \begin{matrix} X_{n} \\ Y_{n} \end{matrix} \right ), $$

then the model (14) gets the following form:

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} X_{n+1}=\alpha X_{n}-\beta Y_{n}+\bar{F}(X_{n},Y_{n}), \\ Y_{n+1}=\beta X_{n}+\alpha Y_{n}+\bar{G}(X_{n},Y_{n}), \end{cases} $$

(15)

where

$$\bar{F}(X_{n},Y_{n})=\frac{h_{2}\beta_{2}(1+\alpha)(\beta X_{n}Y_{n}+\alpha Y^{2}_{n})}{N_{2}\beta} $$

and

$$\bar{G}(X_{n},Y_{n})=\frac{-h_{2}\beta_{2}(\beta X_{n}Y_{n}+\alpha Y^{2}_{n})}{N_{2}}. $$

Moreover,

$$\begin{aligned}& \bar{F}_{X_{n}X_{n}}=0,\qquad \bar{F}_{Y_{n}Y_{n}}=\frac{2h_{2}\beta _{2}\alpha (1+\alpha)}{N_{2}\beta_{2}},\qquad \bar{F}_{X_{n}Y_{n}}=\frac{h_{2}\beta _{2}(1+\alpha)}{N_{2}}, \\& \bar{F}_{X_{n}X_{n}X_{n}}=\bar{F}_{X_{n}X_{n}Y_{n}}=\bar{F}_{X_{n}Y_{n}Y_{n}}=\bar{F}_{Y_{n}Y_{n}Y_{n}}=0, \\& \bar{G}_{X_{n}X_{n}}=0,\qquad \bar{G}_{Y_{n}Y_{n}}=-\frac{2h_{2}\beta _{2}\alpha }{N_{2}},\qquad \bar{G}_{X_{n}Y_{n}}=-\frac{h_{2}\beta_{2}\beta}{N_{2}}, \\& \bar{G}_{X_{n}X_{n}X_{n}}=\bar{G}_{X_{n}X_{n}Y_{n}}=\bar{G}_{X_{n}Y_{n}Y_{n}}=\bar{G}_{Y_{n}Y_{n}Y_{n}}=0. \end{aligned}$$

Thus we have

$$a=-\operatorname{Re}\biggl[\frac{1-2\bar{\omega}}{1-\omega}\xi_{11} \xi_{20}\biggr]-\frac {1}{2}\Arrowvert\xi_{11} \Arrowvert^{2}-\Arrowvert\xi_{02}\Arrowvert ^{2}+ \operatorname{Re}(\bar{\omega}\xi_{21}), $$

where

$$\begin{aligned}& \xi_{02}=\frac{1}{8}\bigl[(\bar{F}_{X_{n}X_{n}}-\bar{F}_{Y_{n}Y_{n}}-2\bar{G}_{X_{n}Y_{n}})+(\bar{G}_{X_{n}X_{n}}-\bar{G}_{Y_{n}Y_{n}}+2\bar{F}_{X_{n}Y_{n}})i\bigr], \\& \xi_{11}=\frac{1}{4}\bigl[(\bar{F}_{X_{n}X_{n}}+\bar{F}_{Y_{n}Y_{n}})+(\bar{G}_{X_{n}X_{n}}+\bar{G}_{Y_{n}Y_{n}})i\bigr], \\& \xi_{20}=\frac{1}{8}\bigl[(\bar{F}_{X_{n}X_{n}}-\bar{F}_{Y_{n}Y_{n}}+2\bar{G}_{X_{n}Y_{n}})+(\bar{G}_{X_{n}X_{n}}-\bar{G}_{Y_{n}Y_{n}}-2\bar{F}_{X_{n}Y_{n}})i\bigr], \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\xi_{21}=\frac{1}{16}(\bar{F}_{X_{n}X_{n}X_{n}}+\bar{F}_{X_{n}Y_{n}Y_{n}}+\bar{G}_{X_{n}X_{n}Y_{n}}+\bar{G}_{Y_{n}Y_{n}Y_{n}}). $$

Therefore we have the following result.

Theorem 4

Let $a \neq0$and $h^{*}$change in a neighborhood of $h_{***}$. If the condition (15) holds, then model (13) undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at $E_{2}(S^{*},I^{*})$. If $a>0$, then the repelling invariant closed curve bifurcates from $E_{2}$for $h^{*}<0$. If $a<0$, then an attracting invariant closed curve bifurcates from $E_{2}$for $h^{*}>0$.

5 Conclusions

The paper investigated the basic dynamic characteristics of a Schrödingerean predator-prey system with latent period. First, we applied the forward Euler scheme to a continuous-time SIR epidemic model and obtained the Schrödingerean predator-prey system. Then the existence and local stability of the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium of the model were discussed. In addition, we chose h as the bifurcation parameter and studied the existence and stability of flip bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation of this model by using the center manifold theorem and the bifurcation theory. Numerical simulation results show that the model (2) shows a flip bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation when the bifurcation parameter h passes through the respective critical value, and the direction and stability of flip bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation can be determined by the sign of $\alpha_{2}$ and a, respectively. Apparently there are more interesting problems as regards this Schrödingerean predator-prey system with latent period which deserve further investigation.